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为实现多沙河流水库短期兴利效益和长期减淤效益的平衡,采用数学模型研究水库减淤与发电综合效益具有重要意义。充分考虑水沙输移和河床变形的耦合作用,通过结合一维水沙计算模块、水库调度模块以及发电计算模块,建立了考虑水库调度的水沙电耦合计算模型。将该模型应用到三门峡水库,采用2019水文年和2020水文年实测水沙资料分别对模型进行率定及验证。并应用该模型研究了不同水沙条件和调度方式对水库冲淤和发电的影响。计算结果表明:各测站流量、水位以及含沙量的计算过程与实测过程符合较好,发电量计算值误差均在15%以内,该模型能较为准确地模拟库区冲淤及电站发电过程;较丰水枯沙过程,其余3种典型水沙条件下冲淤量和发电量变幅分别达129%~360%及18%~52%,受入库水沙条件影响大;降低非汛期起调水位有利于控制非汛期库区淤积,提高汛期敞泄的临界入库流量有利于提高减淤及发电综合效益。 相似文献
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应用作者提出的动床阻力、非均匀沙挟沙力、床沙交换调正及滩槽水沙交换等关系与新的不平衡输沙等初步经验关系,建立了黄河下游及水库河床变形计算一维数学模型。经1960年~1988年共28年实测水沙资料的验证计算,结果与实际基本符合。该模型的特点是可预报各种水流及河床边界条件下的动床阻力;可同时计算确定混合沙中各粒径组的推移质、悬移质挟沙力、含沙浓度垂线分布及上滩水流含沙量;能较好地反映浑水上滩淤积减沙使主槽减淤增冲的实际情况;能够基本反映泥沙多来多排及高含沙水流的冲淤特性;能综合反映出来水流量、含沙量及级配的调节变化产生的输沙冲淤差别。应用该模型计算黄河小浪底水库库区及下游河道的冲淤,成果比较合理。 相似文献
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河床冲淤相对平衡下的洪水分组含沙量阈值是多泥沙河流水沙调控的重要参数.基于河床演变学的原理,根据黄河下游200余场次洪水实测资料,探讨了洪水分组含沙量阈值和分组来沙系数阈值.研究表明,黄河下游洪水过程中,在一定的分组含沙量及来沙系数条件下,可以使得河床冲淤达到相对平衡.对于悬沙以细泥沙为主的洪水,其河槽冲淤临界含沙量与主槽单宽流量、最大日均流量、花园口以下河段最小平滩流量、床沙中值粒径大于0.05 mm的沙重百分数有关;对于悬沙以中粗泥沙为主的临界含沙量则与粒径大于0.05 mm的沙重百分数无关;对于悬沙以粗泥沙为主的临界含沙量除与细泥沙临界含沙量的因素有关外,还与悬沙中值粒径小于0.025 mm、大于0.05 mm的沙重百分数有关.对于含沙量级相近的洪水,若流量级不同,同样可以产生不同的冲淤结果,即存在着分组来沙系数临界值. 相似文献
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钱塘江河口为强涌潮、高含沙量、河床冲淤剧烈的河口,其盐度输移时空变化受河床冲淤的反馈影响十分显著。建立了考虑河床冲淤变化的一维盐度动床数学模型,耦合求解水沙运动、河床冲淤及盐度输移过程,数值计算方法采用守恒性较好的有限体积法。验证结果表明:河床冲淤对氯度的影响非常显著,动床模型的结果与实测基本吻合,在长历时盐度预报中采用动床模型是必要的。应用该模型分析了钱塘江河口咸水入侵对上游建库、治江缩窄工程等人类活动的响应,探讨了杭州城市供水水源保证率。结果表明,新安江水库、河口治理缩窄工程对改善河口淡水资源利用、保障杭州市供水安全显著;供水保证率要达95%以上,需采取上游水库泄水调度和新建备用水库等措施。 相似文献
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采用考虑河岸坍塌的三维水沙数值模型,对三峡工程运用初期石首河弯的河势演变进行了模拟分析.数值模型中采用基于非正交网格的局部网格可动技术,将传统水沙模型与二元结构河岸坍塌力学模型相结合.利用三峡水库蓄水前后2002~2004年石首河段冲淤演变资料对模型进行了验证,模拟结果与实测结果吻合较好;模型不仅能模拟出河道的垂向冲淤过程,而且还可模拟出由河岸坍塌所引起的河道横向摆动过程.计算分析了三峡工程运行至2016年末河段的河势演变情况,结果可为河段的河道整治提供参考. 相似文献
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黄河下游漫滩高含沙洪水河床调整剧烈,多数断面洪水后形成"相对窄深河槽",洪水前后河槽宽度发生明显变化。分别以观测断面洪水前后的河槽宽度为基准,计算漫滩高含沙洪水期泥沙时空沉积分布,结果表明,漫滩高含沙洪水与非漫滩高含沙洪水相比,能将主河槽内淤积泥沙量的59.3%搬运至嫩滩或滩地,减缓主河槽淤积。在分析研究基础上,建立了洪水后漫滩河段河槽相对缩窄率与洪水前期河槽宽度的量化关系,洪水后主槽宽度缩窄率为15.5%~44.0%;分析遴选了漫滩高含沙洪水滩地淤积量与主要水力因子间关联度及物理含义,给出了漫滩高含沙洪水滩地淤积量与相应水力因子间的响应函数;初步提出漫滩洪水河道塑槽淤滩的临界水沙配置指标,临界水沙系数取值为0.025~0.040。成果对高含沙洪水调控具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
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研究了黄河下游1950-1960年、1969-1985年144次洪水的泥沙输移特征.结果表明:泥沙输移比(SDR)随场次洪水平均含沙量和平均来沙系数的增大而迅速减小;存在着一个使泥沙的输移比达到最大值的最优洪水流量级(4000m3/s左右);场次洪水泥沙输移比与场次洪水最大含沙量之间存在着负相关,当最大含沙量(Cmax)>300kg/m3时,泥沙输移比(SDR)<0.50,说明高含沙洪水的输移比是很低的.上中游不同源区的洪水对下游的SDR有显著的差异.来自河口镇以上清水区洪水的SDR大多数大于0.60;来自多沙细沙区洪水的SDR都大于0.50;来自多沙粗沙区洪水的SDR则小于0.50.黄河下游SDR与来自不同来源区洪水的搭配关系有关,SDR随来自粗泥沙区来沙量比例的增大而增大,达到一个峰值,与之相对应的粗泥沙区沙量百分比为50%;对于细泥沙区来沙量比例而言,情形类似,与SDR峰值相对应的细泥沙区来沙量百分比为40%. 相似文献
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冰湖溃决洪水的二维水动力学数值模拟 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为分析冰湖溃决洪水过程,建立了一个二维非恒定流数值模型,可以定量的开展冰湖溃决洪水预测.数值模型的基本控制方程采用二维浅水水流方程,数值方法采用可以捕捉激波的WAF TVD二阶精度格式,并用非界面追踪的方法处理干湿边界.通过理想情况下一维解析解的验证和二维复杂地形情况的数值试验,证明数值模型具有较好的精度和可靠性,并且可以适应复杂地形.将数值模型应用于一个典型的冰湖溃决事件,定量地预估了该冰湖溃决洪水过程,结果表明:水流流速很高,床面剪切应力很大,可能诱发活跃的泥沙运动,形成泥石流灾害. 相似文献
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小浪底水库运行后,坝下游分组悬沙输移特点发生改变,不同河段冲淤过程有所差别。基于1999—2018年坝下游实测水沙资料及固定淤积断面地形数据,分析汛期分组悬沙输移的沿程调整特点,建立分组悬沙输移及河床边界条件双重影响下不同河段河床累计冲淤量的计算关系。分析结果表明:(1)汛期各组沙输沙率远小于蓄水前,且中沙输沙率降幅最大,在各水文断面平均降幅为85%;沿程上细沙输沙率基本不恢复,而中沙和粗沙恢复距离分别到利津及艾山。(2)坝下游河床持续冲刷,各河段河床组成均发生不同程度的粗化;在拦沙后期(2007—2018年),游荡段和过渡段床沙中细沙和中沙占比不足5%,对悬沙几乎无补给作用,而弯曲段床沙对中沙仍有一定的补给能力。(3)下游各河段以冲刷下切为主,但调整幅度不同,故对水流的约束能力有所差异。建立了各河段累计冲淤量与前期河相系数及进口断面分组来沙系数的经验关系,并采用2019年下游水沙数据对公式进行了初步验证,公式能合理反映断面形态与分组悬沙输移对河床累计冲淤过程的影响。 相似文献
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为研究冲积性河流造床机理,基于能量耗散原理分析河床调整与水沙过程(变异特性)间的关系十分必要。以黄河游荡型河段为例,利用实测资料分析和平面二维水沙数值模拟方法,进行了各种洪水泥沙条件下河流冲淤规律的探讨。研究发现平滩面积、河相系数与径流泥沙特征值间存在的关联性映射出冲积性河流能量关系中的制约机制;不同洪水泥沙过程的河床冲刷强度变化具有阶段性,主槽累积刷槽效应与洪水泥沙过程有密切响应关系;高效输沙的洪水过程通过塑造最适宜的河床断面形态,能实现最佳输沙效率与主槽的最大冲刷。在不同漫滩洪水条件中,综合系数Φ最大时的洪水过程具有最大累积刷槽效应,因此对应流量可作为黄河下游漫滩洪水的调控指标。 相似文献
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Chonglong Gao Youliang Ji Chenliang Wu Jun Jin Ying Ren Zhao Yang Dawei Liu Zhijun Huan Xiaobing Duan Yuqi Zhou 《Sedimentology》2020,67(4):1750-1796
Alluvial fans are usually constructed through episodic flood events. Despite the significance of these ephemeral floods on the morphodynamics of alluvial fans, depositional responses to the variations in flood conditions are still poorly documented. This greatly limits the ability to interpret ancient sedimentary successions of fans and the associated flood hydrodynamics. The Quaternary Poplar Fan from endorheic Heshituoluogai Basin provides an optimal case for addressing this issue. Based on the variations in facies associations and flood conditions, three depositional stages – namely; lobe building stage, channel building stage and the abandonment stage – are identified. During the lobe building stage the Poplar Fan is predominately constructed through incised channel flood, sheetflood and unconfined streamflood, with coeval development of distal surficial ephemeral ponds. The channel building stage is characterized by the development of gravelly braided rivers. However, only scour pool fill deposits are preferentially preserved in the Poplar Fan. During the abandonment stage, erosional lags and aeolian sands randomly occur throughout the fan, while gully deposits can only be found in the distal fan. The distinctive facies architecture of the Poplar Fan is likely to be the result of periodicity of climate fluctuations between wetter and drier conditions during the Late Pleistocene to Holocene. The ephemeral floods formed under wetter conditions usually show high discharge and sediment concentrations which facilitate the lobe building processes. During the drier periods, only gravelly braided rivers can be developed through ephemeral floods as the intensity and frequency in precipitation, discharge and sediment concentrations of the flood flows significantly decrease. The abandonment stage of the fan may occur between recurring flood episodes or during the driest periods. Furthermore, the long-term (105 to 106 year) geomorphic evolution of the Poplar Fan shows the influence of tectonic activities. The ongoing thrust uplift tectonic activities have caused destruction of the fan but can also facilitate the fan-head trench/incision of the fan, which in turn facilitate the progradation of the fan. This study proposes a new depositional model for alluvial fans constructed through episodic flood events, which shows the character of both sheet-flood dominated and stream-flow dominated end members of alluvial fans. These findings supplement the understanding of the variability of the alluvial fans and provide means to characterize rock record of alluvial fans and their associated flood and climate conditions. 相似文献
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Sand transport in the Colorado River in Marble and Grand canyons was naturally limited by the upstream supply of sand. Prior to the 1963 closure of Glen Canyon Dam, the river exhibited the following four effects of sand supply limitation: (1) hysteresis in sediment concentration, (2) hysteresis in sediment grain size coupled to the hysteresis in sediment concentration, (3) production of inversely graded flood deposits, and (4) development or modification of a lag between the time of a flood peak and the time of either maximum or minimum (depending on reach geometry) bed elevation. Construction and operation of the dam has enhanced the degree to which the first two of these four effects are evident, and has not affected the degree to which the last two effects of sand supply limitation are evident in the Colorado River in Marble and Grand canyons. The first three of the effects involve coupled changes in suspended-sand concentration and grain size that are controlled by changes in the upstream supply of sand. During tributary floods, sand on the bed of the Colorado River fines; this causes the suspended sand to fine and the suspended-sand concentration to increase, even when the discharge of water remains constant. Subsequently, the bed is winnowed of finer sand, the suspended sand coarsens, and the suspended-sand concentration decreases independently of discharge. Also associated with these changes in sand supply are changes in the fraction of the bed that is covered by sand. Thus, suspended-sand concentration in the Colorado River is likely regulated by both changes in the bed-sand grain size and changes in the bed-sand area. A physically based flow and suspended-sediment transport model is developed, tested, and applied to data from the Colorado River to evaluate the relative importance of changes in the bed-sand grain size and changes in the bed-sand area in regulating suspended-sand concentration. Although the model was developed using approximations for steady, uniform flow, and other simplifications that are not met in the Colorado River, the results nevertheless support the idea that changes in bed-sand grain size are much more important than changes in bed-sand area in regulating the concentration of suspended sand. 相似文献
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溃决大洪水作为短时间内水量与沉积物峰值远超正常数量级的非频发洪水,可对流域地貌、地理环境以及人类生存产生巨大影响。国内外学者已利用古洪水水文学等方法对全球一系列溃决大洪水事件进行了研究,如北半球冰盖附近和我国西南地区的溃决大洪水等,但针对像青藏高原周缘这类地势高差极大的山区溃决大洪水的研究相对较少,这极大制约了我们深入开展川藏铁路建设、雅鲁藏布江流域水电开发等重大项目的古灾害风险评估。本文对溃决大洪水的研究历史与现状进行了回顾,简述了全球典型溃决大洪水实例中有关侵蚀、沉积地貌与沉积学特征以及水力学模型分析的研究进展,重点介绍了溃决大洪水的典型地貌类型和沉积组合,以及基于二维浅水方程实现的水力学重建,最后简述藏东南地区堰塞-溃决洪水研究现状和意义,以期有助于理解溃决大洪水的发生机制与发展过程,为开展该地区的灾害研究提供参考。
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三峡水库蓄水运用后,下游河道来水来沙条件均会发生改变,从而影响河道河势演变过程(包括垂向冲淤变化以及横向调整过程)。为解决长河道因岸滩崩塌引起的河势演变模拟问题,依据水位、流量及输沙量守恒和河床及河岸变形连续等条件,提出虚拟断面连接法构建了考虑岸滩崩塌的二、三维嵌套河势研究数值模型。采用1996年10月~1998年10月沙市至新厂河段实测资料对模型进行了验证,模拟结果与实测结果吻合较好,从而为定量研究水沙条件变化对荆江河道横向调整过程的影响提供了技术支撑。 相似文献