Gas Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of DDT Residues in the Kidney of Labeo rohita

Laboratory acclimated Labeo rohita, common fresh water edible fish, were exposed to a sublethal concentration (2.5 ppm) of DDT for 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 days. Residues of three isomers of DDT were estimated in the kidney of Labeo rohita using the gas liquid chromatographic technique. The maximum residues of DDT, DDE and DDD were 1.4327, 0.4172 and 0.2913 ppm, respectively. The total DDT residues concentration was 2.1412 ppm on the final day of the experiment. The tabulated tcalculated t at all intervals.     

Evaluation of the Comparative Toxicity of Thiotox,Dichlorvos and Carbofuran to Two Fresh Water Teleosts Ophiocephalus punctatus and Mystus Vittatus

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the comparative toxicity of Thiotox (Endosulfan) (an organochlorine), Dichlorvos (DDVP) (an organophosphorus) and Carbofuran (a carbamate) so as to determine the TL 50 values, acute toxicity ranges, relative toxicities, relative susceptibility, safe concentrations, regression equations, heterogeneity factor and 95% confidence limits for the period of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, taking two fresh water teleosts, Mystus vittatus and Ophiocephalus punctatus as test animals. From the relative toxicity of these pesticides it is evident that thiotox was the most toxic and dichlorvos the least toxic one, while the toxicity of carbofuran was in between these two extremes for both the fishes. On the basis of relative susceptibility, Mystus vittatus was found to be more susceptible than Ophiocephalus punctatus for thiotox, dichlorvos and carbofuran, respectively. The safe concentrations were computed for all the three pesticides taking different application factors, so as to avoid the long term water pollution by these pesticides.     

Lethal Effects of Zinc and Nickel on Freshwater Teleosts

Static bioassays were conducted at 20.5£C and the hardness of 260 ppm as CaCO₃ with zinc sulphate and nickel sulphate using Puntius sophore, Rasbora daniconius neilgeriensis, Channa punctatus and Lebistes reticulates. The 96 h LC50 values for all four fish species ranged from 29.88 to 54.95 £ of zinc and 13.57 to 48.83 £ of nickel. Channa punctatus were consistently more sensitive to zinc, while Puntius sophore were to nickel. The behavioural changes, such as loss of equilibrium and shoaling nature, swimming with their bellies upwards and irregular opercular movement were noted.     

Studies on the Pollution of the Kalinadi by Industrial Wastes near Mansurpur Part 2: Biological Index of Pollution and Biological Characteristics of the River

From the biological data presented here it is difficult to define any species of fish as an indicator of pollution in the strict sense. Nevertheless, the following generalizations are possible.

• - Species as Wallago attu, Clarias batrachus, Heteropneustes fossilis, Ophiocephalus striatus and Oph. punctatus occur in good number in the polluted stretch and seem to be tolerant species.
• - The species as Esomus danrica, Labeo rohita, Labeo gonius, L. bata, Catla catla, Cirrhina mrigala, Barbus chagunio, Barbus spec., Notopterus notopterus and Mugil corsula are most sensitive and disappear first in the polluted stretch.
• - The species as Barilius bola, B. bendelisis, Nemacheilus latius, Notopterus chitala, Collichrous bimaculatus, and Nandus nandus are moderately sensitive.
• - It appears that the main damage is caused to carp and feather-back fishes. The whole stretch of heavy pollution is almost devoid of carp and featherback.

The following important conclusions can be drawn from the distribution of plankton and bottom organisms:

• - The higher number of protozoans, chironomids, maggots and the decrease in the number of mollusca can be considered as the indicator of pollution, because of their abundance in polluted zones.
• - Chlorella, Lyngbya, Gyrosigma and Euglena (algae), Viviparius (mollusc) and Bosmina (crustacea) are very sensitive to pollution.
• - Oscillatoria, Pandorina, Anabaena, Nitzschia, Closterium (algae), Branchionus, Rotatoria (rotifers) and Naidium (annelid) are moderately sensitive.
• - Synedra, Spirogyra, Desmidium, Rivularia, Navicula, Fragillaria Phacus, Arcella and Vorticella are fairly tolerant forms.
• The stretch studied has been subdivided into five zones with characteristic features:
• - The Oligosaprobic Zone - characterized by a sufficient oxygen saturation, low B. O. D. and C. O. D., with a good fauna and flora.
• - The Polysaprobic Zone - with low oxygen saturation, high B. O. D. and C. O. D. and hydrogen sulphides with a restricted fauna and flora.
• - The α-Mesosaprobic zone - with moderate oxygen saturation, moderate B. O. D. and C. O. D. traces of hydrogen sulphide with the improvement of the fauna and flora.
• - The β-Mesosaprobic Zone - with fair oxygen saturation, low B. O. D. and C. O. D., with the reappearence of fauna and flora.
• - The Oligosaprobic Zone - similar to the zone of low pollution in all characteristics.

     

Toxicity of distillery wastes to Puntius sophore (HAM.) and Mystus Vittatus (BLOCH) (Pisces,Cyprinidae, Bagridae) Part 3: Bioassay studies and TLm determination

The toxicity of the distillation wastes with low acidity, high turbidity and high organic load to the two fish species is tested by a laboratory test. The threshold value of toxicity is found at a 4 or 7 per cent dilution of wastewater. The statistical analysis of the survival rates has shown that the survival rates are significantly dependent on concentration and the time of exposure, for Puntius sophore also on temperature within the range of 20…34°C. Mystus vittatus proves to be the significantly more resistant species. The maximum permissible concentration of waste in the water ist calculated, too.     

The acute toxicity of silver to some freshwater fishes

In the batch experiment with daily exchange of medium the acute toxicity of Ag from AgNO₃ to Channa punctatus, Lebistes reticulatus and Puntius sophore is determined over 12 to 96 h exposure. In general, the sensitivity of species increases in the order mentioned. The LC_{50, 96h} are 18.89 μg/l Ag for Channa punctatus, 7.55 μg/l Ag for Puntius sophore and 6.44 μg/l for Lebistes reticulatus. For 12 and 48 h exposure the values in the same order of species are: 62 and 30, 44 and 14 as well as 57 and 16 μg/l Ag.     

Size related toxicity of industrial effluents to cyprinus carpio (HAM.) and Channa punctatus (BL)

Fish, Cyprinus carpio and Channa punctatus in four sizes (6.0 ± 1.2; 12.5 ± 1.6; 20.6 ± 1.5 and 28.0 ± 1.8 cm in total length) were exposed to industrial effluents from the Sangam Dyeing Factory (Ludhiana), the Sterling Steel and ABC Paper Mills (Hoshiarpur) to evaluate the acute toxicity of these effluents at different fish sizes. Results reveal that the toxicity of industrial effluents decreased with the increased fish size from 6.0 ± 1.2 to 20.6 ± 1.5 cm in length. However, for specimens of the size of 28.0 ± 1.6 cm and more, the toxicity of the effluents increased with an increase in fish size. On the basis of the relative toxicity to fish, effluent from the Sterling Steel Mill was found to be highly toxic to fish and effluent from the Dyeing Factory least toxic except for the fish of 6.0 ± 1.2 cm at which dyeing factory effluent was most toxic and ABC paper mill effluent the least toxic.     

Using of the Ornamental Fish in Wastewater Biological Treatment

Breeding ornamental fish in wastewater was a successful solution not only to decrease sanitary risks but also to encourage fish growth. In fact, the secondary treated effluent was used to grow a walking catfish (Clarias batrachus), a western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis; Poeciliidae), and a leopard pleco (Glyptoperichthys gibbiceps). The growth rate of fish reared in final treated wastewater was significantly higher than of treated effluent (25 and 50%) and the relative growth rate during 2 months reached 2, 4, and 2.5, respectively. Bacterial loads were important in the gills compared to other fish organs (intestine, skin, and edible muscles). However, the total aerobic germs ranged between 2 × 10³ and 3.4 × 10³ cfu/g in the edible fish species cultured in secondary treated effluent. The pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila was absent in all examined fish muscles. However, the presence of tested fishes did not prevent the reduction of the treatment biological parameter (BOD and COD) at half, in the three treated wastewater proportions (25, 50, and 100%) and thereafter, they clearly participated to the tertiary biological treatment of used water. Further bacteriological and physico‐chemical analyses indicated that the use of treated wastewater in aquaculture is safe and risks to human health are reduced.     

Biocides in Relation to Water Pollution Part I: Bioassay Studies on the Effects of a few Biocides on Fresh Water Fish,Channa gachua

• - In the present paper the toxicity of four biocides, endrin, thiodon, malathion and phosvel, has been measured by performing static bioassay experiments with Channa gachua as test fish to establish the median Tolerance Limits (TL_m and TL₅₀).
• - The results of bioassay experiments indicate that the fish is harmed even at a very low concentration of these biocides. The values of TL_m are 0.0076, 0.0073, 0.00695 and 0.0068 for endrin; 0.01120, 0.01088, 0.01069 and 0.01064 for thiodon; 9.20, 8.10, 7.90 and 7.60 for malathion and 32.90, 32.10, 31.65 and 31.15 mg/l for phosvel for the time interval of 24, 48, 76 and 96 hours, respectively.
• - As indicated by TL_m's, endrin is most toxic and phosvel least. Thiodon and malathion came in a descending order between endrin and phosvel.
• - During bioassay studies, the effect of some variables, like temerature, pH and fish-size, on TL_m's has also been observed. They gave the following results.
• a) An increase in temperature increased the toxicity of all the biocides.
• b) An increase in pH decreased the TL_m as such, making the biocides more toxic to Channa gachua.
• c) For larger fishes, the biocide solutions were less toxic, but the same solutions were more toxic to fishes of a smaller size.
• - The safe harmless concentrations of endrin, thiodon, malathion and phosvel are - 0.00289 mg/l, 0.00337 mg/l, 1.88365 mg/l and 9.16736 mg/l, respectively.

     

Acute Toxicity of Some Industrial Effluents in Relation to the Fish Size of Cyprinus carpio (HAM.) and Channa punctatus (BLOCH)

The fish Cyprinus carpio (HAM.) and Channa punctatus (BL.) of the size ranging between 6.0 ± 1.2 cm and 28.0 ± 1.6 cm were exposed to different concentrations of industrial effluents from M/s Punjab Tannery Ltd. (Jalandhar), M/s Spinning Mill Ltd. (Hoshiarpur) and M/s Food Specialist Ltd. (Moga) for evaluating the influence of fish size on the acute toxicity of these effluents. Results indicate that the relative toxicity of the effluents decreased with the increase in fish size from 6.0 ± 1.2 cm to 20.6 ± 1.5 cm. However, for specimens of the size of 28.0 ± 1.6 cm and more, the toxicity of the effluents increased with an increase in fish size. On the basis of the relative toxicity to fish, effluent from Punjab Tannery was found highly toxic and from Food Specialist Industry, the least toxic.     

Toxicity of Crude Oil to the Survival of the Fresh Water Fish Puntius sophore (HAM.)

The exposure of Puntius sophore to different concentrations of crude oil (200… 4000 ppm) revealed that 4000 ppm was acutely lethal to the fish and mortality did not occur at <500 ppm at 21±1 °C for up to 15 days. The increase in the opercular frequency during exposure to crude oil has been recorded almost parallel to toxicant concentrations. The objectionable odour of the crude oil and the formation of coagulated mucous film over the body and gills were the main factors causing mortality among the experimental fish. The 24, 48, 78 and 96-h TL 50 values have been 3275, 1750, 1650 and 1450 ppm. The corresponding regression coefficients b were –1.8056, –1.5849, –1.6037 and –1.6497.     

The Influence of a Teleost Clarias batrachus (L.) on the Behaviour of Different Species of Nitrogen in Water

Different experimental conditions (fed large, fed small, starved large, starved small groups, batch offered ration during experiment and low fish loading for a constant volume of water) of the carnivorous fish Clarias batrachus resulted in marked changes in the concentration of different N species (ammonium-N, nitrate-N, nitrate-N, organic-N as well as the sum of all forms of N) in aquaria water. Organic forms of nitrogen were the most important species of nitrogen excreted by the test fish. The maintenance nitrogen excretion rate was distinctly higher in larger fishes than in smaller ones. Different species of N were found to differ significantly depending upon the fed or starved conditions as well as small or large groups. A reduced level of oxygen in experimental aquaria inhibited the synthesis of nitrate which was maximum in control aquaria with considerably higher values of oxygen.     

Monitoring of Microbiological Attributes of Soil and Groundwater Exposed to Metal Industrial Effluents

The present paper evaluates the temporal and spatial impact of heavy metal containing (Cr, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd and Fe) effluents of brass, electroplating and tannery industries on chemical and microbiological characteristics of affected soil and groundwater. Therefore, samples were drawn from three sites, S₁, S₂ and S₃, with a longitudinally distant from effluent drain of 20, 200 and 700 m, respectively. In general, the metals concentration exceeded the standard limits not only in the discharged effluents but also in the soil and groundwater. The significant reduction of microbial biomass C and N, soil respiration and microbial coefficient with increasing metal content from S₃ to S₁ was recorded, the effect being more pronounced in summer. However, the C_mic/N_mic ratio decreased whilst the metabolic quotient ($q_{{\rm CO}_{{\rm 2}} } $ ) increased with increasing metal concentration in soil. The content of Zn (11.5 mg/L) and Bacillus sp. was at maximum in groundwater of brass and electroplating industry site, whereas that of tannery site contained maximum Cr (2.34 mg/L) and Enterobacter sp. The toxic metals adversely polluted the groundwater which made it to harbours Escherichia coli beyond the prescribed limit. To check the soil and groundwater pollution, eco‐friendly measures involving improved effluent treatment technology and site‐specific application of treated effluent are recommended.     

Anwendung von biologischen Testverfahren an Abwässern der Textilindustrie

Testing Effluents of the Textile Refining Industry with Biological Methods The environmental problems caused by the manufacture of finished textiles involve a long chain of individual processes. This “textile chain” includes very diverse enterprises of varied size and structure. The textile refiners occupy a key position in the “textile chain”. On the one hand, this is due to their use of an obscurely large number of chemicals which can end up in the wastewater as well as in the textile products. On the other hand, this key role of the textile refining industry is based on their central position between the preproduction stage and the consumers. This study dealt with the textile refining industry's wastewater. As measured by volume and contents of its wastewater, this industry can be counted among the major industrial plants which discharge into municipal wastewater treatment plants. German wastewater legislation includes the provision that substances which are toxic, persistent, capable of accumulating, carcinogenic, fetotoxic or mutagenic be kept out of natural waters as well as technically possible (Wasserhaushaltsgesetz WHG). Several biotest methods for examining the effect of the substances contained in the wastewater were incorporated into the appendix of the German wastewater regulation (Rahmenabwasser-Verwaltungsvorschrift based on § 7a WHG). The aim of this study was to show, with the aid of biotest methods, how strongly the wastewater of textile refining companies is polluted as compared to other known industrial branches and to what degree the pollution of these wastewaters is eliminated by the treatment in wastewater treatment plants. Finally, we experimented to find out which biotest methods were suited for the examination of these wastewaters. The study's results show that the ecotoxicity of the textile refining industry's wastewater was only extraordinary high in isolated cases as compared to other examined branches of industry. The textile wastewaters exhibit values of G_L = 3 to G_L = 96 in the luminescent bacteria test, G_D = 1 to G_D = 192 (with one exception of G_D > 30000) in the daphnia test and G_F < = 2 to G_F = 32 in the fish test. It turned out though, that a large number of the samples from the textile refining companies (27%) reacted mutagenically in the Ames test in their native state. Consecutive tests for chromosomal aberrations (V79 hamster cell test) also showed mutagenic potential in five out of nine native samples. The employed testing methods with fish, daphnia and luminescent bacteria demonstrate a higher sensitivity of the luminescent bacteria and/or the daphnia as opposed to the fish in most cases. As the fish test is controversial anyway on the grounds of animal protection, a replacement of the fish test by these other tests should be aimed at: on account of the different end points of the luminescent bacteria and the daphnia test, a combination of these tests appears most sensible.     

海洋水色遥感产品在青海湖鱼产潜力估算中的应用

鱼产潜力可为渔业资源保护和管理提供科技支撑,传统的鱼产潜力估算方法在大型湖泊中往往成本高、采样率低、时效差.本研究基于2018—2020年非冰封期(5—10月)在青海湖的实测数据,通过提取和校对海洋水色遥感MODIS卫星数据反演产品(1 km分辨率)并结合垂向归纳模型(VGPM)构建了青海湖浮游植物初级生产力及鱼产潜力估算模型,估算的浮游植物初级生产力与实测值对比的平均相对误差小于25%.利用该模型估算2018—2020年非冰封期青海湖基于浮游植物初级生产力的鱼产潜力并分析其时空分布规律,结果显示青海湖鱼产潜力在5—10月呈现先增加后减少的季节波动规律,最大值出现在夏季(7—8月);空间分布上呈现湖心小,岸边及靠近入湖支流河口区域大的分布状态,全湖总鱼产潜力月均变化范围为2.5万~17.6万t.鱼产潜力的时空分布规律主要受气温、外源营养物质、裸鲤摄食等影响.研究表明青海湖非冰封期的鱼类资源承载力年累计值可达45.8万t,明显高于现有裸鲤资源的现存量和历史产量高峰值,表明青海湖仍然具备很大的鱼类资源承载力与增殖空间.本研究为同类型的大型高原湖泊基于卫星遥感的高效长期鱼产潜力监测估算提供了范例,为青海湖“封湖育鱼”政策制定和增殖放流保护决策提供参考.     

A multicatchment analysis of headwater and downstream temperature effects from contemporary forest harvesting

Stream temperature is a key physical water‐quality parameter, controlling many biological, chemical, and physical processes in aquatic ecosystems. Maintenance of cool stream temperatures during summer is critical for high‐quality aquatic habitat. As such, transmission of warm water from small, nonfish‐bearing headwater streams after forest harvesting could cause warming in downstream fish‐bearing stream reaches with negative consequences. In this study, we evaluate (a) the effects of contemporary forest management practices on stream temperature in small, headwater streams, (b) the transmission of thermal signals from headwater reaches after harvesting to downstream fish‐bearing reaches, and (c) the relative role of lithology and forest management practices in influencing differential thermal responses in both the headwater and downstream reaches. We measured summer stream temperatures both preharvest and postharvest at 29 sites—12 upstream sites (4 reference, 8 harvested) and 17 downstream sites (5 reference, 12 harvested)—across 3 paired watershed studies in western Oregon. The 7‐day moving average of daily maximum stream temperature (T_7DAYMAX) was greater during the postharvest period relative to the preharvest period at 7 of the 8 harvested upstream sites. Although the T_7DAYMAX was generally warmer in the downstream direction at most of the stream reaches during both the preharvest and postharvest period, there was no evidence for additional downstream warming related to the harvesting activity. Rather, the T_7DAYMAX cooled rapidly as stream water flowed into forested reaches ~370–1,420 m downstream of harvested areas. Finally, the magnitude of effects of contemporary forest management practices on stream temperature increased with the proportion of catchment underlain by more resistant lithology at both the headwater and downstream sites, reducing the potential for the cooling influence of groundwater.     

CPT-based seismic stability assessment of a hazardous waste site

In areas of high seismicity, seismic stability often controls hazardous and solid waste landfill closure design. The undrained shear strength (S_u) of the waste mass is fundamental to seismic slope stability analyses. The value of S_u for hazardous waste fill is often difficult to characterize. The physical and chemical natures of the waste fill typically preclude laboratory testing of the materials. In certain cases, Cone Penetration Test (CPT) soundings can provide a viable technique for evaluation of S_u provided that the cone shear strength factor N_k can be established. If hazardous waste materials laboratory testing is not an option, N_k may be evaluated based upon results of non-intrusive in situ testing. This paper presents a case history of the seismic stability assessment of a hazardous waste site in which N_k was established from the results of non-intrusive Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW) soundings and empirical correlations to shear strength of soils. Generalization of the proposed methodology to other sites should be done with caution owing to variability among the parameters used in the analyses.     

Changes in the Level of Proteins,Free Amino Acids and Protease Activities of Clarias batrachus in Response to Sodium meta‐arsenite Intoxication

Increased hazard of arsenic toxicity at many provinces of India causing extensive contamination of their wetlands. To illustrate the consequences of the arsenic menace on the aquatic fauna, a nutritionally important freshwater catfish Clarias batrachus (Linn.) was subjected to the stress of sublethal concentration (1 mg/L; 5% of 96‐h LC₅₀ value) of sodium meta‐arsenite. The alterations induced by the arsenic salt on certain biomolecules (proteins, free amino acids (FAA), and protease activities) in five tissue components (muscle, liver, brain skin, and gills) of the fish using biochemical techniques were estimated. Significant (p < 0.01) decrease in the concentration of proteins in all the tissues (19.74–44.84% in muscles; 3.17–49.39% in liver; 10.05–36.16% in brain; 12.62–52.01% in skin and 7.34–61.69% in gills), and significant (p < 0.01) increase in FAA (6.84–269.89% in muscles; 125.89–358.03% in liver; 1.07–152.90% in brain; 29.31–401.62% in skin and 38.53–165.07% in gills), and protease activities (43.59–183.33% in muscles; 19.52–131.90% in liver; 8.85–46.72% in brain; 33.33–261.53% in skin and 25.39–50.79% in gills) of the exposed fish were observed. This increase in amino acids and enzyme activity point out toward breakdown of protein leading to their depletion.     

The Toxic Effects of Mercury Ions on a Freshwater Teleost,Puntius sophore (HAMILTON), as assessed by Bioassay and Histopathological Indices

Puntius sophore (HAMILTON ) were exposed to several concentrations of mercury up to 10 d under static bioassay conditions. Abnormal behaviour in fish were increase in swimming activity, absence of shoaling behaviour, surfacing, loss of equilibrium and death. The body and gills of dead and living fish in the higher mercury concentrations are covered by coagulated mucus. The 96 h and 240 h LC₅₀ values and their 95% confidence limits were 0.145 (0.133 … 0.165); 0.065 (0.057 … 0.072) mg/l of Hg, respectively. The F-ratios are significant at the 1% level of significance and thus indicate that the per cent mortality caused by mercury is distributed in a heterogeneous manner while there is no significant overall difference between the replications. The histopathological assessment of the gill was also carried out. In the control fish, gills are characterized by thin secondary gill lamellae and epithelial layer closely associated with the basement membrane. Several histopathological changes were observed in the gill, including the swelling in secondary gill lamellae, nuclei increases in size and number, and degeneration of epithelial layer.     

我国8个水电站15种过鱼对象游泳能力研究

近几年我国水电站过鱼设施设计已将过鱼对象游泳能力作为重要参考.以我国8个水电站主要过鱼对象为研究目标,在野外实验设施条件下测试了15种鱼(四大家鱼组、裂腹鱼组和鳅组)的感应流速和爆发游泳速度.采用多元线性回归法分别分析了各组鱼体长及水温对游泳能力的影响,并构建了优化的游泳能力预测模型.结果表明,四大家鱼组、裂腹鱼组和鳅组的感应流速和爆发游速皆与体长呈负相关,感应流速与水温也皆呈负相关关系.水温升高使四大家鱼组和裂腹鱼组的爆发游速能力增强,而水温对鳅组鱼的爆发游速影响不大,可能与鳅科鱼类特殊的腹部吸附行为有关.利用绘制的鱼感应水流和爆发未疲劳的数量百分比的生存曲线进行上行及下行过鱼设施流速设计.结果表明:当鱼感应水流的数量百分比为90%时,四大家鱼、裂腹鱼和鳅组幼鱼感应流速分别为3.00、1.67和3.22 BL/s,裂腹鱼和鳅组成鱼感应流速分别为1.27和2.09 BL/s;当鱼爆发未疲劳的数量百分比为90%时,四大家鱼、裂腹鱼和鳅组幼鱼爆发游泳速度分别为8.13、9.27和9.61 BL/s,裂腹鱼和鳅组成鱼爆发游泳速度分别为7.64和7.77 BL/s.当以裂腹鱼或鳅成鱼为主要过鱼...