桁架结构基于地震可靠性分析的优化方法

本文把桁架结构地震可靠性分析和最优化设计方法结合起来，以结构的地震失效率概率为目标函数，给出一种考虑地震可靠性的桁架结构的优化方法。该方法能够解决线性桁架体系在平稳的随机地震地面运动激励下的优化问题，并在给定投资的条件下设计出了安全可靠的桁架结构。     

基于成本—效益指标的隔震支座参数优化

根据建筑结构隔震设计的特点,研究了基于成本—效益指标的隔震支座参数优化问题,提出了以结构整体成本—效益指标为目标函数的隔震支座参数优化方法,从而在隔震设计中同时考虑结构的初始造价和地震损失成本。采用无导数信赖域的优化算法进行隔震支座参数优化,主要约束为基于首次超越失效准则的结构动力可靠度。最后通过一个隔震支座设计实例,分别采用文中提出的优化设计方法和传统隔震设计方法进行设计并对比结果,最后讨论了结构期望损失成本对优化设计的影响,从而验证提出方法的可行性。     

凸模型地震作用下的建筑结构与控制协同优化

本文基于地震作用不确定性的椭球傅里叶界限凸模型,建立了建筑结构和控制系统的协同优化模型:以最小化结构质量和最大加速度响应加权和为目标函数,以结构截面的尺寸、阻尼器的数量和位置为设计变量,约束条件为结构的强度、刚度、整体及局部的稳定性。运用遗传算法来解决具有连续和离散两类设计变量的优化问题。算例结果表明结构与控制的协同化优化设计能使结构性能和控制效果同时达到最佳状态。     

基于“投资—效益”准则的结构全寿命总费用模型

作为基于结构性能抗震设计的重要原则,“投资—效益”准则反映了抗震设计思想由只注重结构安全到综合考虑技术、经济、社会等诸多因素影响的转变,而结构性能水平和抗震性能目标是实现这一准则的前提和基础.采用五级结构性能水平细化现行规范给出的三水准设防,以层间位移角为定量指标,建立了结构性能水平与层间位移角限值之间一一对应的关系.提出抗震性能目标优化决策,根据最优设防烈度并引入地震危险性分析,建立了基于“投资—效益”准则的结构全寿命总费用模型.该模型规避了直接求解体系可靠度的复杂过程,将问题转化为求解结构的失效概率.其优点在于既能考虑结构的初始造价,又充分根据结构性能失效的特点考虑结构在各级性能水平下的损失期望,全面注重了结构性能、安全及经济等条件,体现了基于性能的抗震设计理念.     

基于地震易损性的框架结构的优化方法

给出了一种框架结构地震易损性优化的准则算法．根据优化准则构造了一种修改设计变量的格式,提出了设计方案可行性调整的方法并推导了计算公式,给出了优化算法的计算步骤,并通过一个算例阐述了这种算法的应用。     

基于ANSYS软件的联合布置弹簧汽机基础结构抗地震优化设计

选取某1000 MW级燃煤电厂联合布置弹簧基础结构为研究对象,建立包括基础结构及主厂房结构的有限元模型;然后在有限元模型的基础上,对联合布置汽机基础结构进行基于大质量法的地震时程分析.根据分析结果,基于有限元软件ANSYS提供的优化算法,以基础柱尺寸、位置为设计变量,汽机轴承中心高度的节点处地震响应加速度为目标函数,对...     

抗震结构中考虑离散变量的多目标优化设计

以结构应变能最大和结构造价最低为目标函数，引入离散变量，进行了多目标优化设计，从中找出结构应变能最大、结构造价最低的最优截面。结果表明，所提出的理论和方法是合理的。     

利用τ-p波场反演法确定东沙群岛的地壳速度模型

本文利用τ-p波场反演法直接对OBS原始数据进行转换,得到一维速度深度函数.该方法包含倾斜迭加和向下延拓两个线性转换:倾斜迭加将原始数据由时间-偏移距域(t-x)转换为时间截距-慢度域(τ-p);向下延拓将时间截距-慢度域(τ-p)波场转换为深度-慢度域(z-p)波场.然后根据五个OBS台站得到的一维速度深度函数,合成东沙群岛地壳的二维速度结构模型.为了检验该速度结构模型,我们用拾取走时和利用模型计算的理论走时进行拟合,得到了满意的结果,从而为下一步进行层析成像提供了可靠的初始速度结构模型.     

利用τ\|p波场反演法确定东沙群岛的地壳速度模型

本文利用τ\|p波场反演法直接对OBS原始数据进行转换,得到一维速度深度函数.该方法包含倾斜迭加和向下延拓两个线性转换:倾斜迭加将原始数据由时间\|偏移距域(t-x)转换为时间截距\|慢度域(τ\|p);向下延拓将时间截距\|慢度域(τ\|p)波场转换为深度\|慢度域(z\|p)波场. 然后根据五个OBS台站得到的一维速度深度函数,合成东沙群岛地壳的二维速度结构模型.为了检验该速度结构模型,我们用拾取走时和利用模型计算的理论走时进行拟合,得到了满意的结果,从而为下一步进行层析成像提供了可靠的初始速度结构模型.     

基于能量的多层框架结构“加层减震”体系参数优化研究

提出了基于能量的参数优化准则,即以隔震层抗侧刚度和阻尼比为优化参数,以隔震层的应变能期望值占结构总应变能期望值的比例为目标函数,在改进的Kanai - Tajimi模型激励下,使该比例取极大值.利用上述优化准则,对一加层工程实例进行了参数优化.结果表明:目标函数受隔震层抗侧刚度的变化影响较大,受阻尼比变化影响很小;而总应变能对阻尼比变化较敏感,而对抗侧刚度的变化不敏感.因此参数优化时,可以考虑保持抗侧刚度不变,增大阻尼比而保证目标函数值变化不大,同时可以减少结构的总应变能.扫频分析表明:从应变能角度优化参数拓宽了频率控制范围,而且可以达到很好的控制效果,特别是在共振区域,各层响应较加层前均有较大的减小,同时时程分析也表明减震效果比较显著,证明了该优化方法的可行性及合理性.     

Optimal maintenance strategies for structures in seismic zones

In this paper an approach is developed for establishing optimal maintenance (repair) strategies of structures in seismic zones. The approach is based on expected future costs and the main decision variable is a damage threshold for repair given an acceptable reliability level. It is considered that structural damage accumulates over a number of earthquakes until a threshold is reached or exceeded, after which the structure is repaired so that there is no remaining damage. A Markov model is implemented for such a process of damage accumulation during future earthquakes. An algorithm is proposed for computing non‐linear structural response to earthquakes using a damage function model. This algorithm is used to evaluate transition probabilities between damage states based on simulations of future earthquakes of given intensities. Expressions are derived for evaluating expected life‐cycle damage costs and structural reliability as a function of time and of the damage threshold for repair. As an application, a single‐degree‐of‐freedom structural system is studied. In addition, the paper addresses the case of instrumented structures where information from earthquake response records is available. Such information is incorporated into the formulation for maintenance strategies by means of a Bayesian approach for updating the probability distribution of structural damage and of non‐linear behaviour parameters so that predictions about costs and reliability are improved. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal design of friction pendulum system properties for isolated structures considering different soil conditions

This study aims at evaluating the optimal properties of friction pendulum bearings to be employed for the seismic protection of elastic isolated structural systems under earthquake excitations with different characteristics in terms of frequency content. A two-degree-of-freedom model is considered to describe the isolated system behavior while accounting for the superstructure flexibility and a non-dimensional formulation of the governing equations of motion is employed to relate the characteristic parameters describing the isolator and structure properties to the response parameters of interest for the performance assessment. Seismic excitations are modeled as time-modulated filtered Gaussian white noise random processes of different intensity within the power spectral density method. The filter parameters control the frequency content of the random excitations and are calibrated to describe stiff, medium and soft soil conditions, respectively. Finally, multi-variate regression expressions are obtained for the optimum values of the friction coefficient that minimize the superstructure displacements relative to the base mass as a function of the structural system properties, of the seismic input intensity and of the soil condition.     

Structural control considering soil–structure interaction effects

A discussion of the effects of Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) on the formulation of active structural control algorithms is presented. Two approaches for incorporating SSI effects in linear optimal control theory are developed: one which performs the control analysis on a structure with a fixed base and then considers the effects of SSI on the controlled structural response; and another which performs the control analysis using a structural equation of motion reformulated to include SSI effects. The two control formulations are studied and compared using a single-degree-of-freedom structure supported through a rigid foundation resting on a linear, elastic half-space. Results show that control effectiveness is affected by the approach used in formulating the equations of motion of the interacting system.     

Hybrid isolation systems for equipment protection

This paper presents a formulation for earthquake resistant design of optimum hybrid isolation systems for sensitive equipment protection. The hybrid system under consideration consists of laminated rubber bearings, viscodampers and a set of actuators which, grounded on the main structural system, deliver forces on the basement of the isolated substructure mounted on the main structural system. An integrated design procedure for the passive and active components of the isolation system is developed aiming at acceleration reduction under random excitation. Linear models are used for the isolated structure, the main structural system and the isolation system. Fractional derivative Maxwell elements are used to model the mechanical behaviour of the viscodampers. The active component of the isolation system applies forces proportional to the absolute velocity of the isolated piece of equipment. Constraints in the deformation capacity of the isolators as well as constraints in the capacity of the actuators are considered for the design of an optimal hybrid isolation system. Simple numerical examples are developed herein to illustrate the design procedure. The superiority of hybrid systems over passive systems in reducing acceleration response is demonstrated.     

调谐质量阻尼器系统控制结构地震反应的若干问题

本文研究调谐质量阻尼器（ＴｕｎｅｄＭａｓｓＤａｍｐｅｒ，以下简称ＴＭＤ）用作抗震结构的防御体系时的一些问题，包括ＴＭＤ在结构上的最佳位置，ＴＭＤ频率的最佳值，ＴＭＤ对非调谐结构振型的影响和ＴＭＤ参数的灵敏度分析，这些问题的解决将为研究设置ＴＭＤ的结构的抗震设计方法提供理论依据。     

EFFECTIVE OPTIMAL STRUCTURAL CONTROL OF SOIL–STRUCTURE INTERACTION SYSTEMS

A methodology is developed in this paper to include soil–structure interaction effects in optimal structural control, General Multi-Degree-Of-Freedom (MDOF) structural models are considered. The SSI transfer functions for ground motion and control force in the physical space are presented first, followed by a methodology for using system identification techniques to find an equivalent fixed-base model of an MDOF SSI system. An iterative technique is applied to combine these methods for the determination of optimal control gains. The control effectiveness of considering soil–structure interaction is investigated for the controlled SSI system. It is found that the control algorithm considering SSI effects is more effective than the corresponding control algorithm assuming a fixed-base system model. In addition, the advantage of applying this methodology is observed to be more prominent in the cases where the SSI effects are more significant. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fuzzy sliding mode control for a building structure based on genetic algorithms

Based on the genetic algorithms (GAs), a fuzzy sliding mode control (FSMC) method for the building structure is designed in this research. When a fuzzy logic control method is used for a structural system, it is hard to get proper control rules directly, and to guarantee the stability and robustness of the fuzzy control system. Generally, the fuzzy controller combined with sliding mode control is applied, but there is still no criterion to reach an optimal design of the FSMC. In this paper, therefore, we design a fuzzy sliding mode controller for the building structure control system as an optimization problem and apply the optimal searching algorithms and GAs to find the optimal rules and membership functions of the FSMC. The proposed approach has the merit to determine the optimal structure and the inference rules of fuzzy sliding mode controller simultaneously. It is found that the building structure under the proposed control method could sustain in safety and stability when the system is subjected to external disturbances. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

带TMD的结构基于动力可靠性约束的优化设计

本文在运用复模态法求得多自由度带TMD结构随机地震响应解析解的基础上．采用基于动力可靠性约束的优化设计方法对TMD装置参数的优化取值进行了系统研究,以结构最大位移响应的期望值为目标函数,以TMD装置响应的动力可靠性为约束条件,运用罚函数法获得到TMD装置的优化设计参数．并给出了算例,从而建立了带TMD结构基于动力可靠性约束的抗震优化设计的一整套方法,本文方法也可用于基础隔震结构、带TLD减震结构以及带TMD和TLD抗风结构的优化设计。     

General dynamic-stiffness matrix of a timoshenko beam for transverse vibrations

The general dynamic-stiffness matrix of a Timoshenko beam for transverse vibrations is presented in this paper. All the effects of rotary inertia of the mass, shear distortion, structural damping, axial force, elastic-spring and dashpot foundation are taken into account in the formulation. As a consequence, the deflection function of the beam vibration is in complex form, and the nature of the beam vibration and the corresponding dynamic stiffnesses of the beam are characterized by general complex wave numbers. The dynamic-stiffness matrix for any special case can be derived easily from the general formula, which may be used directly in standard structural analysis.     

A damage model for structures with degrading response

The paper presents a hysteretic damage model for the response simulation of structural components with strength and stiffness deterioration under cyclic loading. The model is based on 1D continuum damage mechanics and relates any 2 work‐conjugate response variables such as force‐displacement, moment‐rotation, or stress‐strain. The strength and stiffness deterioration is described by a continuous damage variable. The formulation uses a criterion based on the hysteretic energy and the maximum or minimum deformation for damage initiation with a cumulative probability distribution function for the damage evolution. A series of structural component response simulations showcase the ability of the model to describe different types of hysteretic behavior. The relation of the model's damage variable to the Park‐Ang damage index is also discussed. Because of its consistent and numerically robust formulation, the model is suitable for the large‐scale seismic response simulation of structural systems with strength and stiffness deterioration.