层次分析法和模糊综合评价法在海岛保护规划中的应用研究——以温州市海岛为例

文章主要应用层次分析法和模糊综合评价法对温州市海岛保护规划进行分类研究。将温州市海岛保护分为优化开发类岛群、重点开发类岛群、一般保护类岛群和特殊保护类岛群4种类型,根据分类结果可以统筹海岛保护、开发、建设和管理,以保护海岛及其周边海域生态系统,合理开发利用海岛自然资源,实施海岛分类管理,突出海岛分区特色,安排海岛保护重点工程布局,建立健全海岛规范化管理制度,切实加强规划在宏观调控和监督管理方面的重要作用。     

基于用岛类型和方式的无居民海岛使用分类体系构建思考

对申请海岛使用权的无居民海岛开发利用活动进行分类,是制定无居民海岛使用金最低标准定价的基础。2010年《无居民海岛使用金征收使用管理办法》中的海岛分类体系存在与国家和地方分类体系衔接不够、用岛类型与用岛方式概念混杂、对生态用岛引导作用不明显等问题。本文对无居民海岛各类分类体系现状及关联性进行了梳理,分析其存在的主要问题,在继承《全国海岛保护规划》关于适度开发利用海岛的主导用途分类的基础上,充分体现资源有价、生态有价的原则,将原有的10类无居民用岛类型通过合并、新增、保留,调整为9类。根据用岛活动对海岛自然岸线、表面积、岛体和植被等的改变程度,将无居民海岛用岛方式划分为6种。初步构建了基于用岛类型和用岛方式的无居民海岛使用分类体系,为无居民海岛使用金最低价标准调整、分类施策和精细化管理提供依据。     

基于GIS的宁波梅山岛工程建设地质适宜性评价

从地质条件、地质环境及地质资源等多角度出发,建立包括地形地貌工程地质、水文地质、不良地质作用和地质灾害、活动断裂和地震效应、岸线资源等6个评价要素, 15个评价因子, 4个因子划分等级的多层次海岛工程建设地质适宜性评价指标体系,并利用GIS空间分析技术对宁波梅山岛进行评价。在此基础上,叠加梅山岛生态红线管控区,将二级管控区划分为适宜性差区。评价结果表明:梅山岛工程建设适宜性总体良好,适宜-较适宜工程建设区面积占比达75.5%,可满足近期规划建设用地需求;近深水岸线区均为适宜-较适宜,其中未开发利用长度6.1km,可有效支撑梅山岛国际港口城市新城区建设。该评价结果可为梅山岛的开发利用及生态保护提供科学依据,同时对完善工程建设地质适宜性评价体系具有一定的理论意义。     

基于用岛类型和方式的舟山市无居民海岛分类保护应用研究

无居民海岛是舟山市经济、社会和生态发展的重要资源支撑。为促进舟山市无居民海岛的精细化管理和可持续发展,文章分析舟山市无居民海岛开发利用和保护存在的问题,提出无居民海岛分类保护原则,基于国家权益类、自然保护区类、海洋特别保护区类、其他重要保护类、限制开发类和保留类的单岛功能定位分别制定管理方案,基于旅游娱乐用岛等9种用岛...     

浙江舟山群岛新区主要海岛功能布局研究

为促进浙江舟山群岛新区的高质量发展,文章分析其海岛的开发利用现状和重大战略使命,并提出海岛功能总体布局、功能分类导向和对策建议。研究结果表明：舟山群岛新区的海岛大多数以岛群形式集中分布,目前有居民海岛和部分无居民海岛被不同程度地开发利用,且存在发展差异大、保护力度不够、综合效益较低和战略承载能力不足等问题;基于宁波舟山一体化建设、浙沪自贸区建设、国际油气全产业链建设、海上花园城市建设和海洋生态文明示范窗口建设等重大战略使命,舟山群岛新区的海岛功能总体布局为“一城、两翼,两区”的发展新格局,同时分别建设综合开发利用岛、港口物流服务岛、临港工业制造岛、对外开放合作岛、海洋旅游服务岛、海洋绿色渔业岛和海洋生态保护岛;在主要海岛功能布局的基础上,未来舟山群岛新区应依法管控海岛开发、优化海岛空间规划、完善海岛生态保护、健全岛际交通链接、升级海岛防灾减灾和增强海岛整体智控。     

基于生态适宜性评价的海洋生态系统管理——以温州市洞头区为例

海洋为人类生存和社会经济发展提供了重要的资源和环境条件,海洋生态适宜性研究能够评定海域的固有属性对生态保护和开发利用的适宜等级和潜力-限制因素.本研究以典型的海岛区洞头为例,构建了海洋生态适宜性评价的空间分析模型,计算得到其空间分布,进而开展了生态适宜度的功能分区;据此划分了洞头区的生态管控空间,判断了未来海域资源保护和开发利用管理的主导方向,提出了各管控区发展的资源优势及限制性因素.结果表明,洞头海域按照生态适宜度值的高低可以清晰地划分为重点保护区、一般保护区、适度开发区和优化开发区等4类功能区,分别占区域总面积的23%、50%、18%和9%;前两者为生态保护及恢复的重要区域,后两者是未来海洋资源开发利用的主要区域; 4类区域可以归并为生态保护、农渔业养殖、城镇开发3类管控功能区.本研究对开展海洋生态功能区划、协调海洋资源开发与区域生态保护的关系、构建基于生态系统的海洋综合管理模式具有重要意义.     

上海市开展海岛开发利用与保护的对策分析

文章通过分析上海市海域内海岛的特点、开发利用现状和存在的问题,将上海市海岛按功能划分为崇明片区、金山三岛区、洋山深水港区和余山四大区域,针对其重开发、轻保护的问题,按照新颁布的《中华人民共和国海岛法》提出了一系列的管理对策和设想,旨在为海岛开发利用与保护工作提供参考.     

无居民海岛开发适宜性评价指标体系的构建和在厦门海域的应用

无居民海岛开发适宜程度取决于对其生态重要性与开发可行性的综合评价.本研究从表征生态重要性的物种、生境和自然历史文化遗迹,以及反映开发可行性的自然、资源和社会经济条件构建无居民海岛开发适宜性评价指标体系;采用专家咨询法和层次分析法确定指标权重,在评价指标量化与标准化处理的基础上,建立生态重要性-开发可行性互斥矩阵确定无居民海岛的开发适宜程度.对厦门海域的实际应用研究结果表明,其18个无居民海岛的开发适宜性总体偏低,中度适宜开发的海岛共有7个,低适宜开发的海岛有8个,不适宜开发的海岛有3个,评价结果与国家海洋局2011年发布的可供开发利用无居民海岛名录中厦门海域部分基本吻合.作者建议对厦门海域中度适宜开发的无居民海岛可据其资源特征进行适度开发;对低适宜开发的无居民海岛应优先保护海岛生态,维护海岛自然属性;对不适宜开发的无居民海岛应重点加强海岛生态保护,必要时进行生境的重建和修复.     

海岛生态压力定量评估模型构建

舟山市西白莲岛屿为例,通过分析其生态系统特征和生态压力驱动因子,构建海岛生态压力定量评估模型,计算结果显示西白莲岛从2008年到2012年的生态压力值分别为0.2345、0.3016、0.3797、0.3604、0.3503,参照舟山市近岸海域环境功能区划,西白莲岛地理位置处于四类海水水质环境,四类海域标准值计算结果为0.5490。与四类水质比较结果显示该岛屿生态压力值均未超出岛屿承载能力,主要的压力驱动因子为填海造地,分析结果为海岛生态保护与资源合理利用提供参考和决策依据。     

台湾海峡西侧岛连岛的成因及其对海岛开发的意义

台湾海峡西侧自闽江口至东山岛之间的近岸海域,分布着众多规模、大小不等的岛连岛,其中的平潭岛、东山岛和金门岛为大型岛连岛,均在全国十大海岛之列。此类岛连岛为全国沿海岛屿仅有,亦为台湾海峡西侧所特有。其成因属于陆海复合型——大陆岛与岛间波影区沉积复合型岛屿。但目前岛屿的传统分类,尚不能充分表达其特征和存在。需开展该类岛屿成因类型研究,完善岛屿分类,反映各类成因的岛屿特征。当前台湾海峡西岸正在进行的大规模开发的海岛,许多属于岛连岛,如平潭岛、东山岛等,研究其成因对该类海岛的保护管理和科学开发有着切实的指导意义。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.