应用遥感数据研究中国植被生态系统与气候的关系

应用1982-1994年NOAA/AVHRR的归一化植被指数（NDVI）资料和587个气象台站的数据对我国不同类型植被生态系统和气候的关系进行研究，首先将我国的植被类型划分为21类，在此基础上分别研究了不同时间尺度下我国不同区域，不同植被类型和气候的关系。结果表明：在多年平均状态下，植被生态系统NDVI水平主要受水分条件的影响；年内变化上，温度对植被生态系统季相变化化起着比降水略大的作用，年降水量造成了植被季相响应的差异，在年际变化上，分别研究了4个季节和整个生长期尺度上的关系，一般情形为温度和降水对植被的年际波动起着大致相反的作用，不同植被类型在不同的生长时期（季节）对气候的变化响应方式也不同，发现在植被的生长期，我国南方和北方的植被生态系统对温度和降水的响应方式相反；同时存在2个植被-气候敏感区，分别为我国北方的典型草原到森林的过渡区和云南中部部分区域。     

Spatial Distribution of Meso-Scale Precipitation in Scania, Southern Sweden

The aim of this study is to analyse the spatial variability of meso‐scale precipitation in Scania and to assess the influence of synoptic scale atmospheric circulation. The modes of spatial variation are revealed by EOF analysis of monthly precipitation totals between 1963 and 1990, which were obtained from a dense rain‐gauge network in Scania, southern Sweden. The influence of local physiography on the spatial distribution of precipitation is assessed by GIS techniques using a digital elevation model of Scania. The relation to synoptic scale atmospheric circulation is analysed using regional circulation indices and weather types. It is shown that the daily precipitation distribution in the area is significantly influenced by synoptic scale pressure patterns. Nevertheless, the covariability of the monthly precipitation within Scania is high. About 80% of the precipitation variability is connected to the passage of low‐pressure centres over or close to the region, which are likely to produce precipitation over the whole area. A wind‐direction dependency found in the distribution indicates that there might be a limit between precipitation regimes within the landscape. Topography greatly influences the spatial distribution in Scania. The distribution of land and surrounding sea is also an important factor and makes the relationship between physiography and precipitation rather complex. The physiographical effects vary over a single year. The dampening effect of the sea on the atmospheric temperature influences the local stability in coastal areas and results in seasonally dependent precipitation patterns.     

TEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PENNSYLVANIA SNOWFALL, 1950–1951 THROUGH 1989–1990

While speculation exists on global and regional climate change for temperature and precipitation, relatively little research is available on snowfall and its changes. Twenty-six sites were selected to describe and analyze various characteristics of snowfall in Pennsylvania from 1950–1951 through 1989–1990. Overall, the state experienced a significant stepwise change in seasonal snowfall total during this period. Abnormally high seasonal totals prevailed from 1957–1958 through 1971–1972. This rise in snowfall was accompanied by colder-than-normal temperatures and a dramatic increase in large daily snow events. Principal components analysis (PCA) revealed that the seasonal temporal patterns were not uniform across the state. The PCA revealed four distinct seasonal regions. These regions exhibited everything from nearly linear increases and decreases over time to cyclical formations. PCA performed on the months of November through April each unveiled between three and five separate temporal regions. PCA analyses generally identified an eastern region, a north-central region, and a western region across Pennsylvania. [Key words: regionalization, principal components, variability, snowfall, climate change, Pennsylvania.]     

Summer Moisture Variability in East Central Sweden Since the Mid-Eighteenth Century Recorded in Tree Rings

To make predictions of future climate it is necessary to understand the past climate—temperature as well as precipitation. While a wealth of temperature proxies exist from northern latitudes, there is still a lack of information about past precipitation variability. Here we present a 300‐year‐long tree‐ring width chronology from xeric‐site Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Tyresta National Park, east central Sweden. Tree‐ring widths were compared to the long observed temperature and precipitation records from Stockholm during 1786–2000. Analyses of the climate/growth relationship showed that, in general, May–June precipitation had a dominating influence on pine growth. However, during dry periods, negative responses to June–July temperature were stronger, especially evident in the late nineteenth century. Periods of below‐average growth were associated with dry conditions in May–June, but occasionally periods of wet and cool summers also produced narrow rings. Periods of above‐average growth were linked to wet, but sporadically also cool and dry, early summers. The years between 1815 and 1833 appear to be particularly dry in the 300‐year context. Since growth anomalies are found in other Swedish drought‐sensitive tree‐ring chronologies during this period, it is likely that this dry period had a regional extent. This is the first tree‐ring chronology from southern Sweden that provides multi‐century information of past summer drought and moisture variability with high resolution and the study will add important information regarding past climate variability in southern Sweden.     

甘肃省南部两种云杉树种树木径向生长对气候因子的响应

利用采自甘肃省南部莲花山的青海云杉(Picea crassifolia Kom.)和紫果云杉(Picea purpurea Mast.)两组不同树种的树轮样芯共计113个样本,通过对两组树木年轮宽度标准年表的统计特征的分析得出: 两组树轮宽度年表的平均敏感度和标准差的变化基本相同,但是紫果云杉信噪比的值要高于青海云杉,说明不同树种包含的气候信息强度不同。两组树轮宽度指数与临洮气象站多年逐月降水量、平均气温和极端最高气温的相关性分析表明,两组树轮宽度指数对气象要素的响应并不完全一致,紫果云杉树轮宽度指数与逐月极端最高温度的相关系数值大于青海云杉,说明这一气候信号在紫果云杉上体现得更加显著。因此,在使用树木年轮进行古气候重建时,应当考虑树种对树轮宽度与气候要素之间相关关系的影响。两组树轮宽度指数与气候要素以及帕尔默干旱指数（The Palmer Drought Severity Index,PDSI）的季节组合和年均相关性都不显著,所以两组树轮年表不足以用于气候重建。通过与邻近区域的4条树轮年表对比,发现本文两条树轮年表的低值时段与邻近年表记录的20世纪20年代的干旱事件发生的年代一致。     

APPLICATION OF CLIMATIC DIVISIONAL DATA TO FLOOD INTERPRETATIONS: AN EXAMPLE FROM LOUISIANA

The East Central climate division of Louisiana is used as a case study to evaluate relationships between divisional climate data and the 15 largest flood events on each of seven rivers during a 25-year period. Monthly precipitation and moisture surplus (a water-budget component) are correlated with number of rivers in flood within the division; the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) is not. Although divisional data sets index climatic variability for nearly 100 years, this study indicates that some cautions should be considered when applying divisional data to flood analyses. [Key words: water budget, PDSI, climate division data, flooding, storm precipitation.]     

A Century of Climate Variability and Climate Gradients from Coast to Ice Sheet in West Greenland

This work describes the temperature trends of the Nuuk fjord area during the last century and analyses the spatial variability of temperature and precipitation along the coast‐inland gradient of the region. A better understanding of the climate of the coastal region of Greenland is important for ice sheet studies since significant thinning has recently been detected on local outlet glaciers with driving factors still to be identified. The glaciological reconstruction of the ice sheet mass balance has often made use of climate datasets from the coastal stations to substitute missing data from the inland areas. The information on the coast‐inland gradient of temperature and precipitation hereafter provided is of relevance in other areas around the ice sheet as it represents a mean for increasing the accuracy of historical glacier‐climate interactions. We therefore discuss climatological information from the automatic station that operated at the glacier throughout the 1980s as well as from other stations located along the fjord and with a longer coverage.     

杰赫勒姆河流域跨境区域日气象数据质量控制与同质化（英文）

Many studies such as climate variability, climate change, trend analysis, hydrological designs, agriculture decision-making etc. require long-term homogeneous datasets. Since homogeneous climate data is not available for climate analysis in Pakistan and India, the present study emphases on an extensive quality control and homogenization of daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature and precipitation data in the Jhelum River basin, Pakistan and India. A combination of different quality control methods and relative homogeneity tests were applied to achieve the objective of the study. To check the improvement after homogenization, correlation coefficients between the test and reference series calculated before and after the homogenization process were compared with each other. It was found that about 0.59%, 0.78% and 0.023% of the total data values are detected as outliers in maximum temperature, minimum temperature and precipitation data, respectively. About 32% of maximum temperature, 50% of minimum temperature and 7% of precipitation time series were inhomogeneous, in the Jhelum River basin. After the quality control and homogenization, 1% to 11% improvement was observed in the infected climate variables. This study concludes that precipitation daily time series are fairly homogeneous, except two stations(Naran and Gulmarg), and of a good quality. However, maximum and minimum temperature datasets require an extensive quality control and homogeneity check before using them into climate analysis in the Jhelum River basin.     

Quality control and homogenization of daily meteorological data in the trans-boundary region of the Jhelum River basin

Many studies such as climate variability, climate change, trend analysis, hydrological designs, agriculture decision-making etc. require long-term homogeneous datasets. Since homogeneous climate data is not available for climate analysis in Pakistan and India, the present study emphases on an extensive quality control and homogenization of daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature and precipitation data in the Jhelum River basin, Pakistan and India. A combination of different quality control methods and relative homogeneity tests were applied to achieve the objective of the study. To check the improvement after homogenization, correlation coefficients between the test and reference series calculated before and after the homogenization process were compared with each other. It was found that about 0.59%, 0.78% and 0.023% of the total data values are detected as outliers in maximum temperature, minimum temperature and precipitation data, respectively. About 32% of maximum temperature, 50% of minimum temperature and 7% of precipitation time series were inhomogeneous, in the Jhelum River basin. After the quality control and homogenization, 1% to 11% improvement was observed in the infected climate variables. This study concludes that precipitation daily time series are fairly homogeneous, except two stations (Naran and Gulmarg), and of a good quality. However, maximum and minimum temperature datasets require an extensive quality control and homogeneity check before using them into climate analysis in the Jhelum River basin.     

中国草原区植被变化及其对气候变化的响应

利用1982~2006年GIMMS NDVI和气象数据,探究中国草原区植被变化及对气候的响应。结果表明,近25 a中国草原区植被覆盖总体呈上升趋势,但季节变化空间差异明显。春季温度对温带典型草原、高寒草甸草原和高寒典型草原植被生长有重要影响,而夏季和秋季温度同样对高寒草甸草原影响显著;夏季降水增多能明显促进夏季温带荒漠草原植被生长。除8月份以外,温带草原5~9月NDVI均与前一个月降水显著正相关;在生长季内,高寒草原NDVI与同期温度显著正相关,但8月份除外。此外高寒草原植被在生长最旺盛时期对降水变化存在1~3个月滞后期。     

INTERANNUAL TO INTERDECADAL VARIATIONS OF THE REGIONALIZED SURFACE CLIMATE OF THE UNITED STATES AND RELATIONSHIPS TO GENERALIZED FLOW PARAMETERS

This analysis attempts to discern primary causes of interannual and interdecadal climate variations for precipitation and temperature regions of the conterminous United States. Varimax rotated principal components analysis of annual climate division data is used in the derivation of nine precipitation and five temperature regions. Each region's time series is examined for underlying linear trends, representing long-term climate change, and tests for variance changes, to determine regional climate variability shifts. The first six precipitation components, representing the entire eastern half of the country and the Northwest, displayed significant temporal increases. Of these, four displayed significant increases in interannual variability through time. For temperature, only the Southwestern region showed a significant change (increase) through time. However, significant reductions in temperature variability were confirmed for three regions. To determine the causes of the derived climate shifts, correlation analysis was performed with various atmospheric teleconnection indices. Precipitation trends are most strongly associated with variations in the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) at the interannual time scale while interdecadal variations are associated more with variations in the Pacific/North American (PNA) teleconnection. Both interannual and interdecadal variations of regional temperature are most strongly related to the PNA, except for the Southwest, which showed a significant correlation to the SOI. This suggests that El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are the source for much of the precipitation change evident in the eastern and Northwestern United States and temperature change in the Southwest. [Key words: climate change, precipitation, temperature, El Niño, Southern Oscillation, United States climate.]     

基于模式优选的21世纪中国气候变化情景集合预估

未来气候变化情景预估是制定气候变化应对和适应策略的科学基础。本文利用参与耦合模式比较计划第五阶段（CMIP5）的30个气候模式的模拟数据,通过评估各模式对历史气候变化的模拟能力,筛选出模拟区域气候变化的最优模式组合,进而建立偏最小二乘回归（PLS）集合预估模型,据此利用最优模式模拟结果预估区域温度和降水变化情景。通过与历史数据的对比,研究发现本文基于最优模式建立的PLS集合预估模型不仅优于传统的多模式集合平均,而且也优于利用全部模式建立的PLS集合预估模型,体现了模式优选过程的重要性。本文基于优选模式的PLS集合预估模型预估结果表明：① 21世纪各区域温度将持续上升,且冬半年升温速率总体大于夏半年,北方地区升温速率总体高于南方地区;RCP 4.5排放情景下温度上升先快后慢,转折点出现在21世纪中期,RCP 8.5排放情景下,呈持续增加趋势,至21世纪末的升温幅度约为RCP 4.5情景的2倍。② 21世纪各区降水变化均呈显著增加趋势,并表现出高排放情景大于低排放情景,少雨区大于多雨区的特征,但是降水增加过程伴有明显的年代际波动。对比发现,传统的等权重集合平均全部模式（EMC）方法预估的中国夏季变暖速率高于冬季,且降水基本呈线性增加,有悖于全球变暖的基本特征及中国降水具有鲜明的年代际变化特征的基本认识。因而,本文预估的温度和降水变化特征均更符合中国气候变化的基本规律。     

中国主要经济区的近期气候变化特征评估

论文在中国《第三次气候变化国家评估报告》基础上,根据2012年以来的最新研究成果和中国气候公报,综合评估了环渤海经济区、长江经济带、华南经济圈和东北经济区的近期气候变化特征。主要结论有：① 1961—2018年,环渤海经济区、长江经济带、华南经济圈和东北经济区的平均气温上升趋势分别达0.35 ℃/10 a、0.20 ℃/10 a、0.20 ℃/10 a和0.33 ℃/10 a;尽管在1998—2014年间这些区域均出现了增暖趋缓特征,但除东北经济区外,环渤海经济区、长江经济带和华南经济圈均在2014年之后突破了其前最暖年的年均气温记录。② 1961—2018年各经济区(圈、带)的降水趋势变化虽均低于1 mm/10 a,但其间年际和年代际波动显著;2012—2018年降水虽总体偏多,但时空差异较大,其中东北经济区2013年和长江经济带2016年降水为1961年以来最多,而辽宁2014年降水却为1961年以来最少。③ 2014—2018年,各经济区(圈、带)最高气温超历史极值或极端阈值(发生概率≤10%的分位值)的极端高温事件频发,同时环渤海和东北经济区的区域性跨季连旱和极端特大暴雨等事件的发生频率增多,长江经济带暴雨日数偏多,华南经济区受台风影响呈加重态势;长江经济带和东北经济区在增暖同时也出现了多次大范围的极端低温事件。     

CMIP3气候模式对北疆气候变化模拟评估及未来情景预估

利用北疆地区1961～2000年气温、降水观测数据和CMIP3(phase 3of the CoupledModel Inter-comparison Project)提供的20个海气耦合模式在该地区的模拟结果,评估了各气候模式对北疆地区降水、气温的模拟效果。结果表明:各气候模式对气温、降水模拟效果差异较大。从对气候平均态的模拟来看,有5个模式对降水的模拟相对较好,2个模式对气温的模拟相对较好;所有模式均能模拟出气温的年内变化特征,其中MPI_ECHAM5模式结果与观测数据结果最为接近;但各模式对降水的模拟效果均较差。在月尺度上,一些模式结果与降水观测数据呈负相关性,但对于月气温,大多数模式与其相关性较好,且各模式间月气温均方根误差变化幅度相对较小。综合来看,大部分气候模式在该地区模拟能力比中国东部地区要弱;气候模式的降水数据包括多模式集合数据还不适合用于未来北疆地区降水变化预估分析。最后,采用累计分布函数法(CDF_S)仅对北疆地区2011～2050年时段的气温进行偏差校正与预估分析,结果表明未来40年北疆地区气温在三种排放情景下均呈上升趋势。     

EVALUATION OF GRIDDED PRECIPITATION FOR NORWAY USING GLACIER MASS‐BALANCE MEASUREMENTS

The service seNorge ( http://senorge.no ) provides gridded temperature and precipitation for mainland Norway. The products are provided as interpolated station measurements on a 1 × 1 km grid. Precipitation gauges are predominantly located at lower elevations such as coastal areas and valleys. Therefore, there are large uncertainties in extrapolating precipitation data to higher altitudes, both due to sparsity of observations as well as the large spatial variability of precipitation in mountainous regions. Using gridded temperature and precipitation data from seNorge, surface mass balance was modeled for five Norwegian glaciers of different size and climate conditions. The model accounts for melting of snow and ice by applying a degree‐day approach and considers refreezing assuming a snow depth depended storage. Calculated values are compared to point measurements of glacier winter mass balance. On average for each glacier, modeled and measured surface mass‐balance evolutions agree well, but results at individual stake locations show large variability. Two types of problems were identified: first, grid data were not able to capture spatial mass balance variability at smaller glaciers. Second, a significant increase in the bias between model and observations with altitude for one glacier suggested that orographic enhancement of precipitation was not appropriately captured by the gridded interpolation.     

An Empirical Method for the Spatial Interpolation of Monthly Precipitation within California

An empirical method for interpolating monthly precipitation totals within California is described and evaluated. Using 120 monthly precipitation totals observed from 1961-1970 at each of 90 randomly selected stations in California and a P-mode principal components analysis of a co-variance matrix, four independent sources of precipitation variability were identified and quantitatively paraphrased. The four principal components were then linked to three representative stations by polynomial regression. From these relationships, monthly precipitation totals can be interpolated anywhere in the state by reversing the principal components computations. The required input includes: a monthly precipitation total, for the month of interest, from each of the three representative stations as well as isarithmically interpolated estimates of the component loadings and station means which were derived from the initial (1961-1970) data set. A major asset of the procedure is that it only requires three pieces of new information (i.e., the monthly totals from the representative stations) in order to interpolate monthly precipitation anywhere in California for any month of interest. Interpolations were quantitatively compared to measured values at 51 randomly selected stations over the period 1971-1975 and they were, in most cases, above 80% effective in reproducing the observed, 5-year records.     

过去2 000年中国东南地区气温与降水的集成重建与分析

筛选和利用中国东南地区（大致范围为105o E以东、30o N以南）16个站点的多种气候代用指标序列,重建了东南地区过去2 000年以来的气温与降水变化过程,并探讨了其可能的影响机制。研究发现,东南地区气温集成序列与其他学者重建的中国温度序列、北半球温度序列等均具有较好的可比性,一些百年尺度的典型特征气候时期,如黑暗时代冷期、中世纪暖期、近代小冰期以及20世纪现代暖期等均有显著的体现;降水集成序列显示东南地区在过去2 000年中干湿阶段性变化较为明显,特别是在中世纪暖期时降水整体上较为偏多,而在小冰期的前半段降水偏少、后半段降水偏多。总体来看,近2 000年来我国东南地区的气温与降水变化经历了较为多样的水热组合过程。值得指出地是,东南地区降水集成序列与已有的中国北方地区多条降水重建序列相互间可比性较弱,反映了中国东部季风区由南到北降水变化及其影响机制具有很大的区域性差异。分析认为,大尺度海—气相互作用、火山活动以及太阳辐射量变化等对我国东南地区过去2 000年的气候环境变化具有显著影响。     

气候变化和人类活动对白洋淀水源区径流的影响(英文)

As the largest wetland in the North China Plain(NCP),the Baiyangdian Lake plays an important role in maintaining water balance and ecological health of NCP.In the past few decades,the decreasing streamflow in the Baiyangdian Basin associated with climate variability and human activities has caused a series of water and eco-environmental issues.In this study,we quantified the impacts of climate variability and human activities on streamflow in the water source area of the Baiyangdian Lake,based on analyses of hydrologic changes of the upper Tanghe river catchment(a sub-basin of the Baiyangdian Basin) from 1960 to 2008.Climate elasticity method and hydrological modeling method were used to distinguish the effects of climate variability and human activities.The results showed that the annual streamflow decreased significantly(P>0.05) by 1.7 mm/a and an abrupt change was identified around the year 1980.The quantification results indicated that climate variations accounted for 38%-40% of decreased streamflow,while human activities accounted for 60%-62%.Therefore,the effect of human activities played a dominant role on the decline of the streamflow in the water source area of the Baiyangdian Lake.To keep the ecosystem health of the Baiyangdian Lake,we suggest that minimum ecological water demand and integrated watershed management should be guaranteed in the future.     

黄河上游地区近千年气候变化的模拟重建

运用BP人工神经网络较好地建立了全球气候模式模拟数据与区域气候之间的关系,拟合了黄河上游沙漠河谷地区的近千年温度、降水序列。在气候信号年代际和百年际变化特征上,拟合结果较为理想,但对极值的拟合能力较差,尤其是冬季温度和夏季降水的拟合极值偏差较大。拟合结果表明该地区近千年存在中世纪暖期、小冰期和现代暖期,且小冰期降温在冬季更为明显,冬季平均气温小冰期比中世纪暖期低2 ℃。降水的千年变化趋势较温度略微平缓,尤其冬季降水无明显趋势变化。空间分布显示20世纪暖期在近千年是最暖的,但降水较中世纪暖期偏少。