Residential mobility in the Seoul metropolitan region, Korea

The spatial pattern of residential mobility in Korea is found to be one of intraregional rather than interregional movement. Net inmigration has taken place only in the Seoul metropolitan region (SMR) since 1970. People from the Cholla region have formed the main stream of net inmigration into the SMR. The decentralization of population from Seoul to Kyonggi and Inchon has generated a transformation of the Seoul urban fringe since 1970. This metropolitanization process is accompanied by residential and employment suburbanization to 45kms from the center of Seoul. Residential mobility in the SMR is the result of metropolitan job opportunities, availability of housing, and the effects of the various regional policies. Availability of transportation between Seoul and its urban fringe encouraged the wide expansion of the urban areas and population redistribution within the SMR.     

Hydrochemistry of urban groundwater in Seoul, South Korea: effects of land-use and pollutant recharge

The ionic and isotopic compositions (δD, δ¹⁸O, and ³H) of urban groundwaters have been monitored in Seoul to examine the water quality in relation to land-use. High tritium contents (6.1–12.0 TU) and the absence of spatial/seasonal change of O–H isotope data indicate that groundwaters are well mixed within aquifers with recently recharged waters of high contamination susceptibility. Statistical analyses show a spatial variation of major ions in relation to land-use type. The major ion concentrations tend to increase with anthropogenic contamination, due to the local pollutants recharge. The TDS concentration appears to be a useful contamination indicator, as it generally increases by the order of forested green zone (average 151 mg/l), agricultural area, residential area, traffic area, and industrialized area (average 585 mg/l). With the increased anthropogenic contamination, the groundwater chemistry changes from a Ca–HCO₃ type toward a Ca–Cl(+NO₃) type. The source and behavior of major ions are discussed and the hydrochemical backgrounds are proposed as the basis of a groundwater management plan.     

Property-based redevelopment and gentrification: The case of Seoul, South Korea

The urban experiences of South Korea in times of its rapid urbanisation and economic growth show that wholesale redevelopment had been a dominant approach to urban renewal, leading to redevelopment-induced gentrification. This was led by a programme known as the Joint Redevelopment Programme, transforming urban space that was once dominated by informal settlements into high-rise commercial housing estates. This paper tries to explain how this approach was possible at city-wide scale in its capital city, Seoul. Through the examination of redevelopment processes in a case study neighbourhood, it puts forward three arguments. First, the development potential arising from the rent gap expansion through under-utilisation of dilapidated neighbourhoods provided material conditions for the sustained implementation of property-based redevelopment projects. Second, this paper critically examines the dynamics of socio-political relations among various property-based interests embedded in redevelopment neighbourhoods, and argues that external property-based interests have enabled the full exploitation of development opportunities at the expense of poor owner-occupiers and tenants. Third, South Korea had been noted for its strong developmental state with minimum attention to redistributive social policies. The Joint Redevelopment Programme in Seoul was effectively a market-oriented, profit-led renewal approach, in line with a national housing strategy that favoured increased housing production and home-ownership at the expense of local poor residents’ housing needs.     

Effects of land use on the spatial distribution of trace metals and volatile organic compounds in urban groundwater, Seoul, Korea

To investigate the urban groundwater contamination by eight trace metals and 69 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in relation to land use in Seoul, a total of 57 groundwater samples collected from wells were examined using a non-parametric statistical analysis. Land use was classified into five categories: less-developed, residential, agricultural, traffic, and industrial. A comparison of analyzed data with US EPA and Korean standards for drinking water showed that some metals and VOCs exceeded the standards in a few localities, such as Fe (N=5), Mn (N=6), Cu (N=1), TCE (N=6), PCE (N=8), 1,2-DCA (N=1), and 1,2-dichloropropane (N=1). Among the 69 investigated VOCs, 19 compounds such as some gasoline-related compounds (e.g., toluene) and chlorinated compounds (e.g., chloroform, PCE, TCE) were detected in groundwater. Non-parametric statistical analysis showed that the concentrations of most trace metals (Fe, Mn, As, Cr, Pb, Cd) and some VOCs (especially, TCE, PCE, chloroform; toluene, carbon tetrachloride, bromodichloromethane, CFC113) are significantly higher in the industrial, residential, and traffic areas (P<0.05), indicating that anthropogenic contamination of urban groundwater by those chemicals is growing. Those chemicals can be used as effective indicators of anthropogenic contamination of groundwater in urban areas and therefore a special attention is warranted for a safe water supply in those areas. The results of this study suggest that urban groundwater quality in urban areas is closely related with land use.     

地形附合导线长度与点位精度的关系

用间接平差的坐标平差法对电算结果进行比较分析。研究地形附合导线点位精度的变化规律。对比《地质矿产勘查测量规范》的技术要求,认为附合导线长度在生产中可比规范的限度适当放大。从点位精度变化情况看,直伸形导线精度最高,在实际工作中预先用电算法进行点位精度测算,制定出点位精度较高,导线总长适宜,经济效益好的施测方案。     

广东三个翡翠产业集群形成及发展机理初探

通过对广东阳美、四会、平洲三个翡翠产业集群发展状况的研究,揭示该区域翡翠产业的形成及发展机理。研究结果认为,可以将该区域翡翠产业的发展过程分为两个阶段,并且不同的阶段有不同的主导因素、发展方式和发展动力。初步形成阶段的主导因素是政府政策和当地的经济能人,发展方式是模仿和技术扩散,发展动力是攀比效应和信息优势;快速发展阶段的主导因素是市场规律和集群引起的外部效应,发展方式是与集群相关的产业的快速集聚,发展动力是技术创新。     

西藏羌塘中西部红脊山地区白云母花岗岩成因及地质意义

在羌塘中西部红脊山地区一套二叠纪蛇绿岩中发现白云母花岗岩,呈脉状侵入到辉长岩-辉绿岩中。笔者对其进行详细的岩石学和地球化学研究,重点讨论其成因及地质意义。地球化学特征显示:白云母花岗岩具有高硅富碱的特点,属过铝质-钙碱性花岗岩;富集Th、Sr等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Ti等元素;稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分图显示U型曲线,正Eu异常明显。白云母花岗岩的岩石学特征、地球化学特征、元素比值及产出构造背景与仰冲型花岗岩类似。低CaO/Na_2O、高Al_2O_3/TiO_2及低全岩锆石饱和温度(T_(Zr)),说明其可能为蛇绿岩在仰冲就位的过程中,大陆边缘富白云母泥质岩石在低温、流体条件下,白云母脱水熔融形成。红脊山白云母花岗岩的发现表明,古特提斯洋盆已经闭合,羌北地块和羌南地块发生碰撞、对接。     

Hydrogeological studies on the mechanical behavior of landfill gases and leachate of the Nanjido Landfill in Seoul, Korea

 The Nanjido Landfill is the largest uncontrolled landfill in Korea and it causes various kinds of environmental problems. Landfill gases and leachate are recognized as the most serious environmental problems associated with the landfill. This study employs a series of numerical models and uses test data to interpret the distribution and flow of landfill gases and leachate. Leachate seepage appears about 40–60 m higher than the estimated basal groundwater table. Thus, seepage data indicate that perched or floating leachate layers are formed in the unsaturated zone of the landfill. The leachate production rate is estimated using infiltration test data and a model for unsaturated groundwater flow. Geochemical data indicate that the landfill leachate degrades the basal groundwater quality along the downgradient zone. The environmental impact of the leachate on river water is estimated. Received: 17 June 1996 · Accepted: 2 October 1996     

冀中南平原区土壤氟元素来源分析

冀中南平原区东部为河北省地方性氟中毒病的高发区。针对土壤异常高氟区,本文通过分析太行山基岩、第四纪火山活动、黄河泛滥和第四纪海侵等自然因素和大气降尘、化肥、灌溉水等人为因素,厘定了自然和人为因素对土壤中氟元素含量的影响和控制程度。得出冀中南平原深层土壤中氟元素含量变化总体上受地质背景控制,在此基础上第四纪火山活动、海侵和黄河泛滥对局部地区土壤氟元素含量具有较强烈影响。土壤异常区及地方病高发区土柱剖面氟及重金属元素含量变化也显示,土壤中氟元素含量变化明显受土壤质地的控制,后期人为作用叠加量很微弱。上述认识和结论为氟中毒地方病预防和治理提供了重要依据。     

晋中南地区铝土矿矿物特征及其成因

铝土矿是生产金属铝的主要来源,用途广泛。利用偏光显微镜、扫描电镜–能谱、X射线衍射、红外及差热分析等手段,研究晋中南石炭系铝土矿矿物特征,分析主要矿物成因。结果表明,铝土矿中所含矿物主要是硬水铝石和高岭石,少量伊利石、绿泥石、赤铁矿、菱铁矿、针铁矿、锐钛矿、金红石、石英、钾长石及方解石等。硬水铝石分隐晶–微晶碎屑、它形粒状晶体、短柱–鳞片状晶体3种类型,差热曲线吸热峰温度偏低,晶胞参数均值a为0.441 546 nm,b为0.945 445 nm,c为0.285 250 nm。硬水铝石主要由高岭石脱硅转变而成,少量为结晶成因。高岭石形成于温暖潮湿气候的风化过程中,部分为复硅化产物。锐钛矿形成于低温低压、TiO₂供应充足的环境中。赤铁矿由含水氧化铁矿物风化脱水形成,少部分为成矿早期沼泽相或海相沉积。石英、钾长石及一些重矿物为陆源碎屑来源。     

湘中—湘南地区寒武纪岩相古地理*

湘中—湘南地区位于扬子陆块与华夏陆块之间的过渡区域。根据研究区寒武系沉积特征,识别出4种沉积相类型:碳酸盐陆棚亚相、深水盆地相、碎屑陆棚亚相及混积陆棚亚相。纽芬兰世—第二世早期(梅树村期—沧浪铺期),深水盆地分布范围广,占据了湘中及湘南大部分地区,湘东南发育碎屑陆棚沉积。第二世中晚期(龙王庙期),相对海平面下降,深水盆地范围略有减小,研究区西北部碳酸盐沉积逐渐占主导,碎屑陆棚面积变化不大。第三世(毛庄期—崮山期),海平面持续下降,碳酸盐陆棚及碎屑陆棚由两侧向中间推进,深水盆地面积急剧减小;湘西北一带发育混积陆棚亚相,沉积物以碳酸盐沉积为主混有陆源碎屑。芙蓉世(长山期—凤山期),碳酸盐陆棚范围迅速增大,深水盆地面积继续锐减,碎屑陆棚与碳酸盐陆棚毗邻发育,湘南区发育混积陆棚亚相。总之,寒武纪扬子陆块与华夏陆块间沉积相带连续完整,存在碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩混积的过渡沉积物,推测两者处于同一浅海海域,为由北西、南东向中部变深的沉积格局。     

藏北羌塘中部高压变质带中石榴子石白云母片岩的岩石学和变质特征

羌塘中部的高压变质带位于龙木错-双湖-澜沧江板块缝合带之上,由榴辉岩、蓝片岩和石榴子石白云母片岩组成,其形成过程对探讨板块缝合带的构造演化具有重要意义。以其中的石榴子石白云母片岩为研究对象,通过岩相学研究并结合电子探针成分分析,认为石榴子石白云母片岩中的石榴子石具有多期次变质结晶的特征,保留了岩石多期次变质的信息。结合岩石组构特征,最终确定石榴子石白云母片岩至少经历了3期次的变质作用。第一、二期均为绿片岩相,当时岩石不具定向构造且未达到高压;第三期为低温高压蓝片岩相变质作用,与区域上蓝片岩的形成及榴辉岩的蓝片岩相退变质作用大体同时,该期变质变形作用形成了岩石的片理,最终成为石榴子石白云母片岩,变质作用时代为218Ma左右。     

藏北羌塘中部高压变质带中石榴子石白云母片岩的岩石学和变质特征

羌塘中部的高压变质带位于龙木错-双湖-澜沧江板块缝合带之上,由榴辉岩、蓝片岩和石榴子石白云母片岩组成,其形成过程对探讨板块缝合带的构造演化具有重要意义。以其中的石榴子石白云母片岩为研究对象,通过岩相学研究并结合电子探针成分分析,认为石榴子石白云母片岩中的石榴子石具有多期次变质结晶的特征,保留了岩石多期次变质的信息。结合岩石组构特征,最终确定石榴子石白云母片岩至少经历了3期次的变质作用。第一、二期均为绿片岩相,当时岩石不具定向构造且未达到高压;第三期为低温高压蓝片岩相变质作用,与区域上蓝片岩的形成及榴辉岩的蓝片岩相退变质作用大体同时,该期变质变形作用形成了岩石的片理,最终成为石榴子石白云母片岩,变质作用时代为218Ma左右。     

塔里木盆地塔中隆起构造演化与油气关系

笔者结合塔里木盆地形成的构造背景对塔中隆起的主要构造演化过程进行了研究,并具体分析了各构造演化阶段与志留系油气的关系。研究表明,塔中隆起源于早古生代拉张背景下的正断层,寒武-奥陶纪为其烃源岩形成的重要时期;早奥陶世末-晚奥陶世末的构造反转是塔中隆起的主要形成期,同时也为志留系的形成及复合圈闭提供了古地理背景;泥盆纪末塔中鼻状隆起基本定型,古油藏遭受破坏,形成了沥青砂岩;早二叠世晚期的构造变形使古油藏遭受进一步的破坏;二叠纪后构造变动主要以调节为主。伴随整个构造的演化,志留系的油气聚集也是分期次、不同规模的进行。     

藏北羌塘中西部红脊山地区晚古生代蛇绿岩地球化学特征及构造意义

以变质玄武岩为研究对象,对红脊山蛇绿岩进行了详细的岩石学和地球化学研究。结果表明,玄武岩主量元素含量与典型的N-MORB非常相似,稀土元素总量较低,具有轻稀土元素略亏损的近平坦左倾型配分型式,Eu异常不显著（δEu=1.05~1.16）。微量元素蛛网图总体也与N-MORB相似,表明变质基性岩源于N-MORB型亏损地幔源区。与典型的大洋中脊玄武岩相比,微量元素蛛网图显示出部分大离子亲石元素明显富集和部分高场强元素明显亏损的特征,尤其是Nb的亏损较为明显(Nb=1.67×10-6~2.26×10-6,平均值为1.97×10-6),表明本区玄武岩受俯冲带物质的影响,很可能形成于俯冲带之上的弧后盆地次级扩张的大地构造背景,属SSZ型蛇绿岩范畴,为特提斯大洋岩石圈在俯冲过程中引发弧后盆地次级扩张的产物。本研究为龙木错—双湖—澜沧江板块缝合带中西段的构造演化研究提供了重要依据。     

川中--川南地区上三叠统须家河组气藏异常压力分布及成因

通过对川中--川南地区须家河组气藏异常压力的纵向和平面分布特征研究,结合沉积背景、构造演化和生烃作用等分析了异常高压的成因;并利用剥蚀量、流体包裹体均一温度及改进的Lee--Kesler状态方程识别了古今地温差与剥蚀厚度及其与压力系数之间的关系。川中--川南须家河组各储层段压力系数在平面上由西北向南逐渐降低,纵向上呈常压(压力系数0.90～1.1)、高压(压力系数1.1～1.4)及超高压(压力系数1.4)三段式分布。生烃增压和储层的致密化是本区产生异常高压的主要原因。各气藏古今地温差为35℃～70℃,古今地温差与剥蚀厚度呈正相关关系、与压力系数呈负相关关系,说明川中--川南须家河组现今压力分布状态是地层抬升剥蚀造成的。     

湘中锑矿带断裂体系分维及其对成矿流体运移和矿床定位的指示作用

根据分形理论计算了湘中各锑矿带断裂体系的计盒维数和信息维数。通过对各矿带断裂体系分维特征与锑矿分布之间关系的分析,发现断裂体系的分维高值区与锑矿分布密集区相对应,这不仅表明断裂是成矿流体运移的主要通道,同时也表明断裂体系分维特征是定量描述锑矿床定位及成矿流体运移,聚集条件的一个重要参数。     

Petrology, chronology and isotope geochemistry of the proterozoic amphibolites from Xiangshan, central Jiangxi province, China

On the basis of a comprehensive study on the petrology,trace elements and isotopic geochemistry of the Xiangshan amphibolites,we suggest that the protoliths of the amphibolites were basalts formed in an island-arc tectonic setting.The basaltic magma was derived from a slightly depleted mantle source with a small amount of crustal contamination.Assemblage of the rock-froming minerals indicates that these amphibolites underwent a low-grade metamorphism of amphibolite facies.According to the formation age(1113Ma) and subsequent metamophic age(726.6Ma) of the basalts aw well as the geological and gochemical features of these amphibolites,a tectonic model of Proterozoic oceanic island-arc setting is proposed for central Jiangxi.     

Geology and geochemistry of giant quartz veins from the Bundelkhand Craton,central India and their implications

Giant quartz veins (GQVs; earlier referred to as ‘quartz reefs’) occurring in the Archean Bundelkhand Craton (29,000 km²) represent a gigantic Precambrian (∼2.15 Ga) silica-rich fluid activity in the central Indian shield. These veins form a striking curvilinear feature with positive relief having a preferred orientation NE-SW to NNE-SSW in the Bundelkhand Craton. Their outcrop widths vary from ≤1 to 70m and pervasively extend over tens of kilometers along the strike over the entire craton. Numerous younger thin quartz veins with somewhat similar orientation cut across the giant quartz veins. They show imprints of strong brittle to ductile-brittle deformation, and in places are associated with base metal and gold incidences, and pyrophyllite-diaspore mineralization. The geochemistry of giant quartz veins were studied. Apart from presenting new data on the geology and geochemistry of these veins, an attempt has been made to resolve the long standing debate on their origin, in favour of an emplacement due to tectonically controlled polyphase hydrothermal fluid activity.     

污染场地六价铬迁移转化机制与数值模拟研究

随着全球工业化迅猛发展,土壤和地下水六价铬污染日益严重。基于某铁合金厂铬渣场地现场调查与采样分析,开展铬渣场地土样吸附、渗透和弥散试验,研究六价铬在粉质黏土土样中的吸附特性和迁移规律,建立考虑对流-弥散-吸附的六价铬迁移三维动力学模型,结合数值软件获取污染源位于场地上、下游时地下水中六价铬迁移分布特征,并揭示弥散度?和分配系数 对六价铬时空分布的影响。试验结果表明,粉质黏土对六价铬吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,最大吸附量为466.6 mg/kg;蒸馏水和160 mg/L 六价铬溶液入渗下粉质黏土渗透系数约为6.5×10–7～6.7×10–7 cm/s,1 000 mg/L六价铬溶液的渗透系数增大至4.4×10–6 cm/s;粉质黏土水动力弥散系数D为1.4×10–4 m2/d,计算得到阻滞因子 为4.2～10。数值模拟结果表明,场地下游受到六价铬污染时,即使不考虑分子扩散作用,上游仍有被污染的风险,污染程度取决于含水层的弥散度;考虑含水层对六价铬吸附时,土体分配系数越大,六价铬污染羽分布范围越小,在预测地下水中六价铬浓度分布时应重点考虑六价铬吸附等转化过程。