压气储能浅埋地下储气库性能试验研究

利用地下岩穴进行压缩空气储能是大规模能源存储的可行方式之一。压缩空气地下储存库建设的核心任务是保证储气库的密封性和洞室结构安全性。为了验证浅埋地下储气库的可行性,在湖南平江抽水蓄能电站勘探平硐的花岗岩地层内建造了国内第1个硬岩浅埋衬砌地下储气室,并进行了10次完整的压缩空气充放气循环试验。试验结果表明：储气室内压缩空气温度场呈现出显著不均匀分布的特性,温控系统可以有效地控制储气室的温度变化过程。长时高压储气条件下,试验库的漏气率约为充气率的3.2%,试验库密封性能良好。在8.7 MPa的内压作用下围岩的最大变形量只有0.35 mm左右,高内压引起的变形影响区在10 m范围内,围岩变形安全性良好。试验成果有助于全面深入地认识高压地下储气库的工作性能,并为压气储能地下储气库的设计提供有益参考。     

Cyclic Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of Wellbore in Underground Compressed Air Energy Storage Cavern

The compressed air energy storage (CAES) method is a viable method of storing surplus energy underground when there is a mismatch between energy generation and demand. Wellbores embedded in rock are an integral part of energy storage structures, and are used for injecting and extracting the compressed air. During injection and production cycles, the storage reservoir and wellbore are subjected to cyclic change in external pressure and temperature, which may cause failure of the wellbore. In this paper, cyclic thermo-mechanical analysis of a horizontal wellbore in an underground CAES cavern is performed using finite element analysis. The rock behavior is simulated using the Mohr-Coulomb constitutive law. The reduction in the yield strength of rock with increase in the number of loading cycles is taken into account in the analysis. Parametric sensitivity studies are carried out to study the effects of dilation and friction angles of rock, the ratio of in situ horizontal and vertical stresses, loading frequency, and the magnitude of the temperature cycles in the cavern on the wellbore performance for different types of rock. The thermo-mechanical cyclic behavior leads to plastic strains that are greater than those obtained by performing mechanical analysis only. Significantly large deformation is generated in rock for large dilation angle and high loading frequencies.     

大规模压气储能洞室稳定性和洞周应变分析

地下储气构造物是压气储能(CAES)电站选址的决定因素,其中人工开挖的硬岩洞室因其受地质构造限制小、适应范围广而备受关注。针对压气储能地下洞室方案选型和密闭性要求,选择了典型的洞室埋深(200、300、500 m),考虑不同的洞室形式(隧道式和大罐式)和洞室尺寸,采用Abaqus有限元软件计算出高内气压下压气储能洞室围岩的塑性区和洞周应变。通过分析开挖后和充气后两个工况下围岩的受力和变形特征,获得合适的洞室形式。当围岩级别为Ⅱ级、内压为10 MPa的情况下,埋深为300 m的圆形洞室和大罐式洞室稳定性较好,该埋深下6 m直径圆形洞室最大洞周应变为7.55410??,容积为5 310 m大罐式洞室最大洞周应变为5.54410??,以上值都在一般橡胶类高分子密封材料的正常工作范围内,这为密封材料在不同温度下的延伸率和耐久性研究提供了基础数据。     

An Analytical Solution for Mechanical Responses Induced by Temperature and Air Pressure in a Lined Rock Cavern for Underground Compressed Air Energy Storage

Mechanical responses induced by temperature and air pressure significantly affect the stability and durability of underground compressed air energy storage (CAES) in a lined rock cavern. An analytical solution for evaluating such responses is, thus, proposed in this paper. The lined cavern of interest consists of three layers, namely, a sealing layer, a concrete lining and the host rock. Governing equations for cavern temperature and air pressure, which involve heat transfer between the air and surrounding layers, are established first. Then, Laplace transform and superposition principle are applied to obtain the temperature around the lined cavern and the air pressure during the operational period. Afterwards, a thermo-elastic axisymmetrical model is used to analytically determine the stress and displacement variations induced by temperature and air pressure. The developments of temperature, displacement and stress during a typical operational cycle are discussed on the basis of the proposed approach. The approach is subsequently verified with a coupled compressed air and thermo-mechanical numerical simulation and by a previous study on temperature. Finally, the influence of temperature on total stress and displacement and the impact of the heat transfer coefficient are discussed. This paper shows that the temperature sharply fluctuates only on the sealing layer and the concrete lining. The resulting tensile hoop stresses on the sealing layer and concrete lining are considerably large in comparison with the initial air pressure. Moreover, temperature has a non-negligible effect on the lined cavern for underground compressed air storage. Meanwhile, temperature has a greater effect on hoop and longitudinal stress than on radial stress and displacement. In addition, the heat transfer coefficient affects the cavern stress to a higher degree than the displacement.     

利用煤炭开发地下空间储能的技术路径与地质保障

煤炭资源在我国能源结构中仍处于主体地位,但煤炭工业发展面临着“碳达峰碳中和”的新挑战。积极发展煤炭开发地下空间储能技术,是推动能源利用低碳化和清洁化的有效手段,也是保证我国能源战略安全的关键措施。结合当前储能技术,探讨了煤炭开发地下空间的利用现状,围绕利用煤炭开发地下空间抽水蓄能、热储能、压缩空气储能、电化学储能、生物质储能等储能新技术,重点阐述废弃矿井不同能源类型的储能理念及方式,系统分析储能过程中面临的地质保障关键技术难题。煤炭开发地下空间储能新技术总体思路为：利用煤炭开发地下空间所具有的低位势能差,将其用作梯级储水库(抽水蓄能);或直接将其用作储质、储能空间(热储能、压缩空气储能、电化学储能、生物质储能),既可提升煤炭开发地下空间资源的开发利用率,又可避免土地资源浪费,尽量降低对生态环境的扰动。虽然煤炭开发地下空间可作为大规模储能库,但其开发利用过程仍存在一些亟待解决的地质问题以及地质保障技术。主要包括：(1)地质条件与选址适宜性分析和安全性评价,即对储能空间的地质因素进行岩土工程性质和环境地质条件的系统研究,查明储能空间稳定性主控因素及其权重,构建选址指标体系与评价方法,重点查...     

基于OpenMP的非连续变形分析并行计算方法

非连续变形分析（DDA）方法严格满足平衡要求和能量守恒,具有完全的运动学及数值可靠性,但对大规模岩土工程问题的数值模拟耗时太长,尤其是线性方程组求解,并行计算可以很好地解决该问题。首先基于DDA方法的基本理论,阐述了适用于DDA方法中的基于块的行压缩法和基于“试验-误差”迭代格式的非零位置记录;其次,引入块雅可比迭代法并行求解DDA方法的线性方程组,并改进了相应的非零存储方法;最后,基于OpenMP实现了DDA线性方程组求解并行计算,并将其应用于地下洞室群的破坏过程分析,以加速比为并行效率的指标评价,结果表明,该并行计算策略可以极大提高DDA的计算效率,而且适合各种规模的问题。     

The hydrogeology of granitic rocks in deep boreholes used for compressed air storage

The compressed air energy storage(CAES) is a much-awaited new system for load leveling power supply. An economical system must be developed, preventing leakage of stored air (with pressures of more than 20 atm) using groundwater pressure surrounding an unlined cavern in hard rock. The air tightness of the rock around the cavern must be confirmed. In this study, the hydrogeology of the test site was examined prior to field air tightness tests in the borehole. The results indicate that, when evaluating the hydrogeology of the test site related to the air tightness of rocks, it is necessary to understand the geological structure and fracture characteristics of the site. This is done by means of a field survey, investigations and tests in and between the boreholes, and the examination of the distribution of permeability and pore water pressures.     

坝前冒泡现象的水气两相运移机理数值模拟

为分析黄壁庄水库在库水位骤升后出现冒泡现象的原因,保障水库安全运行,建立了一种耦合Level-Set法的含自由面渗流分析方法。该方法考虑了入渗过程中的气相可压缩性,能够直观地反映多孔介质中水气两相界面的运动与融合,可求解常规方法无法处理的气相参与的渗流问题。运用该方法模拟了该水库在不同蓄水过程下的坝前水气两相运移过程,结果表明:黄壁庄水库坝前水面出现冒泡现象是由水位骤升将铺盖内的空气包围,并随水体入渗压缩空气,出现憋气现象,直到达到突破压强时气体释放所致;蓄水过程是影响坝前水面冒泡现象发生与发展的关键因素。模拟结果与实际观测现象基本吻合,验证了该方法的合理性。     

An elasto‐plastic three phase model for partially saturated soil for the finite element simulation of compressed air support in tunnelling

This paper presents a fully coupled finite element formulation for partially saturated soil as a triphasic porous material, which has been developed for the simulation of shield tunnelling with heading face support using compressed air. While for many numerical simulations in geotechnics use of a two‐phase soil model is sufficient, the simulation of compressed air support demands the use of a three‐phase model with the consideration of air as a separate phase. A multiphase model for soft soils is developed, in which the individual constituents of the soil—the soil skeleton, the fluid and the gaseous phase—and their interactions are considered. The triphasic model is formulated within the framework of the theory of porous media, based upon balance equations and constitutive relations for the soil constituents and their mixture. An elasto‐plastic, cam–clay type model is extended to partially saturated soil conditions by incorporating capillary pressure according to the Barcelona basic model. The hydraulic properties of the soil are described via DARCY 's law and the soil–water characteristic curve after VAN GENUCHTEN . Water is modelled as an incompressible and air as a compressible phase. The model is validated by means of selected benchmark problems. The applicability of the model to geotechnical problems is demonstrated by results from the simulation of a compressed air intervention in shield tunnelling. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Phreatic explosion hazard assessment by numerical simulation

Phreatic explosions (or eruptions) represent very common and dangerous phenomena occurring in active volcanic and geothermal regions. In spite of this, the understanding of their dynamics and the assessment of their hazards are still scarcely known and quantified. In the present work we try to simulate the dynamics of a phreatic explosion by using a transient, two-dimensional, three-phase flow model. Simulations predict the effects of an explosion of a mixture of compressed gases and ground particles into the atmosphere. The governing transport equations of mass, momentum, and energy are solved by a finite difference multifield scheme for both solids and gas phases. We performed several simulations, assuming different initial conditions and system parameters. The model allows analysis of the timewise and spatial distribution of the groundhugging surge generated by the explosion and estimation of its potential hazards in terms of dynamic pressure, ash-in-air concentration, and temperature.     

Upper bound limit analysis of uplift failure in pressurized sealed rock tunnels

The rock around tunnels used for gas storage is subject to high pressures, reaching 30 MPa in the case of compressed air energy storage. Uplift failure of the overlaying rock mass up to the surface represents the main hazard scenario in such cases. The present paper investigates this problem by using the upper bound theorem of limit analysis assuming a continuum rock mass model obeying the Mohr Coulomb failure criterion with tension cut‐off. Tools of the calculus of variations are used to assess the geometry of the failure surface. The effects of geometrical and geotechnical parameters on uplift pressure are analyzed systematically. Charts are then provided, which enable a quick estimation of the upper bound of uplift pressure across a wide range of geotechnical and geometrical conditions.     

综合利用小水库群简易优化调度

提出一种以弃水量最小为目标函数的水库群简易优化调度方法──动态空库系数法。任一时刻某水库的空库系数反映该水库在该时刻的蓄水能力和供水能力。本法用时段初各水库空库系数的大小决定水库群的蓄放水次序,在满足约束条件下,时段末保持各水库的空库系数相等,由此尽可能地拦蓄径流,使弃水量最小。     

Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical Simulation of Methane Hydrate Dissociation in Porous Media

The vast amount of methane deposits in permafrost and oceanic sediments has significant energy and environmental implications. There are increasing interests in the development of numerical simulation techniques to predict the reservoir responses due to natural gas recovery from methane hydrate dissociation. There has been extensive amount of work on modeling the chemo- thermo- hydro-responses associated with hydrate dissociation. The mechanical responses of hydrate bearing ground, however, have largely been overlooked and are just starting to receive more and more attention. From energy recovery perspective, a comprehensive model that includes the mechanical responses of hydrate disassociation is crucial for predicting the mechanical stability of gas hydrate reservoir and potential geohazards. This paper proposes a thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical model for simulating the dissociation of methane hydrate. The governing equations for the conservation of energy (thermal), mass (hydraulic) and momentum (mechanical) were derived from the local balance equations. The proposed governing equation system for methane hydrate as a four-phase four-component composite was simplified based on reasonable assumptions to facilitate numerical implementations. The dissociation reaction was considered using chemical kinetics. Auxiliary relationships such as the soil water characteristic curve, constitutive correlations, stress formulation based on the mixture theory were employed to mathematically close the formulation. The mathematical model was implemented using the finite element method. The simulation results were evaluated and compared with those obtained by conventional simulators based on thermo-hydro-chemical models. The mechanical module of this new model was applied to predict the geotechnical responses induced by gas recovery in a typical oceanic reservoir.     

A novel finite element double porosity model for multiphase flow through deformable fractured porous media

Based on the theory of double-porosity, a novel mathematical model for multiphase fluid flow in a deforming fractured reservoir is developed. The present formulation, consisting of both the equilibrium and continuity equations, accounts for the significant influence of coupling between fluid flow and solid deformation, usually ignored in the reservoir simulation literature. A Galerkin-based finite element method is applied to discretize the governing equations both in the space and time domain. Throughout the derived set of equations the solid displacements as well as the fluid pressure values are considered as the primary unknowns and may be used to determine other reservoir parameters such as stresses, saturations, etc. The final set of equations represents a highly non-linear system as the elements of the coefficient matrices are updated during each iteration in terms of the independent variables. The model is employed to solve a field scale example where the results are compared to those of ten other uncoupled models. The results illustrate a significantly different behaviour for the case of a reservoir where the impact of coupling is also considered. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水库防洪优化调度的恒定出流模型及应用

现行水库洪水优化调度数学模型存在泄流闸门开度不断调整及时段间流量突变的问题。针对这些问题,将水库防洪优化调度数学模型分为时段内出库流量线性变化的瞬时出流模型和时段内出流不变的恒定出流模型。对于1个水库和1个防洪控制点所组成的基本防洪系统,应用矩形入流条件的河道洪水演进方法,以时段内恒定的出库流量为决策变量,构建水库防洪优化补偿调度数学模型。实例计算结果表明:恒定出流模型比瞬时出流模型占用的防洪库容减小0.05%~0.18%、最大下泄流量有增有减,即恒定出流模型既不劣于瞬时出流模型,也能很好地解决瞬时出流模型存在的问题。同时,实例揭示的水库二次补偿调节比等蓄量调度方式减小防洪库容10.6%,为确定水库的防洪库容提供了新的方法。     

官厅水库水质模型研究

根据官厅水库狭长、水浅和水文、水力、水质迁移扩散等特点与河流相似的事实,采用一维St.Venant方程组模拟其水流状况;采用完全混合反应器概念模拟其水质变化,两者的藕合就构成了官厅水库的水质模型。该模型在模拟官厅水库NH₃-N浓度时空变化时,精度令人满意,并已用于官厅水库的水质预测和水质管理。     

特殊地下空间应用与研究现状

特殊地下空间定义为在空间形态、结构、分布等方面具有特殊属性的一类地下空间,根据空间形成方式和属性将特殊地下空间分为天然存在和人为活动形成的两类。在总结天然气地下储存、二氧化碳地质封存、压缩空气储能、废液深井回注以及放射性废料处置等工程应用现状的基础上,分析特殊地下空间应用前景,提出随着特殊地下空间研究的不断深入,应因地制宜探索不同类型特殊地下空间开发利用方法和发展模式,促进地下空间的高效利用。     

Computational fluid dynamics modelling of landslide generated water waves

This paper describes the application of detailed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate the formation and propagation of waves generated by the impact of landslide material with water. The problem is schematised as a multiphase–multicomponent fluid flow: compressible air, water and transported alluvial material. The landslide simulation is performed by means of a hybrid approach: as a rigid solid body slipping down along an inclined slope until it starts penetrating the water body. The CFD model solves the Navier–Stokes equations with the RNG k-ɛ turbulence closure scheme and the volume of fluid multiphase method, which maintains the interface as a sharp front. The governing equations are solved using the commercial CFD code, FLUENT. The computed results are compared with experimental data reported in the literature. The model is then applied to simulate the 1958 Lituya bay Tsunami event with a 2D a simplified geometry and the results are compared to others found in literature.     

Finite element modelling of transport of organic chemicals through soils

Aquifer contamination by organic chemicals in subsurface flow through soils due to leaking underground storage tanks filled with organic fluids is an important groundwater pollution problem. The problem involves transport of a chemical pollutant through soils via flow of three immiscible fluid phases: namely air, water and an organic fluid. In this paper, assuming the air phase is under constant atmospheric pressure, the flow field is described by two coupled equations for the water and the organic fluid flow taking interphase mass transfer into account. The transport equations for the contaminant in all the three phases are derived and assuming partition equilibrium coefficients, a single convective – dispersive mass transport equation is obtained. A finite element formulation corresponding to the coupled differential equations governing flow and mass transport in the three fluid phase porous medium system with constant air phase pressure is presented. Relevant constitutive relationships for fluid conductivities and saturations as function of fluid pressures lead to non-linear material coefficients in the formulation. A general time-integration scheme and iteration by a modified Picard method to handle the non-linear properties are used to solve the resulting finite element equations. Laboratory tests were conducted on a soil column initially saturated with water and displaced by p-cymene (a benzene-derivative hydrocarbon) under constant pressure. The same experimental procedure is simulated by the finite element programme to observe the numerical model behaviour and compare the results with those obtained in the tests. The numerical data agreed well with the observed outflow data, and thus validating the formulation. A hypothetical field case involving leakage of organic fluid in a buried underground storage tank and the subsequent transport of an organic compound (benzene) is analysed and the nature of the plume spread is discussed.