Calibrating cross-site variability for reliability-based design of pile foundations

The cross-site variability (i.e., variability from site to site) makes the statistics of the bias factor of a design model vary from site to site. How to characterize the cross-site variability of the model bias factor is important for design of pile foundations based on site-specific load test data. In this study, a probabilistic model that allows for explicit modeling of the cross-site variability is suggested. An equation is derived based on Bayes’ theorem to calibrate the suggested model with load test data from different sites, which is applicable even when the number of load tests at each site is small. A procedure based on hybrid Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation is employed to solve the Bayesian equation. How to update the statistics of the model bias factor, when applied to a future site, with site-specific load test data is also described. As an illustration, the probabilistic model is applied to the design of bored piles in Shanghai, China. It is found that, given a certain number of site-specific pile load tests, the effect of updating depends on the mean and the COV of the measured model bias factor. With the assistance of regional experience, a small number of load tests can significantly reduce the uncertainty associated with the design model, and further increase in the number of load tests may not change the site-specific statistics of the bias factor and hence the resistance factor substantially.     

打入桩承载力确定方法对安全系数的影响

在传统的容许应力设计方法中桩基承载力安全系数取决于桩基承载力的确定方法,然而,基于经验选择的承载力安全系数缺少理论依据,为此,基于贝叶斯理论和线性回归方法提出了评价桩基承载力确定方法对承载力安全系数影响的方法,给出了现行规范对于不同承载力确定方法采用不同安全系数的理论依据,阐明了桩基动力测试降低安全系数的理论依据,并以7种桩基设计方法为例,分析了承载力确定方法对安全系数的影响。结果表明,采用所提出的方法计算的安全系数基本上与现行的经验值相一致,表明精确的承载力确定方法可以有效地降低承载力安全系数,设计方法、承载力确定方法和水平都对安全系数有影响,但当承载力试验桩的数目足够多时,安全系数对于设计方法的精确性不敏感。     

边坡抗滑桩加固的三维有限元计算

本文以王山村滑坡为研究对象,围绕其工程中静力抗滑稳定问题,通过室内试验对影响王山村滑坡稳定性的地质构造、场地工程条件等内在因素进行分析评价。在此基础上,利用大型商业软件ABAQUS对边坡抗滑桩加固模型进行有限元计算分析。通过对加固在边坡模型底部、中部及上部3个常见桩位稳定性系数的计算,得到了3个桩位的稳定性系数。计算结果表明：加固在模型中部桩位的安全系数最高,为1.58。为综合考虑静力作用下坡脚应力集中及动力作用下的坡顶加速度放大效应,设计了加固在边坡中点附近的上部桩位和下部桩位,并分别对其稳定性进行求解,计算结果显示两种桩位都具有较高的安全系数,分别为1.35和1.56。最后通过对模型坡面上5种桩位安全系数的对比,验证了上部桩及下部桩的可行性,可作为工程实践的参考方案。     

饱和软土中挤土桩休止期的探讨

在上海地区许多项桩基静载试验中，发现桩身大部分处于软土中的桩，在规范要求的间歇内，有时桩的竖向承载力与地质资料提供的计算值相差甚远，而有时又基本相符，经比对相同休止期不同场地的桩静载试验结果，发现地质条件的细微差异，可能是造成桩休止期不同的主要因素。本文根据微小的地质差异，阐述其对挤土桩休止期的影响。这一论点若成立，将对工程桩基的投资及安全取值具有一定的实际价值。     

上海地区单桩水平承载力的若干影响因素研究

结合上海软土地区12个场地57根单桩水平静载荷试验,研究建筑桩基单桩在水平荷载作用下的受力特点。根据试验实测数据,探讨不同桩径、不同试验加载方法及灌芯对预应力空心桩受力性状影响等因素,认为建筑工程中,可选择桩径较大或者采用在桩顶一定范围内扩大桩径的做法进行单桩水平承载力优化设计,试验加载方式建议可采用单向单循环恒速水平加载法,预应力空心桩顶部灌芯可作为水平承载力的安全储备,为软土地区类似工程的单桩水平承载力的设计和理论研究提供参考。     

不同堆载形式对群桩负摩阻力的影响

在既有桥墩桩基础周围土体堆载时,会引起土体的沉降和侧向变形,进而在桩身产生负摩阻力,对桩基变形及承载性能有很大影响。为研究围载和单侧边载作用下群桩中不同位置桩基的受力差异,以3×3群桩基础为研究对象,进行围载和单侧边载作用下的模型试验,分析了不同位置桩基轴力、侧摩阻力、中性点位置和基桩承载力安全系数等的变化规律及差异。研究结果表明：围载工况下,角桩的轴力、侧摩阻力最大,边桩次之,中心桩最小;中性点位置角桩最深,边桩略高,中心桩距桩顶最近。边载工况下,靠近边载侧和中间一排桩基轴力、侧摩阻力与围载时的变化规律类似,远离边载侧的一排桩基受边载影响较小,无负摩阻力;各桩基中性点位置变化规律类似于围载工况。与围载工况相比,边载时同一位置桩身轴力、负摩阻力均较小,中性点位置较高。与单侧边载工况相比,围载时各基桩承载力安全系数FS均较小且随荷载的增大衰减梯度较大。该研究成果为不同堆载形式下群桩基础的设计提供参考。     

桩端硬持力层冲切安全性评价及在红层中的运用

针对嵌岩桩桩端硬持力层厚度小于3d的实际情况,为确保安全又节省造价,在分析桩一岩土体系的荷载传递机理和岩石破坏模式的基础上,建立桩端硬持力层的冲切承载力计算公式,用该公式计算桩端硬持力层厚度的冲切承载力,并与桩基设计荷载相除得到安全系数K,根据安全系数K的大小判定桩端硬持力层的厚度能否满足荷载要求。工程实例表明,该方法在红层地区的运用效果好,可供借鉴。     

桩端压力注浆桩的承载性状分析

灌注桩后注浆工艺能提高桩的承载力、减小变形、增强桩的质量稳定性。根据某工程注浆和未注浆钻孔灌注桩的单桩静载试验的分析与对比,结合试验的荷载位移曲线、桩身轴力分布、桩顶荷载与桩端荷载、桩顶沉降与桩身弹性压缩量等关系,探讨钻孔灌注桩注浆前后桩土体系荷载传递的变化规律和某些影响因素,对了解桩端压力注浆桩的承载性状及类似工程的设计有一定意义。     

基于Copula函数的CFG桩复合地基载荷-变形曲线的概率分析

CFG桩(cement-fly ash-gravel pile)复合地基是一种重要的地基处理形式,在日益增加的大面积住宅和商业开发中作用越来越突出,然而该种桩型的加卸荷-沉降变形特性仍然需深入研究,尤其在概率评估方面。根据北京星光影视股份有限公司生产科研基地项目工地中的21根CFG桩单桩静载试验和32个复合地基静载试验的原位加卸载测试成果,采用两参数的双曲线或幂曲线回归拟合了每一条加荷-变形曲线。由于土体的内在各向异性和其强度的变异性,评估整个场地的加荷-变形曲线时,其回归参数表现出了较大的离散性。将一个场地的多组回归参数组成一个随机向量,其加载-位移曲线的不确定性可由简单的两变量随机向量体现,引入双变量联结函数（Copula）描述随机回归参数间的相依性。最后,考虑正常使用极限状态,采用基于Copula函数的模拟模型计算了CFG桩复合地基的可靠度指标。研究结果有助于改进CFG桩复合地基的概率设计与评估。     

斜坡基桩水平极限承载力及影响因素模型试验和数值模拟

斜坡上的基桩具有承重和阻滑的双重功能,其受力变形性状远比平地上的情形复杂。采用模型试验和数值模拟相结合的方法研究了其水平承载特性及影响因素。模型试验结果表明：临坡距对基桩的水平承载变形性能有较大影响。同一级荷载下,临坡距较大的桩身水平位移小于临坡距较小的基桩;临坡距较大基桩的临界荷载和极限承载力也大于临坡距小的基桩。数值模拟研究结果表明：基桩水平极限承载力随着斜坡坡比的增大而减小,随着临坡距的增大而增大,与模型试验的结果基本一致。对比分析了斜坡和平地基桩水平承载变形性能的差别,得出了可考虑坡比和临坡距的斜坡基桩水平极限承载力简便计算方法,可为有关规范的修订以及工程设计提供参考。     

非均质地基中群桩竖向荷载沉降关系分析

运用剪切位移法计算了桩轴向荷载传递因子。对于桩端采用线性的荷载传递函数,推导了基于弹塑性模型的单桩竖向荷载沉降的解析解。分析过程中考虑了土体强度沿深度线性变化的特性和桩土间的滑移现象,因此更符合大部分土体的实际性状。在此基础上,建立了考虑桩土滑移的桩-桩相互作用系数的计算公式,并将上述方法应用于群桩的分析,获得了群桩的荷载沉降特性。该分析方法克服了目前应用较多的弹性理论方法夸大桩土相互作用的缺点,单桩和群桩的荷载沉降曲线的分析结果和实测数据吻合,证明了该方法的合理性。     

不同竖向荷载作用下桩基水平载荷试验研究

石油化工装置具有高、大、重及对地基承载力和沉降变形要求严格等特点,宁波镇海某石油化工项目位于沿海软土地基,工程地质条件差,风荷载大,对桩基的水平承载力要求较高。为了取得符合工程实际情况的桩基水平承载力参数,在工作区内开展了不同桩径、桩长、桩顶竖向荷载作用下的预制方桩桩基的水平静载荷试验。试验结果表明,在桩顶自由条件下,单桩水平承载力随着桩径和桩长的增加而增大,但并非是线性增长,而是呈幂函数增长关系;单桩水平承载力随着桩顶竖向荷载的增加同样呈幂函数增长关系;群桩水平承载力大于单桩水平承载力之和。     

考虑下卧层特性的复合地基荷载传递规律模型试验研究

为研究存在下卧层复合地基的荷载传递规律,进行多组复合地基室内模型试验。针对不同桩径、垫层厚度和下卧层厚度等工况进行试验,得到增大桩径不能提高桩体的承载力发挥度;复合地基的设计要充分考虑垫层和下卧层对荷载传递的影响一系列有益的结论。试验结果表明,复合地基中桩身轴力、桩侧摩阻力和荷载分担比的分布及发展过程,可为复合地基理论研究提供一定的依据,并对其设计起到一定的指导作用。     

Uncoupled analysis of stabilizing piles in weathered slopes

This paper describes a simplified numerical approach for analyzing the slope/pile system subjected to lateral soil movements. The lateral one-row pile response above and below the critical surface is computed by using load transfer approach. The response of groups was analyzed by developing interaction factors obtained from a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element study. An uncoupled analysis was performed for stabilizing piles in slope in which the pile response and slope stability are considered separately. The non-linear characteristics of the soil–pile interaction in the stabilizing piles are modeled by hyperbolic load transfer curves. The Bishop's simplified method of slope stability analysis is extended to incorporate the soil-pile interaction and evaluate the safety factor of the reinforced slope. Numerical study is performed to illustrate the major influencing parameters on the pile-slope stability problem. Through comparative studies, it has been found that the factor of safety in slope is much more conservative for an uncoupled analysis than for a coupled analysis based on three-dimensional finite element analysis.     

轴向荷载对斜桩水平承载特性影响试验及理论研究

斜群桩受水平荷载作用时,群桩中的基桩受到径向荷载、轴向荷载和弯矩的共同作用。为研究轴向荷载对斜桩水平承载特性的影响,完成了3根单桩以及1组1×2斜桩的大尺寸模型试验。试验结果表明：轴向拉力作用会降低斜桩的水平刚度和极限承载力;而轴向压力作用则会使其水平刚度和极限承载力提高。基于桩侧浅层土体楔形破坏假定,推导了考虑轴向荷载影响的斜桩水平极限土抗力计算公式,提出了桩侧土抗力的p-y曲线方法,并通过模型试验及现场试验验证其合理性。     

评估灌注桩极限承载力的概率能量法

本文研究用概率能量方法评估灌注桩极限承载力的可行性,研究所用数据取自南京市区的２００根桩例的ＣＡＰＷＡＰ反分析与静载试验结果。根据能量守恒定律并结合动态桩－土相互作用模型,详细地推导了桩极限承载力计算公式。并对其中的模型参数,Ｊｓ,Ｊｔ,Ｑｓ,Ｑｔ作为随机变量处理,统计分析了它们的平均值,标准差以及概率分布函数。用蒙特卡洛法模拟确定了桩极限承载力的概率分布函数,并进一步提出了计算桩极限承载力超过某一设计值的概率公式。通过计算的桩极限承载力与静载结果的良好可比性,说明了此方法的台理性与准确性。     

Prediction of ultimate axial load-carrying capacity of piles using a support vector machine based on CPT data

The support vector machine (SVM) is a relatively new artificial intelligence technique which is increasingly being applied to geotechnical problems and is yielding encouraging results. In this paper SVM models are developed for predicting the ultimate axial load-carrying capacity of piles based on cone penetration test (CPT) data. A data set of 108 samples is used to develop the SVM models. These data were obtained from the literature containing pile load tests and each sample contains information regarding pile geometry, full-scale static pile load tests and CPT results. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis is carried out to examine the relative significance of each input variable with respect to ultimate strength prediction. Finally, a statistical analysis is conducted to make comparisons between predictions obtained from the SVM models and three traditional CPT-based methods for determining pile capacity. The comparison confirms that the SVM models developed in this paper outperform the traditional methods.     

Development of analytical models to estimate the increase in pile capacity with time (pile setup) from soil properties

This paper presents the analyses of twelve prestressed concrete (PSC) instrumented test piles that were driven in different bridge construction projects of Louisiana in order to develop analytical models to estimate the increase in pile capacity with time or pile setup. The twelve test piles were driven mainly in cohesive soils. Detailed soil characterizations including laboratory and in situ tests were conducted to determine the different soil properties. The test piles were instrumented with vibrating wire strain gauges, piezometers, pressure cells that were monitored during the whole testing period. Several static load tests (SLTs) and dynamic load tests were conducted on each test pile at different times after end of driving (EOD) to quantify the magnitude and rate of setup. Measurements of load tests confirmed that pile capacity increases almost linearly with the logarithm of time elapsed after EOD. Case pile wave analysis program was performed on the restrikes data and was used along with the load distribution plots from the SLTs to evaluate the increase in skin friction capacity of individual soil layers along the length of the piles. The logarithmic linear setup parameter “A” for unit skin friction was calculated of the 70 individual clayey soil layers and was correlated with different soil properties such as undrained shear strength (S_u), plasticity index, vertical coefficient of consolidation (c_v), over consolidation ratio and sensitivity (S_t). Nonlinear multivariable regression analyses were performed, and three different empirical models are proposed to predict the pile setup parameter “A” as a function of soil properties. For verification, the subsurface soil conditions and setup information for additional 18 PSC piles collected from local database were used to compare the measured versus predicted “A” parameters from the proposed models, which showed good agreement.

     

考虑桩底沉渣的灌注桩可靠度分析方法

基桩的完整性检测不一定都能够检测到基桩中的缺陷,这些缺陷将会影响到基桩的安全性。为此,提出了考虑基桩可能出现缺陷时的基桩可靠度分析方法。以单桩桩底可能出现的沉渣缺陷为例,采用全概率理论将完整桩的失效概率和桩底含有沉渣的桩的失效概率有机地结合起来,得到了单桩的失效概率。采用基桩承载力折减系数来定量地考虑沉渣对基桩承载力的影响,并进一步推导了桩底含沉渣的基桩承载力偏差系数和变异系数的计算公式。算例分析表明,所提方法能够定量地反映基桩中可能出现的沉渣对基桩可靠度的影响。桩底沉渣对桩的可靠指标具有明显的不利影响。随着沉渣厚度和桩的直径的增加,桩底含有沉渣的桩的可靠指标逐渐减小;桩的可靠指标随着桩长的增加逐渐增大。如果不考虑桩可能出现沉渣的质量问题,基桩的安全性将明显地被高估。基桩的完整性检测可以有效地提高基桩的安全性。