葛德石与中国近代地理学

中国近代地理学是中西方学术共同作用的结果,葛德石是中国近代地理学史上一位不可忽视的西方学者.他在中国的主要活动包括:通过在上海沪江大学创建地质地理系,为中国培养一定的地学人才:他进行了广泛而深入的中国地理考察,并纠正许多中国地理文本上的错误:他的中国地理研究与著述深化了中国地理的认识,并传播了中国地理知识.与此同时,葛德石与中国地理学界的广泛交往,进一步推动了中国地理学的近代化与国际化,而葛德石在中国的活动在一定程度上也反映了中国近代地理学的发展轨迹.     

CONSENSUS AND INVISIBILITY: THE REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY TEXTBOOKS*

Neither the accomplishments of feminist scholarship, nor recent geographic research on women, seems to have had much effect on the representation of women in human geography textbooks. Relying on a set of traditional models, these texts reproduce the gender blind fictions of consensus, neutrality, and objectivity that the models and the textbooks themselves construct. Because the texts that initiate students into the discipline lag so seriously behind current consciousness and scholarship, women's invisibility not only continues in the human geography curriculum and classroom but is actually intensified by our own pedagogy.     

新时代地理复杂性的内涵

20世纪以来,经地理学者不断探索和努力,地理学已经形成了其特有的学科特征。首先从认知方法和思维角度,阐述了新时代地理学所面临的困境;从新技术、新秩序、新数据、新方法以及新动因等方面,诠释了地理学的新时代特征。其次,针对地理区域性的新内涵和地理综合性研究所需的新方法,提出了复杂性研究是地理学成功的新路径,并认为复杂性是地理学研究的第三特征。再次,重点讨论了地理研究存在的空间复杂格局、时间复杂过程和时空复杂机制,进而解释了地理复杂系统的基本概念,并就地理复杂系统的核心问题提供了相应的研究方法。最后,提出了新时代地理学面临的新挑战和新要求。     

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF THE AMERICAN TROPICS: A FORTY-YEAR REVIEW

For a decade or so after World War II, human geographers working in the American tropics found socio-political conditions and resultant research topics little changed from those before the war. This was in contrast to the Old World tropics where decolonization processes and the demands of economic development and new nation building produced divergent research currents, For the first half of the period under review, the American tropics continued to be the province largely of geographers with culturalhistorical questions grounded in natural historical bases. The legacy is Humboldt's; the practitioners most notably students of Carl Sauer or German counterparts such as Carl Troll. French and British regionalist approaches, strong in the region before World War II, survived less successfully. By the 1980s, however, broad pan-tropical currents of geographic discourse and debate had become established. New practices and theories were formulated and tested as North Atlantic geographers borrowed from antipodean innovators and others working in the Asian and African tropics. Since the 1980s, there have been greater efforts at dialogue and collaboration with host country colleagues. As might be expected in this era of ‘globalization’, national research styles and agendas have become less evident. This paper offers a highly selective map of research nodes within tropical Americanist geography since the early 1950s. The selection of examples includes qualitative criteria, but more importantly, research that signify stasis or intensification as well as turning points and departures in the overall development of this literature. The contours of this history suggest some highly evolved, even idiosyncratic enterprises, but in the main, it is an unfolding that suggests broad congruencies with human geographic work elsewhere in the tropics.     

关于“地理环境决定论”批判的哲学反思——兼评斯大林的地理环境理论

对批判“地理环境决定论”中出现的偏颇与失误进行了反思,对其批判的理论武器－－斯大林的地理环境作用理论的缺陷与错误进行了评析,并从哲学的高度和地理学的深度阐述了地理环境的作用问题。     

我国人地关系研究进展评述

我国科学化的人地关系研究，起步于20世纪初期，受西方“科学思潮”和我国古代地理学特质的双重影响，形成了以人地关系研究为核心、注重人文与自然统一和野外考察的传统。50年代至70年代，人文地球学一度遭到否定，地理学的自然研究与人文研究出现严重割裂，科学体系的建立被长期中断，致使人地关系研究全面衰退。80年代以来，我国人地关系研究在科学体系和理论体系的构建、国际学术前沿领域的追踪、人地关系地域系统等方面取得长足发展，文章在总结我国人地关系研究进展和存在问题基础上，提出今后研究方向和发展对策。     

MILLICENT TODD BINGHAM: HUMAN GEOGRAPHER AND LITERARY SCHOLAR

Millicent Todd Bingham was the first and only woman to earn a Ph.D. in the Department of Geology and Geography at Harvard. A talented linguist, she published in the classic tradition of the French school of human geography. Her professional geographic career came to a halt when she elected to edit the poems and letters of Emily Dickinson, work originally begun by her mother, Mabel Loomis Todd. Bingham's efforts resulted in the publication of several books and articles fundamental to the Dickinson scholarship. She credits her geographic training for much of her literary success.     

因特网上的地理学资源及其开发

Ｉｎｔｅｒｅｔ上的地理学资源包括虚拟地理图书馆,遥感图像昨地图,学术机构,电子出版物,电子论坛,ＧＩＳ软件和网络教育等类型,本文给出了许多精选的网络资源地址,并讨论了有关开发利用的一些问题。     

Public Participatory GIS and the Geography of Inclusion

Public participatory geographic information systems (PPGIS) have been advanced as a means to include those who have been traditionally excluded from numerous place-specific governance activities, including planning and policymaking and as a way to resolve some of the long-standing tensions between critical traditions in human geography and the ever-expanding field of GIS. Despite the rapid adoption of participatory GIS by academics, government officials, and planning professionals, there are few guidelines of best practices for PPGIS researchers and practitioners to draw on and little effort has been made to understand how and in what ways PPGIS efforts are (or perhaps are not) effective. This article contributes to these important debates by evaluating the geography of participation in a recent participatory planning project undertaken in Muncie, Indiana. Using the mapped information that was generated from a series of public meetings, we have identified the presence of significant spatial bias in the process of participation that affected the resulting plan. This was an unexamined source of bias during this process and an example of why any emerging conversations about the best practices for PPGIS must include a consideration of the geography of participation.     

日常活动地建成环境对老年人主观幸福感的影响

建成环境对老年人主观幸福感的影响是老龄化地理学的热点话题,仅从居住地视角探讨建成环境影响可能导致研究结果偏差。为更精确揭示老年人日常活动所处场所建成环境与主观幸福感的关系,利用问卷调查等数据,基于老年人日常活动的时空模式及活动地建成环境特征,采用逻辑回归模型对比不同日常活动地建成环境要素对广州市老年人主观幸福感的影响。研究发现：老年人的主观幸福感受到不同活动地建成环境的共同影响,其中,居住地与日常活动空间建成环境对老年人主观幸福感影响的模型伪R²最大,而维护性活动地与休闲性活动地能反映出仅考虑居住地视角下忽略的部分建成环境变量。由于老年人在不同活动地的停驻时长、频率和目的不同,日常活动地建成环境对老年人主观幸福感的影响机制也存在差异,主要通过影响不同活动地相应的活动机会和出行环境产生作用。结论从老年人群日常活动的角度补充了时空间行为研究,有助于为老年主动健康服务供给与老龄宜居城市建设提供科学支撑。     

信息地理学学科体系与发展战略要点

信息时代的到来极大地促进了地理科学的发展,地理科学的研究已从传统的自然地理空间、人文地理空间拓展到了信息地理空间,催生了信息地理学的发展,并逐渐形成了地理遥感科学、地理信息科学和地理数据科学3个分支学科。在《中国学科及前沿领域发展战略研究（2021—2035）》地理科学的学科规划背景下,本文梳理了信息地理学的形成、定义和学科体系,重点阐述了信息地理学的学科发展战略布局、优先领域发展目标和重点方向。以期本文有助于促进遥感、地理信息科学与技术的发展和应用回归地理科学,进一步强化地理科学研究,使其更加系统化、科学化和现代化,促进地理科学的整体发展。     

地理空间与创新:理论发展脉络与思考

为回应"地理已死""、地理不再重要"的质疑,经济地理学者通过创新与空间关系的研究,重新发现了地理空间的意义。创新互动研究表明,单纯的地理邻近并不能促进区域创新,除了地理邻近之外,创新主体之间需要建立组织邻近和认知邻近。创新研究中的地理空间已经不再是简单的地理距离的邻近,而是由地理邻近与组织邻近及认知邻近构成的多维空间。虽然地理邻近既非促进创新的充分条件,也非必要条件,但地理邻近能够促进创新主体间认知邻近和组织邻近关系的建立,因此,促进企业之间的地理集聚仍然具有重要的现实意义。实证研究虽然发现地理邻近与创新绩效存在联系,但尚不清楚各种邻近各自对创新绩效的效果如何,各种邻近与创新的关系目前还停留在理论建构阶段,亟待开展相关的实证研究。     

中国商业地理学的研究进展

作者回顾了中国商业地理学的发展历程,将商业地理研究分为启蒙期、形成期、消沉期、酝酿期和活跃期5个阶段。评述了从酝酿期 (即1984年) 以来商业地理学研究的5个主要方向,最后总结了中国商业地理学发展特征和存在问题,并对以后商业地理学的发展及研究热点作了展望。     

重建地方：人文地理与GIS结合研究的路径

地方是很重要的地理学概念。中外学界对地方的研究有丰富积累。围绕地方的理论与现实问题,探索人文地理与GIS结合研究的路径和方法对中国地理学尤为重要。“重建地方”旨在打破学科界限,重新发现学术研究的“地方”,并将学术与生活、思想与技术紧密结合起来,反思和重建生活中的“地方”。人文地理与GIS结合研究主要聚焦于流动性的大尺度城市空间与稳定性的小尺度社区空间。通过运用开放的街景地图、3D-VQGIS等新GIS工具和方法,整合大数据与小数据,将定量与定性结合,丰富了地方性研究的方法与理论,使人文地理与GIS结合有新的方法论与可操作的手段。以地方为主题,人文地理与GIS的结合还将重塑这2个子学科,进而促进地理学发展。未来应该大力探索人文地理与GIS结合的思想、理论与方法,实现学科内的交融互动,并将其应用于解释尺度交错的现实问题,进而在理论和实践上重建地方。     

地理综合研究与陆地系统科学——祝黄秉维院士八十五寿辰

黄秉维先生始终坚持认为,“没有综合性地理研究,地理学便失其存在的依据”,“综合研究是发展自然地理学最主要的方向,同时也是带动部门自然地理学最有效的途径”.综合研究包括现代过程和历史形成这两个互相关联、互相补充的方面,为此60年代他提出自然地理研究的3个方向,实际上是地理学在自然环境层次上的综合。近年来,黄秉维先生提出的“陆地系统科学与区域可持续发展战略研究”,是在新形势下,他一贯主张的地理综合研究思想的继续与发展。他强调综合研究的重要性,指出只有跨学科研究才是综合研究;为了协调人地关系,仅仅有自然方面的综合是不够的,还需要进行社会经济方面的综合和自然与社会经济方面的跨学科研究。     

A tentative discussion on the method of comprehensive integration of geographic information

lintroductionGeographicinformahonSystem(GIS)hasbeendevelopedtosuchadegreethatitseemstobeakindofpanaceawhengeographicproblemsarediscussedwhereverinPapers,onclasses,inrePOrtSorinresearchplans.AtpresentitisasthoughthatgeographywasnotgeographywithoutmentioningGIS.Itremindsusofquanhtahvegeography1flatoncebroughtanewlookforgeogr'aphicresearchfromthe1960stothe1980s.DuringthatPeriod,quanhtahvegeographyhadthesimilargoodfortUnetoGIStodayasitwasfrequenhyappliedindiscussingconcernedgeognphicproblems…     

Fresh thing for freshman: Exploring a blended method on teaching the history of geographic thought

It is necessary for undergraduates majoring in geography to learn the history of geographic thought. Although there are different cultural and educational backgrounds between China and the West, teaching methods such as text teaching, students’ presentations and group learning are suitable for most of teachers and students even from different countries and regions. The blended method is helpful to popularize history of geographic thought and improve the level of teaching and learning. Owing to lack of the class on the history of geographic thought in countries like China, the authors try to explore a blended method for the first-year geography undergraduates and to assess the effects of this teaching based on some questionnaires. The students have different benefits and responses to this class. A special group consisting of one teacher and several undergraduates does the research and coauthors the paper through making questionnaire, interviewing and analyzing materials from 67 freshmen majoring in human geography and geography science (teacher-training) in China. For the undergraduates especially from the countries like China, it is well worth making the history of geographic thought become a necessary and interesting class.     

新人新事——地理学思想的混合式教学法探索（英文）

It is necessary for undergraduates majoring in geography to learn the history of geographic thought. Although there are different cultural and educational backgrounds between China and the West, teaching methods such as text teaching, students' presentations and group learning are suitable for most of teachers and students even from different countries and regions. The blended method is helpful to popularize history of geographic thought and improve the level of teaching and learning. Owing to lack of the class on the history of geographic thought in countries like China, the authors try to explore a blended method for the first-year geography undergraduates and to assess the effects of this teaching based on some questionnaires. The students have different benefits and responses to this class. A special group consisting of one teacher and several undergraduates does the research and coauthors the paper through making questionnaire, interviewing and analyzing materials from 67 freshmen majoring in human geography and geography science(teacher-training) in China. For the undergraduates especially from the countries like China, it is well worth making the history of geographic thought become a necessary and interesting class.     

行为地理学的学科定位与前沿方向

始自行为革命,行为地理学逐渐走向多元化的发展方向,不断扩展自身的理论框架和实践外延,反思并重新认识自身的意义,成为了人文地理学的重要组成部分。伴随着社会经济转型的深入,世界越来越向着多样化、个体性、动态化发展,人们的空间行为决策、选择的差异与个性越来越明显,空间与行为的交互越来越强,为行为地理学带来了新的发展机遇。论文通过梳理行为地理学的学科基础,提出行为地理学的学科定位与内涵外延,并指出行为地理学已经呈现出面向动态人地关系、面向个体生活质量及面向社会可持续发展3个前沿发展方向。在此基础上,论文对行为地理学面临的方法论、研究方法与跨学科的挑战进行讨论,并展望行为地理学的未来发展,以期为中国行为地理学的理论创新与实践探索提供启示。     

环境遥感对地理学研究方法的拓展

环境遥感对于地理科学研究方法的支持作用,体现为使地理科学研究从定性到定量,对地球表层系统物质地信息和能量信息的双重同步考察等。而地综合分析客一的加强,规范化的“信息合”技术应用以及以地理环境遥感信息分析处理为核心的地理制图和地理信息系统技术应用则是环境遥感的发展对地理科学研究理念的一系列拓展。