1951—2009年天津市主要极端气候指数变化趋势

利用1951—2009年天津市逐日气温和降水量资料,计算了极端气候指数,并研讨了其中11个主要指数的变化特征。结果表明：天津市暖日、冷夜具有基本相反的变化趋势,暖日显著增加,冷夜显著减少,且冷夜的变化幅度远大于暖日。持续暖期、霜日呈显著增加趋势,持续冷期呈显著减少趋势。降水指数中连续干日呈增加趋势,最大连续5 d降水量、日降水强度、强降水率和极强降水率及连续湿日均呈减少趋势,表明天津市干旱化倾向明显。与气温有关的极端指数大多在1993年前后出现突变,周期特征不明显。与降水有关的极端指数未现突变,但周期特征明显,大多出现10 a和4 a的周期。     

1961～2004年漠河年均温与持续极端气温频数的变化分析

利用漠河站点1961～2004年逐日平均、最高和最低气温资料计算得到的年均温、年变化和季节变化的持续暖口和冷夜频数,分析了它们的线性趋势、增量、显著性和平稳性.其中年均温升高了约1.61℃,年持续暖口频数增加了约4次,冬季持续暖日频数和夏季持续冷夜频数都呈显著增加趋势.分别对年均温和年持续频数的线性回归关系,以及年均温和季持续频数的线性回归关系进行了显著性检验.在线性回归关系显著的情况下,分别就各频数序列埘年均温的影响逐一进行显著性检验,从而揭示了年均温与符频数序列的变化关系.研究结果表明:从按年,变化的角度米分析,年均温的升高是由年持续暖日频数的增加和年持续冷夜频数的减少共同显著影响的;从按季变化的角度来分析,年均温的升高主要由春、夏季持续暖日频数的增加和春、秋季持续冷夜频数的减少共同显著影响的.     

基于均一化资料的中国极端地面气温变化分析

利用经过质量控制和均一化处理的中国693个气象站点1961-2014年逐日最高气温、最低气温和平均气温资料,对极端气温的空间变化进行了分区划分,并分析了11个极端气温指数的变化特征。结果表明:极端高温指数(极端最高气温、夏季日数、暖夜日数、暖昼日数、持续暖期和生长日)在各区呈增加趋势,而极端低温指数(极端最低气温、霜冻日数、冷夜日数、冷昼日数、持续冷期)在各区呈减小趋势(极端最低气温除外,呈增加趋势),其中夜间极端气温指数变化程度最大(暖夜日数增加和冷夜日数减小最显著);每个指数在大部分区域均有明显的趋势转折,极端高温指数的转折时间基本在1995-1998年之间,而极端低温指数的转折时间在1985-1986年和1995年前后。极端高温指数转折前/后有减小/增加趋势,而极端低温指数正好相反(但极端最低气温除外,转折前/后有减小/增加趋势)。几乎所有区域的极端气温指数均与平均气温呈显著的相关,其中阈值指数与平均气温的相关性最好。     

近57年来青海湖流域极端气候的变化特征

利用青海湖流域近57a逐日最高、最低气温和降水资料,采用国际通用的极端天气指数,分析极端气温和降水的变化特征。结果表明:1)青海湖流域暖昼日数显著增加,在1994—1995年间发生了突变;冷夜日数野牛沟、天峻显著增加,其余地区显著减少;霜冻日数显著下降,霜冻季节缩短。2)青海湖流域强降水量增加明显,在2004年前后发生突变;持续干燥指数趋于减小,但祁连地区趋于增加;持续湿润指数变化不明显,野牛沟、天峻、门源趋于减少,其余各站趋于上升。3)青海湖流域暖昼日数存在4a的准周期,冷夜日数有8a的明显周期,霜冻日数周期不明显,强降水量4a的周期较明显,持续干燥指数有15a周期,持续湿润指数6a的周期明显。     

湖南省55a极端气温事件变化特征

利用1960—2014年湖南省88个地面气象站日最高和最低气温的均一化资料,运用百分位阈值法统计暖日、暖夜、冷日和冷夜数,采用线性回归、M-K突变检验、Morlet小波分析等方法,研究湖南省55 a以来极端气温事件的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)湖南省暖日和暖夜呈上升趋势,其年际变化倾向率分别为0.68 d/10 a、2.73 d/10 a,冷日和冷夜呈下降趋势,其年际变化倾向率分别为-0.45 d/10 a、-2.46 d/10 a,夜间增暖显著;(2)湖南省大部分地区的暖日、暖夜呈上升趋势,冷日、冷夜呈下降趋势,其中湘西北、湘西南、湘东南部分地区变化趋势明显;(3)暖日、暖夜、冷夜有明显的阶段性变化,暖日、暖夜分别在2008、2003年突变增加,冷夜在1986年突变减少;(4)湖南省极端气温日数在不同的时间段存在着长短不同的振荡周期。     

城市化对安徽省极端气温事件的影响

利用卫星遥感资料对安徽省46个台站进行分类,统计分析了城市站、郊区站和乡村站1961-2010年的极端气温指数的年和季节的变化趋势及其受城市化的影响和贡献。结果表明：1) 近50年来,除最高气温年极大值外,其他气温年极值都有明显上升趋势,以最低温度极小值最显著;暖日、暖夜天数呈增加趋势,而冷日、冷夜天数呈减少趋势,其中暖夜和冷夜变化趋势更明显;各极端指数的变化趋势总体均表现为城市站较乡村站更显著,郊区站介于两者之间。2) 城市站最高气温极大值、最低气温极大值和最低气温极小值因城市化造成的增温分别为0.144、0.184和0.161℃/10a,增温贡献率分别达100.0%、58.8%和21.6%,但城市化对最高气温极小值影响较弱;季节尺度的城市化影响基本都造成增温,春、秋季更明显,而增温贡献率以春、夏季更明显,冬季最小或不显著。3) 城市化效应使暖日和暖夜天数增加、冷夜天数减少的趋势更加显著,城市化影响贡献率都在40%以上;暖日、暖夜和冷夜天数的城市化影响贡献率都在冬季最小或不显著。     

1918—2010年天津降水指数变化特征

利用天津1918—2010年逐日降水资料,分析了天津7个降水指数的长期变化趋势。结果发现:天津年降水量和降水日数年际差异较大,没有显著的趋势性变化。从1980年开始天津降水量和日数开始变小(少),方差也变小,四季中秋季降水量呈显著的增加趋势,夏季呈减少趋势,冬、春季变化较小。各极端降水指数中,均表现为线性趋势不明显,年际变化较大,20世纪90年代以来降水强度偏小,但呈缓慢的增加趋势,大雨日数也处于偏少阶段,大雨贡献率偏小,并呈减小趋势。四季中秋季连续5 d最大降水量呈显著的增加趋势,减少了秋季干旱的发生,最长连续无降水日数多发生在冬春季,近年来有增加的趋势。     

1955—2016年甘肃定西地区极端气温变化特征

利用甘肃省定西地区岷县、临洮和华家岭3个站点的气温数据,应用线性趋势拟合等方法,基于10个气温指数,研究了1955—2016年定西地区极端气温变化趋势和特征。结果表明,霜冻日数、结冰日数、冷日日数和冷夜日数4个指数呈下降趋势,而极端最高气温、极端最低气温、夏日日数、热夜日数、冷日日数和冷夜日数6个指数均呈上升趋势。气温变化的第一主周期为30 a,第二主周期为17 a。夏日日数、热夜日数、暖日日数和暖夜日数的变化在气温总体变化中起主要作用。极端最低气温与霜冻日数、冷日日数、冷夜日数显著相关,极端最高气温与夏日日数、暖日日数、暖夜日数显著相关,暖夜日数与霜冻日数也具有较高的相关性。气温指数突变大多发生在1993—1999年。     

1960-2014年湖南省极端气温事件变化特征分析

利用1960-2014年湖南省88个地面气象站日最高和最低气温的均一化资料,运用百分位阈值法统计暖日、暖夜、冷日和冷夜数,采用线性回归、M-K突变检验、Morlet小波分析等方法,研究湖南省55a以来极端气温事件的时空变化特征。结果表明：(1)湖南省暖日和暖夜数呈上升趋势,其年际变化倾向率分别为0.68d.(10a)-1、2.73 d.(10a)-1,冷日和冷夜数呈下降趋势,其年际变化倾向率分别为-0.45d.(10a)-1、-2.46d.(10a)-1,夜间增暖幅度大于白天增暖幅度;(2)湖南省大部分地区的暖日、暖夜数呈上升趋势,冷日数、冷夜数呈下降趋势,其中湘北、湘南部分地区变化趋势明显;(3)暖日、暖夜、冷夜数有明显的阶段性变化,其突变检验特征较明显,暖日、暖夜分别在2008、2003年突变增加,冷夜在1986年突变减少;(4)湖南省极端气温日数在不同的时间段存在着长短不同的振荡周期。     

西南地区极端降水变化趋势

利用西南地区90个气象台站1970-2010年逐日降水量资料,依据世界气象组织(WMO)定义的连续5d最大降水量、总降水量、强降水比等6种极端降水指数,采用F检验、11a滑动平均等统计方法,研究了西南地区极端强降水变化趋势的时空变化特征。在时间上,西南地区近41年来冬、春、夏季连续5d最大降水量缓慢波动上升,秋季连续5d最大降水量呈下降趋势;强降水、降水强度及强降水比呈上升趋势,但总降水量和最长持续无降水日数呈减少趋势;另外,各极端降水指数还存在明显的年际、年代际变化。在空间上,西南地区极端降水变化趋势具有显著的地域差异,呈东西或西北东南向梯度变化特征。其中冬季连续5d最大降水量、降水强度、强降水比及最长持续无降水日数,在西南大部分地区呈增加趋势。秋季连续5d最大降水量与总降水量在西南大部分地区呈减少趋势。而春、夏季连续5d最大降水量和强降水的增减区域大致相当。     

黑龙江省1961—2009年极端气温事件变化特征分析

选用世界气象组织公布的极端气候指数方法对1961—2009年黑龙江省8个极端气温指数进行计算和分析,得到黑龙江省极端气温事件的事实和变化特征。结果表明：黑龙江省近49年来夏日天数、极端最低气温、极端最高气温、暖夜指数和暖昼日数均呈上升趋势,而霜冻日数、冷夜指数和冷昼日数呈下降趋势。极端气温指数的变化存在明显的年际变化特征,并有突变发生。对黑龙江省气温升高来说,最低气温升高主要发生在20世纪80年代中期以后,而最高气温则在90年代以后上升明显。空间分布方面,极端气温指数在全区基本都呈一致的增大或减小分布。夜间增暖的幅度要大于白天增暖的幅度,夜间气温的上升对增暖的贡献更大。     

Changing Trends of Daily Temperature Extremes with Different Intensities in China

By comparing two sets of quality-controlled daily temperature observation data with and without the inhomogeneity test and adjustment from 654 stations in China during 1956-2004 and 1956-2010, impacts of inhomogeneity on changing trends of four percentile temperature extreme indices, including occurrences of cold days, cold nights, warm days, and warm nights with varying intensities, were discussed. It is found that the inhomogeneity affected the long-term trends averaged over extensive regions limitedly. In order to minimize the inhomogeneity impact, the 83 stations identified with obvious inhomogeneity impacts were removed, and an updated analysis of changing trends of the four temperature extreme indices with varying intensities during 1956-2010 was conducted. The results show that annual occurrences of both cold nights and cold days decreased greatly while those of warm nights and warm days increased significantly during the recent 20 years. The more extreme the event is, the greater the magnitude of changing trends for the temperature extreme index is. An obvious increasing trend was observed in annual occurrences of cold days and cold nights in the recent four years. The magnitude of changing trends of warm extreme indices was greater than that of cold extreme indices, and it was greater in northern China than in southern China. Trends for summer occurrence of cold days were not significant. Decreasing trends of occurrences of both cold nights and cold days were the greatest in December, January, and February (DJF) but the least in June, July, and August (JJA), while increasing trends of warm nights were the greatest in JJA. Cold nights significantly decreased from 1956 to 1990, and then the decreasing trend considerably weakened. The decreasing trend also showed an obvious slowdown in recent years for occurrence of cold days. However, increasing trends of warm nights and warm days both have been accelerated continuously since the recent decades. Further analysis presents that the evolution of the trends for occurrences of the four temperature extreme indices was dominated by the changes in northern China.     

区域气候模式CWRF对我国极端温度时空变化的模拟评估

基于中国均一化气温数据集CN05.1的观测数据,结合暖昼指数(TX90)、冷昼指数(TX10)、暖夜指数(TN90)、冷夜指数(TN10)、暖日持续指数(WSDI)和冷日持续指数(CSDI)6个极端温度指数,从气候平均、概率分布、年际变率和年际趋势方面,系统评估区域气候模式(Climate–Weather Resear...     

A Simulation Study on the Extreme Temperature Events of the 20th Century by Using the BCC_AGCM

Extreme temperature events are simulated by using the Beijing Climate Center Atmospheric General Circulation Model (BCC AGCM) in this paper. The model has been run for 136 yr with the observed external forcing data including solar insolation, greenhouse gases, and monthly sea surface temperature (SST). The daily maximum and minimum temperatures are simulated by the model, and 16 indices representing various extreme temperature events are calculated based on these two variables. The results show that the maximum of daily maximum temperature (TXX), maximum of daily minimum (TNX), minimum of daily maximum (TXN), minimum of daily minimum (TNN), warm days (TX90p), warm nights (TN90p), summer days (SU25), tropical nights (TR20), and warm spell duration index (WSDI) have increasing trends during the 20th century in most regions of the world, while the cold days (TX10p), cold nights (TN10p), and cold spell duration index (CSDI) have decreasing trends. The probability density function (PDF) of warm/cold days/nights for three periods of 1881-1950, 1951- 1978, and 1979-2003 is examined. It is found that before 1950, the cold day/night has the largest probability, while for the period of 1979-2003, it has the smallest probability. In contrast to the decreasing trend of cold days/nights, the PDF of warm days/nights exhibits an opposite trend. In addition, the frost days (FD) and ice days (ID) have decreasing trends, the growing season has lengthened, and the diurnal temperature range is getting smaller during the 20th century. A comparison of the above extreme temperature indices between the model output and NCEP data (taken as observation) for 1948-2000 indicates that the mean values and the trends of the simulated indices are close to the observations, and overall there is a high correlation between the simulated indices and the observations. But the simulated trends of FD, ID, growing season length, and diurnal temperature range are not consistent with the observations and their correlations are low or even negative. This indicates that the model is incapable to simulate these four indices although it has captured most indices of the extreme temperature events.     

Extreme Temperature Change of the Last 110 Years in Changchun,Northeast China

In China and East Asia,the long-term continuous observational data at daily resolution are insufficient,and thus there is a lack of good understanding of the extreme climate variation over the last 100 years plus.In this study,the extreme temperature indices defined by ETCCDI(Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices)and local meteorological administrations were analyzed for Changchun City,Northeast China,by using the daily maximum temperature(Tmax)and daily minimum temperature(Tmin)over 1909?2018.The results showed that extreme cold events,such as cold days,cold nights,frost days,icing days,and low temperature days,decreased significantly at rates of?0.41 d(10 yr)^?1,?1.45 d(10 yr)^?1,?2.28 d(10 yr)^?1,?1.16 d(10 yr)?1 and?1.90 d(10 yr)^?1,respectively.Warm nights increased significantly at a rate of 1.71 d(10 yr)^?1,but warm days decreased slightly and the number of high temperature days decreased at a rate of?0.20 d(10 yr)?1.The frequency of cold surge events increased significantly at a rate of 0.25 d(10 yr)^?1,occurring mainly from the mid-1950s to late-1980s.The average Tmax,average Tmin and extreme Tmin increased at rates of 0.09℃(10 yr)^?1,0.36℃(10 yr)^?1 and 0.54℃(10 yr)^?1,respectively;and extreme Tmax decreased significantly at a rate of?0.17℃(10 yr)^?1.In 1909?2018,1951?2018 and 1979?2018,the indices related to cold events decreased,while the trends of the indices related to warm events were different for different periods.     

基于均一化资料的中国大陆极端温度的长期趋势

近百年来,全球气候变暖。这与暖日和暖夜增加,冷日和冷夜减少相关联。文章研究结果进一步证实了这一发现。本文基于1960-2012年中国大陆542个台站均一化气温资料,通过将中国大陆划分为8个次区域,利用百分位定义法计算了极端温度指数序列,同时,运用时间趋势分析法,对中国大陆各区域极端温度和极端温度指数的时空分布及变化趋势特征进行了分析。结果表明:在全球变暖的背景下,从地理分布而言,中国大陆在过去53年除西南地区外,大部分地区最低和最高温度有显著的升高趋势,其中,东北温度升高最为明显;从季节而言,冬季极端温度升高最为明显,夏季升高最少;最低温度明显升高,最高温度也有所升高,但是最低温度的升高幅度更大。冷夜和冷日出现频率呈减少趋势,暖夜和暖日出现频率呈增加趋势,其中以冷夜指数变化最为突出,均呈现一种区域差异的现象。本文利用更新的资料验证了前人的工作,也进一步分区分析,结果可为更多地区评估以及进一步的相关研究提供参考。     

1975—2016年秦巴山区极端气温事件的空间差异性分析

利用秦巴山区88个气象站1975—2016年的逐日气温数据,结合16个极端气温指数分析了秦巴山区极端气温阈值的空间分布及极端气温事件变化趋势的海拔依赖性。结果表明：极端气温阈值存在明显的空间分布差异,表现为极端低温阈值与极端高温阈值由西北向东南均有增温趋势;总体来看,极端气温暖事件（SU25、TR20、TX90P、TN90P、WSDI）增加幅度大于冷事件（FD0、ID0、TX10P、TN10P、CSDI）减少幅度,且变化趋势较冷事件更显著;全区霜冻日数、夏日日数、冷夜日数、暖昼日数及高温极值（TXx、TXn）变化均比较显著;区域作物生长期西部增长趋势较东部显著,多数站点变化幅度在3~6 d/10a之间;海拔越高发生极端低温事件的气温越低,极端低温阈值变化趋势为-0.36℃/100m;海拔越低发生极端高温事件的气温越高,极端高温变化趋势达0.5℃/100m,且均通过99%的信度检验;区域极端气温极值指数的变化趋势与海拔呈显著正相关,具有明显的海拔依赖性,表现为海拔越高,极值指数增加趋势越明显。     

Trends in warm days and cold nights over the Iberian Peninsula: relationships to large-scale variables

The aims of this study are to identify the trend of warm days and cold nights over the Iberian Peninsula and to connect the variations with large-scale variables. The reasons for performing this analysis are the effects that extremes events have on different ecosystems. Here, we present the results on spatial and temporal variability of warm days (TX90), or those exceeding the 90th percentile of maximum temperature, and cold nights (TN10), or those falling below the 10th percentile of minimum temperature. The extreme indices were derived from daily observations at stations and gridded data over land area for the period 1950 to 2006. Significant trends of more warm days and fewer cold nights were found. The trend to fewer cold nights is within the interval of global results given by the IPCC AR4 report; however, the trend to warm days is greater than the corresponding global trend. The influence of large-scale variables on these extreme indices was examined by means of the Empirical Orthogonal Function, correlation, composite maps and multiple regression analyses. Changes in TX90 are connected with the Scandinavian teleconnection index and a preferred mode of geopotential height at 500 hPa over the North Atlantic. Changes in TN10 are connected with the East Atlantic teleconnection index and the leading mode of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) variability over the North Atlantic area. Based on the links between the extreme indices and the large-scale variables we derived statistical models to describe the response of TX90 and TN10 to atmospheric circulation and SST variations. The models characterized the observed variations of TX90 and TN10 reasonably well. The results of this study encourage us to analyze, in further work, how temperature extremes might change over the Iberian Peninsula under warmer climate conditions.