滇中前震旦纪地层内铅锌矿床硫、铅同位素特征及对成矿物质来源指示

滇中前震旦系主要位于扬子地块西南缘,元谋-绿汁江断裂以东、普渡河-滇池断裂以西,岩浆活动强烈导致该区地壳结构复杂,具有"多层结构"的特点。据统计,赋存在昆阳群中的铅锌矿床(点)有近20处,其赋矿地层主要为:大龙口组(Pt_2d)、黑山头组(Pt_2hst)、鹅头厂组(Pt_2e)。本文优选大笑、热水塘硫铅同位素进行系统分析对比,总结指示成矿流体与指示物质来源。研究结果显示:赋存在前震旦纪铅矿矿床~(34)S值变化范围在6.33‰~14.99‰,成矿流体的总硫同位素值(δ~(34)SΣS)12.17‰。由此可见,赋存在前震旦纪地层中铅锌矿床硫化物主要为混合硫来源,硫同位素的来源具有多源性的特点。东川大笑铅锌矿:~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb变化范围为18.282~18.391,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb变化范围为15.491~15.515,208Pb/204Pb变化范围为38.287~38.326,主要分布于地幔、造山带演化线。热水塘铅锌矿:~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb变化范围17.702~18.512,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb变化范围15.626~15.72,~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb变化范围37.504~38.528,主要分布在造山带演化线附近。μ、ω值的变化范围表明所分析样品铅同位素均属于异常铅,说明其成矿物质多来源。因此,铅同位素主要来自地幔、上地壳和造山带,暗示成矿物质来源具有多源型特点。     

青海虎头崖铜铅锌多金属矿床硫、铅同位素组成及成因意义

[摘 要] 青海虎头崖铜铅锌多金属矿是东昆仑祁漫塔格成矿带内多金属矿床的典型代表之一。本文对该矿床硫、铅同位素组成进行详细研究,探讨了成矿物质来源和矿床成因。结果表明,该矿床黄铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铁矿等硫化物的δ³⁴S 值变化于+0.6‰～+8.3‰,平均+4.4‰,反映成矿流体中的硫为海水硫酸盐的地层硫和深源岩浆硫的混合硫,而不同矿带硫同位素均值的差别,可能与围岩地层硫的差异及参与程度有关。矿石矿物铅同位素组成总体变化较小(²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb、²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb 和²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb比值分别为18.476～18.688、15.560～15.688 和38.261～38.599),主要分布于造山带和上地壳铅演化线范围内,为岩浆作用导致的上地壳和地幔混合成因。由于赋矿层位及主控矿因素不同,各矿带的矿石铅同位素出现一定的差异。比如滩间山群内6号铜多金属矿点²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb 值和产于岩体与缔敖苏组接触带上的域矿带²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb 值相比,后者的上地壳铅参与程度较高,进一步证明壳幔混合作用对本矿区的影响。该矿床为与岩浆侵入活动密切相关的矽卡岩型铜铅锌多金属矿床。     

金顶超大型铅锌矿床的成矿金属来源——来自铅同位素组成的制约

金顶矿床是世界著名的超大型铅锌矿床,其巨量的金属堆积引起许多学者对成矿金属来源的关注。前人通过铅同位素示踪研究,提出了成矿金属来自地幔、上地壳、下地壳及不同端员混合等不同认识。理论分析表明,这些观点认识的差异可能源于不同作者分析铅同位素数据存在测试误差。基于此,笔者在金顶矿床选择了7个代表性硫化物样品,再次进行了铅同位素分析。结果显示,矿床铅同位素组成为~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=18.3945~18.4429、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.6412~15.6583、~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=38.6266~38.6772,在铅同位素演化模式图解(Zartman et al.,1979)中数据点分布集中,处于"造山带"和"上地壳"演化曲线之间,未显示出明显的线性分布特点,表明金顶矿床成矿金属来源主要为壳源;区域对比表明,金顶矿床明显比白秧坪矿带铅锌矿床贫放射性成因铅,而与区域VMS型矿床铅同位素组成更为接近,这表明金顶矿床与白秧坪矿带矿床有着不同的金属物源区,其金属可能来自盆地底部晚三叠世火山岩或其内早期的VMS矿化。     

胶东金矿铅同位素地质特征及成矿年代讨论

对胶东据同位素的系统研究表明,本区据及其金矿床的成矿物质主要来自胶东岩群,燕山期是本区主要成岩成矿期,招远一莱州矿带放射成因铅由西向东有逐渐增高的趋势,这种现象的产生是受本区地层结构和岩石类型制约的。给出了在不依赖于其它同位素测试数据的情况下,利用铅同位素各参量的谐和性解析上交点年龄的方法。从而显示了本区各种同位素测定结果的和谐性、一致性。     

关于三阶段铅演化体系：以大厂锡矿床及Lewisian片麻岩为例

以大厂锡-多金属矿床、Lewisian片麻岩为例,讨论了成矿/成岩过程中铅的三阶段演化轨迹。在206Pb/204Pb对207Pb/204Pb图解上,大厂硫化物铅的数据点构成了Pb-Pb等时线,该等时线给出了1.508Ga的矿化源岩年龄,说明成矿物质主要来自中元古代基底岩石——四堡群。四堡群本身又可能来自太古宙(2.86Ga)老陆壳,故大厂硫化物中的痕量铅应该具有三阶段的演化史。用三阶段铅演化模式解释大厂硫化物铅同位素资料,结果表明,太古宙老陆壳从上地幔源区分离出来时,其μ2=11.93,大厂矿床矿化源岩的μ3=9.76。不同变质程度的Lewisian杂岩全岩铅具有不同的演化历史:北部区角闪岩相片麻岩具有两阶段的演化史,中心区麻粒岩相片麻岩具有三阶段的演化史。北部区片麻岩两阶段Pb-Pb等时线给出了2.951Ga的成岩年龄,其μ1=7.81。中心区片麻岩三阶段Pb-Pb等时线给出了2.68Ga的变质年龄,其火成源岩的μ2=3.51。在解释异常铅等时线时,对其演化阶段级次的判别具有十分重要意义,它直接涉及不同演化阶段U-Pb体系μ值的计算。资料证明,如果把三次等时线当作二次等时线加以解释,则会导致一系列错误结论的产生。在一般情况下,用三阶段铅演化模式解释某组铅同位素资料时,只是假设第二阶段U-Pb体系是处于封闭状态的,但无任何直接证据。Lewisian北部区片麻岩两阶段铅演化体系与中心区片麻岩三阶段铅演化体系共存的情况为解决上述问题提供了极好的资料。     

浙江安吉港口多金属矿床铅物质来源初探——铅同位素证据

位于浙西北安吉港口的铅锌银(钼)多金属矿床,是新近在钦杭成矿带东北缘发现的一个产于大陆环境且具较好前景的矿床.文章通过对矿区坞山关杂岩体三套岩性单元、细粒花岗岩和方铅矿铅同位素的全面对比研究,探讨了矿床的铅物源岩浆岩.矿区中的方铅矿为含较高放射性成因铅的J-型铅,在铅同位素的V1-V2和△γ-Δβ图解中,本次研究的样品分别落入华南和岩浆作用上地壳混合地幔铅范围,显示出方铅矿与华南地球化学省壳幔混合岩浆作用的密切关系.矿区铅锌矿体的方铅矿铅同位素比值显示其具有共同的物质来源,并基本保持了细粒花岗岩206Pb/204Pb值的特征,而207Pb/204Pb值具有坞山关杂岩体和细粒花岗岩混合的特征,208Pb/204Pb和208Pb/206Pb值则仅显示出与细粒花岗岩最相近.方铅矿铅同位素比值特征和比值等值线分布形式显示,铅主要来源于细粒花岗岩,杂岩体对铅成矿贡献了少量的206Pb和207Pb,矿区地层对铅成矿贡献了一定的208Pb.安吉矿区进一步针对铅的找矿工作围绕细粒花岗岩展开,取得成果的可能性更大.     

Lead isotope systematics of Late Cretaceous – Tertiary Andean arc magmas and associated ores between 8°N and 40°S: evidence for latitudinal mantle heterogeneity beneath the Andes

ABSTRACT Lead isotope variability of magmatic arc rocks and associated mineralization of the Central Andes is usually considered to be the result of mixing between a homogeneous mantle and heterogeneous continental crust. About 230 new lead isotope data on the Northern and Central Andes allow us to compare for the first time lead isotope systematics of the Late Cretaceous – Tertiary arc magmatism and associated mineralization along the Andean chain between 8°N and 40°S. Lead isotope compositions indicate mixing between mantle and upper crustal rocks along the whole Andean chain. Additionally, we have found that mantle end-members of the Late Cretaceous – Tertiary magmatism are heterogeneous and systematically shifted towards less radiogenic ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb compositions from north to south along the Andes. This heterogeneity most likely results from mixing between a low radiogenic mantle, possibly carrying a DMM or EM I component, and a more radiogenic mantle, possibly carrying an HIMU component. Thus, our results imply that lead isotope variability of Andean magmas at the continental scale is caused not only by crustal but also by mantle heterogeneity.     

西藏冈底斯-念靑唐古拉成矿带典型矿床硫化物Pb同位素特征——对成矿元素组合分带性的指示

冈底斯-念青唐古拉成矿带矿床成矿元素组合由南向北存在着Cu-Au、Cu-Mo向Pb-Zn-Cu-Fe、Pb-Zn过渡的变化规律,但引起该变化规律的原因目前少研究。本文通过对成矿带典型矿床Pb同位素特征较为系统的总结,并结合成矿年代学和区域构造演化研究成果,从成矿物质来源的角度对该分带性进行了初步探讨。研究表明成矿带由南到北成矿物质来源存在着差异:最南端Cu-Au矿床Pb同位素组成具幔源特征(207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb平均值分别为15.490和38.016),反映成矿物质来自于俯冲过程中的交代地幔楔;最北端的Pb-Zn矿床Pb同位素组成与念青唐古拉群基底片麻岩相近(207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb分别变化于15.641～15.738和38.976～39.362),反映成矿物质来自于基底片麻岩。Pb-Zn-Cu-Fe矿床Pb同位素组成介于幔源Pb和上地壳Pb之间,且具混合线特征,反映了同碰撞期成矿物质同时从俯冲板片和念青唐古拉基底片麻岩活化的混源模式;而Cu-Mo矿床不具混合线特征的造山带Pb同位素组成,反映了成矿物质来源于俯冲阶段楔形地幔部分熔融并底侵到地壳底部与地壳发生物质交换后所形成的新生下地壳源区。甲马Cu多金属矿床Pb同位素组成具幔源和造山带两个端元,推测除新生下地壳源区提供成矿物质外,叶巴组火山岩也提供了部分成矿物质。由南向北成矿物质来源的差异很大程度上与板片俯冲的"距离效应"有关,正是由于成矿物质来源的差异导致成矿带成矿元素分带性的形成。     

西藏雄村斑岩型铜金矿集区I号矿体的硫、铅同位素特征及其对成矿物质来源的指示

西藏雄村斑岩型铜金矿集区是近年来西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿带内发现的一处超大型铜金矿集区,其形成于与新特提斯洋向北的洋内俯冲作用有关的岛弧环境,成矿时代为中侏罗世。该矿集区位于冈底斯火山-岩浆弧的中段南缘,其南侧紧邻日喀则弧前盆地,目前探明Ⅰ(原命名为雄村铜矿床)、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号铜金矿体规模达大型-超大型,同时还存在多个矿化异常带。本文以雄村Ⅰ号矿体为研究对象,对雄村Ⅰ号矿体含矿斑岩、赋矿凝灰岩和主要硫化物的硫、铅同位素开展研究,结果表明:①含矿斑岩、赋矿凝灰岩和主要硫化物具有较为一致的硫同位素组成,δ34SCDT变化范围为-3.5‰～2.7‰,平均-1.07‰,十分接近于零,塔式分布效应显著,硫可能主要来自地幔;②含矿斑岩、赋矿凝灰岩和主要硫化物具有相对一致的铅同位素组成,均以放射性成因铅含量低为特征,206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb变化范围分别为18.369～18.752、15.473～15.589和38.389～39.1531,位于地幔与造山带铅演化线之间,并且相对靠近地幔铅演化线,显示出铅主要来源于地幔,可能有少量地壳物质的混染。通过西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿带碰撞造山环境和岛弧环境(以雄村Ⅰ号矿体为代表)斑岩型铜矿床的硫、铅同位素组成特征对比,认为两者的成矿物质来源是相似的,碰撞造山环境的地壳物质混染较强烈,而岛弧环境的地壳物质混染较弱。     

白云鄂博陆缘裂谷系沉积物源与超大型稀土矿床含矿白云岩的成因探讨

白云鄂博群尖山组H4岩性段石英砂岩中的碎屑锆石年龄纪录了华北克拉通北缘两期重要的构造岩浆事件,一组年龄集中在新太古代—古元古代初期(2379～2596Ma),另一组年龄集中在古元古代晚期(1761～1946Ma),该结果与白云鄂博地区基底岩石的锆石年龄相吻合。白云鄂博群沉积碳酸盐岩的全岩207Pb-206Pb等时线年龄1649±45Ma,代表了白云鄂博群的沉积时代。白云鄂博地区沉积灰岩、白云岩与含矿白云岩的Pb同位素组成存在非常大的差异,在Pb同位素组成和构造图解中,含矿白云岩都集中在地幔演化线附近,靠近亏损地幔端元[(206Pb/204Pb)i=15.04～16.49,(207Pb/204Pb)i=15.17～15.28,(208Pb/204Pb)i=31.20～36.40],而白云鄂博群中的灰岩、白云岩则位于造山带演化线附近,靠近深海沉积物端元[(206Pb/204Pb)i=17.28～19.35,(207Pb/204Pb)i=15.47～15.69,(208Pb/204Pb)i=36.62～37.12]。     

上黑龙江盆地虎拉林金矿床硫、铅同位素特征及其成因探讨

虎拉林矿床位于中亚造山带东段额尔古纳地块之上,处于上黑龙江盆地西侧,东与砂宝斯、老沟等金矿床相邻。矿床载金矿物主要为薄膜状、粒状及脉状黄铁矿,成矿与早白垩世花岗斑岩、石英斑岩及隐爆角砾岩有密切联系。在对矿床详尽的野外工作基础上,通过对金属硫化物硫、铅同位素分析研究,探讨成矿物质来源,揭示矿床成矿规律。研究结果表明,上黑龙江盆地虎拉林矿床矿石及围岩中黄铁矿δ34SV-CDT分布于0.7‰~2.2‰,平均为1.18‰,集中于1.0‰左右,呈塔式分布,显示主要为岩浆硫特征;铅同位素206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb、208Pb/204Pb值分别为18.468~18.511、15.578~15.625、38.215~38.370,分布范围较小,且具有造山带铅特征。铅同位素μ值为9.41~9.50,均小于9.58;ω值为35.04~35.93,均值35.49,小于正常铅ω值;Th/U为3.60~3.66,显示出具有壳幔混源特征;在铅同位素构造环境判别图中,显示出具有下地壳部分熔融的特征;Δγ-Δβ图解显示矿床铅来源于上地壳与地幔混合带俯冲岩浆作用成因的铅同位素源区。综合矿床类型、矿体产出特征、矿体及围岩硫、铅同位素特征认为,虎拉林金矿区成矿物质主要来源于下地壳物质熔融形成的深部岩浆,同时存在上地幔与上地壳部分熔融物质的参与,成矿过程与早白垩世岩浆活动关系密切,形成于蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋闭合后伸展环境背景下。     

巴尔喀什成矿带晚古生代地壳增生与构造演化

巴尔喀什成矿带是中亚成矿域重要的晚古生代斑岩铜钼成矿带。巴尔喀什成矿带晚古生代花岗岩类(石炭-二叠纪)主要为高钾钙碱性系列,晚期出现钾玄岩系列岩石,主要为I型花岗岩类;石炭纪处在同碰撞和火山弧环境,二叠纪为后碰撞环境。分析表明,博尔雷属于经典的岛弧花岗岩区,科翁腊德、阿克斗卡和萨亚克属于埃达克岩(Adakite)区。巴尔喀什成矿带内花岗岩类εNd(t)值为(-5.87～+5.94),εSr(t)值为(-17.16～+51.10)。以巴尔喀什中央断裂为界,成矿带东、西分带,断裂两侧具有不同的地壳生长历史:断裂以东的萨亚克和阿克斗卡地区εNd(t)值较高,具有亏损地幔组分特征,为古生代增生的新生陆壳;以西的科翁腊德和博尔雷εNd(t)值较低,主要是壳幔岩浆混合的结果,反映了古老基底的存在,主要为新元古代增生地壳。成矿带花岗岩类206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb比值范围分别为18.3346～20.9929、15.5213～15.7321和38.2874～40.0209,为造山带花岗岩类,具有与天山、阿尔泰和准噶尔花岗岩类的亲缘性。     

东秦岭中段板厂铜钼矿床S、Pb同位素对成矿物质来源的示踪作用

东秦岭钼矿带是我国最重要的钼多金属成矿带,近年来在东秦岭板厂地区取得了新的找矿突破。本文利用区域成矿动力学、硫化物的硫、铅同位素组成研究,结合成矿地质特征,对板厂铜钼多金属矿床成矿物质来源进行示踪,并以板厂矿床为基点总结东秦岭钼矿带的稳定同位素时空分布特征。板厂矿床12件硫化物样品δ(34S)范围为1.2×10-3~5.7×10-3,平均值0.6×10-3,与地幔(0±3×10-3)硫同位素值相近;东秦岭钼矿床δ(34S)位素值有随成矿时代渐新而逐渐升高的趋势,印支期钼矿床(221~226Ma)δ(34S)同位素值偏负,燕山期第一阶段钼矿床(138~151Ma)δ(34S)值由"0"值向正值变化,燕山期第二阶段钼矿床(113~131 Ma)δ(34S)值较高(平均4.93‰)。板厂矿床深部硫化物206Pb/204Pb值为17.121~17.798,207Pb/204Pb值为15.369~15.433,208Pb/204Pb值为36.867~37.485,具有明显的低放射性成因铅特征,其铅同位素组成与华北克拉通南缘的类熊耳群和太华群相似,幔源特征明显;浅部硫化物铅同位素值相对较高,206Pb/204Pb值为18.266~18.392,207Pb/204Pb值为15.560~15.622,208Pb/204Pb值为37.611~38.438,反映了造山带混合铅特征。板厂矿床形成于中国东部构造体制转折阶段,深部构造体制重新调整导致地幔物质上侵以及壳幔混合物的重新熔融,岩浆沿着深大断裂上涌,并将一定规模的含矿流体运移至浅部,由于物理化学条件的变化以及浅部流体的混合,成矿流体在最终构造薄弱带沉淀Cu、Mo等金属,形成板厂铜钼多金属矿床。综上,在晚侏罗世-早白垩世,东秦岭地区地幔熔体活动强烈,板厂铜钼多金属矿床成矿物质来源以幔源为主,有少量壳源物质混入。     

The Junggar Immature Continental Crust Province and Its Mineralization

According to the study on the peripheral orogenic belts of the Junggar basin and combined with the interpretation of geophysical data, this paper points out that there is an Early Paleozoic basement of immature continental crust in the Junggar area, which is mainly composed of Neoproterozoic-Ordovician oceanic crust and weakly metamorphosed covering sedimentary rocks. The Late Paleozoic tectonism and mineralization were developed on the basement of the Early Paleozoic immature continental crust. The Junggar metallogenic province is dominated by Cr, Cu, Ni and Au mineralization. Those large and medium-scale deposits are mainly distributed along the deep faults and particularly near the ophiolitic melange zones, and formed in the Late Paleozoic with the peak of mineralization occurring in the Carboniferous-Permian post-collisional stage. The intrusions related to Cu, Ni and Au mineralization generally have low Is, and positive εNd(t) values. The δ34S values of the ore deposits are mostly near zero, and t     

Lead isotopic evidence for interaction between plume and lower crust during emplacement of peralkaline Lovozero rocks and related rare-metal deposits,East Fennoscandia,Kola Peninsula,Russia

The Lovozero alkaline massif—an agpaitic nepheline syenite layered intrusion—is located in the central part of the Kola Peninsula, Russia, and belongs to the Kola ultramafic alkaline and carbonatitic province (KACP) of Devonian age. Associated loparite and eudialyte deposits, which contain immense resources of REE, Nb, Ta, and Zr, constitute a world class mineral district. Previous Sr, Nd, and Hf isotope investigations demonstrated that these rocks and mineral deposits were derived from a depleted mantle source. However, because the Sr, Nd, and Hf abundances in the Kola alkaline rocks are significantly elevated, their isotopic compositions were relatively insensitive to contamination by the underlying crustal rocks through which the intruding magmas passed. Pb occurring in relatively lower abundance in the KACP rocks, by contrast, would have been a more sensitive indicator of an acquired crustal component. Here, we investigate the lead isotopic signature of representative types of Lovozero rocks in order to further characterize their sources. The measured Pb isotopic composition was corrected using the determined U and Th concentrations to the age of the crystallization of the intrusion (376?±?28 Ma, based on a ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb versus ²³⁸U/²⁰⁴Pb isochron and 373?±?9 Ma, from a ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb versus ²³²Th/²⁰⁴Pb isochron). Unlike the previously investigated Sr, Nd, and Hf isotopes, the lead isotopic composition plot was well outside the FOZO field. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb values fall within the depleted MORB field, with some rocks having lower ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb but higher ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb values. Together with other related carbonatites having both lower and higher ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb values, the combined KACP rocks form an extended linear array defining either a?~2.5-Ga secondary isochron or a mixing line. The projection of this isotopic array toward the very unradiogenic composition of underlying 2.4–2.5-Ga basaltic rocks of the Matachewan superplume and associated Archean granulite facies country rock provides strong evidence that this old lower crust was the contaminant responsible for the deviation of the Lovozero rocks from a presumed original FOZO lead isotopic composition. Evaluating the presence of such a lower crustal component in the Lovozero rock samples suggests a 5–10% contamination by such rocks. Contamination by upper crustal rock is limited to only a negligible amount.     

Isotope characterization of lead in galena from ore deposits of the Aysén Region, southern Chile

Lead isotope analyses of galena from five ore deposits and six prospects in the Aysén region of southern Chile are reported. Most of the deposits are either low sulfidation epithermal gold–silver veins or skarn and manto deposits; the majority are either suspected to be, or dated as, Late Jurassic to mid-Cretaceous. Galena lead isotope data for most of the deposits from southern Chile cluster near the “orogene” within a “plumbotectonic” model framework. Average values (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=18.53, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.63, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=38.50) are near Jurassic to Cretaceous model ages on the “orogene” curve of Zartman and Doe (1981) and the second-stage curve of Stacey and Kramers (1975) on a ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb versus ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb plot. These model ages are compatible with absolute ages as currently known. The elongate trends in the general cluster indicate mainly an orogenic model fit, suggesting variable mixing of lead from different sources, mainly model upper crust and lesser model mantle and lower crust reservoirs. Galena lead associated with one deposit (El Faldeo) is relatively radiogenic, and lies near a Jurassic age on the “upper crustal” curve of Zartman and Doe (1981), which is compatible with the Ar/Ar age of the deposit. Galena lead isotope clusters define three main groups of deposits. These three groups appear to be related to three mineralizing events, dated by K–Ar and Ar/Ar, in the Late Jurassic (group 3), and in the Early and mid-Cretaceous (groups 1 and 2 respectively). Averages for group 1, the northern group including El Toqui and Katerfeld, are ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=18.51, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.62, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=38.48. Averages for group 2, the southern group with Fachinal and Mina Silva, are ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.56, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.63, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=38.52. Averages for group 3, the southernmost group with the El Faldeo, Lago Chacabuco and Lago Cochrane prospects, are ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=18.83, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.65, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=38.63. The Cretaceous deposits (groups 1 and 2) contain orogene-type lead that becomes increasingly radiogenic southward. Lead from the Late Jurassic deposits (group 3) appears to reflect mixing of orogene lead with highly radiogenic lead. The observed linear array of lead in group 3 probably reflects mixing of orogene lead with highly radiogenic lead, which was likely extracted by selective leaching of mineralizing hydrothermal solutions from the metamorphic basement. Received: 10 July 1999 / Accepted: 15 July 2000     

A Refined Solution to the First Terrestrial Pb-isotope Paradox

The first terrestrial Pb-isotope paradox refers to the factthat on average, rocks from the Earth’s surface (i.e.the accessible Earth) plot significantly to the right of themeteorite isochron in a common Pb-isotope diagram. The Earthas a whole, however, should plot close to the meteorite isochron,implying the existence of at least one terrestrial reservoirthat plots to the left of the meteorite isochron. The core andthe lower continental crust are the two candidates that havebeen widely discussed in the past. Here we propose that subductedoceanic crust and associated continental sediment stored asgarnetite slabs in the mantle Transition Zone or mid–lowermantle are an additional potential reservoir that requires consideration.We present evidence from the literature that indicates thatneither the core nor the lower crust contains sufficient unradiogenicPb to balance the accessible Earth. Of all mantle magmas, onlyrare alkaline melts plot significantly to the left of the meteoriteisochron. We interpret these melts to be derived from the missingmantle reservoir that plots to the left of the meteorite isochronbut, significantly, above the mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-sourcemantle evolution line. Our solution to the paradox predictsthe bulk silicate Earth to be more radiogenic in ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pbthan present-day MORB-source mantle, which opens the possibilitythat undegassed primitive mantle might be the source of certainocean island basalts (OIB). Further implications for mantledynamics and oceanic magmatism are discussed based on a previouslyjustified proposal that lamproites and associated rocks couldderive from the Transition Zone. KEY WORDS: Pb isotopes, paradox, mantle Transition Zone, undegassed mantle, core formation     

Isotopic composition of phanerozoic ore leads from the Swedish segment of the Fennoscandian Shield

95 analyses of ore lead isotope ratios from 23 Phanerozoic ore deposits from the Swedish segment of the Fennoscandian Shield form a marked linear trend on a ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb versus ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb diagram. The line may be interpreted in a two-stage model, the lead being derived from 1.8±0.15 Ga old Svecokarelian basement and mineralization occurring at 0.4±0.15 Ga. The initial composition of the Svecokarelian rock lead was similar to the lead in early Proterozoic volcanogenic sulfide ores in Sweden. — The large spread in the isotope ratios was caused by a combination of selective leaching of different minerals in the source rocks, mixing with less radiogenic Caledonian lead, and local or regional variations in the U, Th and Pb contents of the basement. As a consequence, conventional methods of identifying source rocks from lead isotopic data (e.g. mu-values, Th/U ratios) may not be directly applicable. Phanerozoic ore lead development in the Swedish section of the Fennoscandian Shield was ensialic. That is, the ore lead was almost entirely derived from the Precambrian basement, although this basement does not appear to be anomalously enriched in Pb. No juvenile or mantle lead was apparently contributed to this section of the crust after the Precambrian, except for that mechanically transported onto the western edge of the Shield by the Caledonian nappes. However, some of Europe's largest lead deposits are included in these Swedish Phanerozoic mineralizations, suggesting that it was the nature of the processes involved rather than the richness of the source, that determined their formation.     

海南抱板金矿铅同位素化探评价

通过对海南抱板金矿几个切穿矿脉剖面的矿石和围岩的铅同位素组成分析。发现铅同位素组成与矿的产出具有相关关系。铅同位素的异常可能反映了成矿物质来源深度的差异，据此可进行铅同位素化探评价，提出了“正异常以深部找矿为主。负异常注意扩大横向找矿”的原则，土外山地区是地表的浅层金矿化，而二甲，北牛为深源金矿化，在土外山地区深部应可能找到对应于二甲，北牛的深源金矿化层。     

P点铅及其应用意义

在铅同位素研究中，异常铅是经常遇到并难于解释的问题。在一个矿区或矿带范围内，某些矿床的铅同位素资料中往往显示存在两种类型的铅：具有单阶段演化历史的正常铅和具有两个(或多个)阶段演化历史的异常铅。在常规的铅同位素组成图解上，这两种铅的数据点有时构成异常铅等时线，正常铅则位于等时线上含放射性成因铅最低的位置处。如果这种正常铅能给出合理的矿化年龄，并且该年龄与容矿围岩的成岩年龄基本一致，但显著老于异常铅瞬间增长模式年龄，那么，这种正常铅可能是异常铅等时线的起点，笔者称其为P点铅。显然，异常铅是后期放射性成因铅加入到P点铅形成的，P点铅的模式年龄为异常铅来源区的年龄：利用P点铅及异常铅等时线的资料，可以计算获得异常铅的矿化年龄。因此，P点铅这个概念的提出，为探讨矿化年龄问题开辟了一条新途径。文章还以加拿大和北欧地区某些矿床的铅同位素资料为例，讨论了在实际成矿过程中是否有P点铅存在的问题，讨论了P点铅在矿床成因研究中的重要意义。并给出了如何判断P点铅的具体条件。