印尼8.7级大震前后GPS观测站的地壳水平与垂直位移时间序列结果

利用IGS及中国地壳运动观测网络GPS连续观测站6年多时间的观测结果, 以中国大陆东部的稳定点组作为水平位移与垂直位移解的参考基准, 得到了2004年12月26日印尼苏门答腊8.7级与2005年3月28日8.5级大震前后GPS观测站的地壳水平及垂直位移时间序列的结果。 尽管所采用的GPS站点少, 且分布范围大, 但仍可看到在如此大的地震震前、 同震与震后地壳运动的特征, 为今后观测研究提供了十分有意义的结果。 文中所采用稳定点组基准有效消除水平位移场的平移与旋转, 而局部椭球面的不平性对计算区域地壳运动结果, 特别是对垂直位移的影响很小, 说明了位移解所描述的大范围区域位移场是合理的。 这两次地震的同震水平位移及震后的垂直位移影响量级达数厘米, 范围达远离8.7级地震震中4500 km之外, 甚至更远。     

The use of GPS in the fourth EPOCH measurements of crustal movements along the Ljubljana fault

Three triangulation and trilateration micro networks in the seismic region of Ljubljana city, for the determination of horizontal and vertical movements, have been measured for the fourth time. GPS measurements have been included into the networks for the first time. The problem of the distance measurements was solved with the precise distancemeter Kern Mekometer ME 5000, angle measurements have been done with the electronic theodolite Kern E2. The problem of the orientation of the separated local networks was solved with GPS measurements. The results show that displacement in all three nets are not in the direction of the local fault but in the direction of the Sava fault and at the same time in the direction of the edge of the Peradriatic plate.     

Two-point statistics of vertical crustal movements of the Pannonian basin

The Pannonian Basin or in a broad sense, the Carpatho-Balkan region, is a suitable test area to study the statistical qualities of the Earth's vertical crustal movements. The second-order moments of relative and absolute quantities of motion (vertical velocity, horizontal gradient) are given for the type of a subsiding region with uplifts in its marginal zone — in the ideal case of circular ssymetry. The foundation is the theory of two-dimensional homogenous stochastic processes. Empirically estimated autocovariance functions of the relative vertical rate are approximated by model functions, corresponding to the geotectonic situation of the region, and they are transformed into the wave-number domain. All modelled and empirically estimated second-order moments are given as auxiliary means for signal prediction. The properties of the signal, represented in the maps of the Earth's vertical crustal movements (1:2 500 000, Moscow 1973; 1:2 000 000, Joó et al., 1979), can be derived from the spectral representation.     

Selecting a method for interpreting GPS measurements of geodynamic movements of a point of the Earth’s surface in the high-frequency range

Different variants for interpreting the data of vertical and horizontal channels of GPS measurements are examined during experimental works. The movements of an observation point are imitated experimentally in the vertical and horizontal directions at a geophysical observatory. The experiments are carried out on a pedestal with original benchmarks in both directions. The movements are imitated in the high-frequency range with different time values of movement from one point to another, which did not exceed 1 h. The errors in imaging movements of measurement points according to the results of interpreting the readings of GPS receivers are shown in relation to the benchmark movements of measurement points in the vertical and horizontal directions. These data are processed in the differential mode using the precise point positioning (PPP) method. The experimental results confirm that there is no potential of imaging vertical movements of the Earth’s surface caused by tidal observations according to GPS receiver data.     

A preliminary report on the frequency characteristics of near-surface layers in the vicinity of the high dam lake

The frequency characteristics of near-surface sediments obtained from small scale S-wave refraction measurements conducted at two sites in the Garf Hussein area, contiguous to the High Dam Lake, South of Aswan, have shown drastic changes in the frequency-selective amplification of horizontal ground motion within a relatively short surface distance. This effect is attributed mainly to such factors as the variation in layer thickness and the presence or absence of soft alluvial deposits.These results indicate that movements initiated deep in the earth's crust may not be faithfully reflected on the ground surface. As geodetic work principally involves monitoring relative horizontal and vertical displacements on the earth's surface with time, geodesists are advised to take the spectral response of the ground into consideration.     

Experiment of Dividing the Active Blocks Based on Horizontal Crustal Movement Observed by GPS

In this paper, the discrepancy between the movements of intraplate blocks and plates isdiscussed, and the method to divide the intraplate active blocks is presented by selecting Bursaformula as the kinematic model for the intraplate blocks. Based on the data of three GPScampaigns in North-China network in l995, 1996 and l999, respectively, the northern area inNorth China is divided into eight small blocks with the mathematical model and methodpresented in this paper. The divided blocks based on tbe horizontal and vertical crustalmovements in the paper are consistent or approximate with each other in the area as a whole.The divided blocks in the paper is also basically accordant with the neotectonic movement,which indicates that the current movement of active blocks in this area is the succession anddevelopment of neotectonic movement. Moreover, some new activity characteristics in the areahave been revealed by the tectonic units divided with the horizontal crustal movement.     

Recent crustal movement studies at seiyal area, northwest of aswan Lake, Egypt

A local geodetic network of 20 points was established in 1988 around the Seiyal fault for monitoring lateral movements. Two levellinglines, crossing the fault, were prepared for monitoring vertical movements. The initial horizontal geodetic measurements were carried out in March 1989. The measurements were repeated twice a year. The initial vertical geodetic measurements (levelling) were carried out in November 1989 and repeated in November 1990.Four horizontal geodetic measurements and two levelling measurements were analysed. The results revealed remarkable horizontal and vertical changes during the period of measurement.     

芦山MS7.0地震前水平位移和同震水平位移研究

本文利用“中国地壳运动观测网络（二期）”多个GPS连续观测站观测数据处理结果,将2013年4月20日四川芦山MS7.0地震区域参考框架同震水平位移与全球参考框架同震水平位移进行比较,结果表明两组框架解一致,说明两种参考框架均可当作位错参考框架,也即全球参考框架同震水平位移也可视为区域参考框架同震水平位移．区域参考框架下GPS连续观测站地震前的水平位移和同震水平位移结果表明,震前数年,SCTQ站西侧的GPS站构造运动十分显著,而该站水平位移却很小,即出现反常的闭锁．但该站的同震水平位移使其弹性回跳至正常构造水平位移水平,因此SCTQ站震前的位移闭锁是水平位移空间分布中的异常,是芦山MS7.0地震的前兆．水平位移时空变化表明,该站震前和震时位移完全符合里德的弹性回跳理论．区域参考框架中位移时间系列和同震水平位移的综合研究有助于对芦山地震地壳运动前兆的认识和解释．尽管本文未能直接采用其它GPS连续观测站的资料,但结合本文和其它研究结果可以证实,震中附近其它站地震前后的变化与SCTQ站类似．基于芦山地震前水平位移和同震水平位移及其与前兆关系的研究,本文进一步讨论了GPS监测网的布设、 数据处理和分析等问题．      

Crustal Movement Observed by GPS and Earthquake Activity in the Chinese Mainland and its Neighborhood

The general characteristics of the recent horizontal crustal movement in the Chinese Mainland and the horizontal crustal movements before the Kunlun Mountain earthquake of M8.1 on Nov. 14, 2001 and two earthquakes of M 8.0 and M 7.9 occurred in Sept. 2003 around the Chinese Mainland are analyzed with GPS data obtained in the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC). Relative vertical displacements observed in the last five years at fiducial stations show that there was a significant correlation between the length of day and the vertical displacements at most stations in western China.     

A new determination of recent vertical movements of the Earth's crust in Poland

A new determination of recent vertical movements of the Earth's crust in Poland is described in this paper. It resulted from the joint adjustment of the network of repeated levelling in 7 countries of Eastern and Central Europe. The author presents the characteristics of the levelling data sets used (measurements made in 1953–1957 and 1974–1979), results of the repeated levelling, the method of determination of the recent crustal movements and of the preparation of the map at a scale of 1:2.500.000 presenting these movements for the area of the whole country. The results of the determination of the Earth's crustal movements are discussed, and causes of the prevailing appearance of sinking movements are suggested. Differences between the values of vertical movements of the Earth's crust obtained during various determinations are presented, as well as the maximum mean error of the difference between new and old determinations. The conformity of these determinations is assessed.     

北京地区区域性形变场与近期强震危险性研究

分析1998－2000年期间水准和GPS测量给出的北京地区区域性形变场的背景值及其与定点断层形变观测值的关系。结果表明：（1）该地区的大面积垂直形变速率及速率梯度值在华北地区的通常 数值之下，也低于若干大地震前的相应异常特征值；（2）该区由GPS方法显示的大面积水平形变速率也属于较低水平；（3）定点观测的断层形变速率（垂直向和水平向）与区域性的背景值相当；（4）根据大面积形变场的 断层形变异常水平，预计近期（1－3年内）北京地区不会发生较强地震。     

The local geodynamic test area of CLG-organization and first results of leveling measurement

In 1982, the Central Laboratory for Geodesy (CLG) started a long-term study of the recent crustal movements in a local test area in a mobile region located southwards of Sofia.The recent geodynamic conditions and the deep structure of the Earth's crust in this region are described.Data on the local network of precise leveling are given-the scheme and characteristics of the loops, benchmarks and their monumentation. A first geodynamic analysis of the results of the first and third cycles of measurements is made, a map of the module of horizontal gradient of vertical velocity has been elaborated. The results obtained corroborate the reasons for the selection of this geodynamic test area.     

Deduction of the horizontal gradients of the Hungarian vertical movement velocities by polynomial fitting

Recently, intensive investigations were carried out in Hungary to explore the characteristics of vertical crustal movements. In the first phase (by using repeated geodetic measurements) vertical movement velocities were mapped. In the second phase the aim was to study the movement tendencies in more detail. In the professional literature many mathematical methods are reported. Among these the method of horizontal gradients is applied quite often. In this paper the velocity function of the vertical movements is represented by polynomials and the gradient values are computed from these. To control the values calculated from the velocity functions they were compared to the observed values. The above method was applied to the whole territory of Hungary and also to four zones individually. These zones were determined on the basis of geological information. Besides a short review of the method we present the results: velocity functions, gradients and control data. The gradient vectors are also presented in graphical form.     

Present state of geodynamic properties of Kalabsha area, nortwest of Aswan Lake, Egypt

Aswan Lake is the second largest man-made lake in the world. Its filling started 1964 and reached the maximum water level in 1978. An earthquake of magnitude 5.5 took place in 1981 along the most active fault near the lake (Kalabsha fault). This earthquake was follwed by a tremendous number of smaller events that continue till now.Seismicity and the underground water table around the lake are monitored continuously through a radio-telemetered network. A local geodetic network was established around parts of the active faults in the northwestern part of the High Dam Lake, for monitoring vertical and lateral movements. The Kalabsha local geodetic network (the first one) was established around an active part of the Kalabsha fault in 1983. Precise geodetic measurements have benn carried out twice a year since 1984.On the basis of the repeated geodetic measurements, seismicity of the area and geophysical as well as geological data, the present state of the geodynamical properties of the Kalabsha area is studied.Remarkable horizontal movements were detected; they are correlated with the seismicity of the area and are attributed to the differential loading by the lake. The Kalabsha fault is a right-lateral strike-slip motion on an E-W plane. The magnitude of the movements detected along the fault is variable for the different epochs of measurements and is correlated with both seismicity and water loading in the lake.     

The Earth surface deformations caused by air pressure variations

The relationship between the tilts and strains of rocks and air pressure variations is investigated using deformation measurements from the Protvino observatory. Deformations due to air pressure are large in the observation area. The deformation response to the observed air pressure variations is compared with calculated values. In addition, the effective elasticity of the rock is determined from measured deformations in the underground galleries of the observatory after creating a load on the Earth surface. The observed tilts are considerably larger than the calculated values, for local as well as atmospheric loading, and the rock shear modulus determined from the tilt data is anomalously small compared to the mean shear modulus value for the crust. The observed horizontal strain data indicate no anomaly in the rock shear modulus value. The cavity effects at the observatory cannot explain this phenomenon. It may be caused by the rocks high fracturing. It is supposed, that the influence of cracks on the rock horizontal deformations is small if the cracks are closed and have the vertical direction. In case of large wavelength the large tilts correspond to the great displacements. These displacements may worsen the accuracy of geodetic measurements, especially when measuring vertical crustal movements.     

地形变场与现代地壳垂直运动及地震活动关系初探(Ⅱ)——地凸凹区与地壳运动及地震活动的关系

初步探讨了1987～1990年我国东部地形变场的分布特征及其与现代地壳垂直运动、地震带和中强地震震中分布的关系,并进行了典型个例分析。结果表明：现代地壳活动强烈区亦是地形变凸、凹中心的高发区,地凸、凹中心的分布与中强地震震中和地震带的分布比较吻合,地震易发生在地凸、凹区的接合部,也即水平切应力最大的地区,闽粤地区的地形变场可以捕捉到台湾的强震信息。两个(或多个)地凸区的突然增强或合并对大震有临界促发作用。     

福建东南沿海及邻区活动断裂的微地貌研究

本文对福建东南沿海及邻区活动断裂进行了微地貌学分析,研究了区内断裂构造第四纪以来的活动特征,并探讨了晚更新世以来的区域构造应力场.结果表明：北东向的长乐—诏安断裂带和与之具有成生联系的北西向断裂,第四纪以来具有垂直运动和水平运动的特征;主要有两个明显的活动期,即早、中更新世和晚更新世;晚更新世以来,北东向断裂具右旋水平滑动,北西向断裂具左旋水平滑动,显示出北西西—南东东向水平挤的区域构造应力场.     

基于GPS观测的地壳水平运动划分活动地块的试验

本文分析了板内块体与板块运动的差别,提出以Ｂｕｒｓａ公式作为板内块体的运动学模型,并据此提出了划分板内活动地块的方法。根据华北ＧＰＳ网１９９５、１９９６和１９９９年的３期观测成果,用本文提出的数学模型和方法,将华北北 剖地区划分为８个小块体。本文用地壳水平运动划分的结果与用本区地壳垂直运动划分的结果在是体旧一致或相近的。本文的划分结果与新构造运动也基本一致,本区活动块体的现今运动是新构造的继承和发     

3-D spherical shell modeling of mantle flow and its implication for global tectogenesis

In order to study the relationship between mantle flow and global tectogenesis, we present a 3-D spherical shell model with incompressible Newtonian fluid medium to simulate mantle flow which fits the global tectogenesis quite well. The governing equations are derived in spherical coordinates. Both the thermal buoyancy force and the self-gravitation are taken into account. The velocity and pressure coupled with temperature are computed, using the finite-element method with a punitive factor. The results show that the lithosphere, as the boundary layer of the earth's thermodynamic system, moves with the entire mantle. Both its horizontal and vertical movements are the results of the earth's thermal motion. The orogenesis occurs not only in the collision zones at the plates' boundaries, but also occurs within the plates. If the core-mantle boundary is impermeable and the viscosity of the lower mantle is considerable, the vertical movement is mostly confined to the upper mantle. The directions of the asthenospheric movements are not fully consistent with those of the lithospheric movements. The depths of spreading movements beneath all ridges are less than 220 km. In some regions, the shear stresses, acting on the base of the lithosphere by the asthenosphere, are the main driving force; but in other regions, the shear stresses are the resisting force.