An Experimental Study on the Conductivity Changes in Coal during Methane Adsorption-Desorption and their Influencing Factors

During the processes of methane adsorption and desorption, the internal structure of coal changes, accordingly leading to changes in electrical conductivity. In this paper, using low rank coal seams of the Yan’an Formation in the Dafosi field as the research subject, the relationship between coal resistivity, methane adsorption quantity, and equilibrium pressure is analyzed through proximate analysis, mercury injection tests, low temperature liquid nitrogen adsorption tests, and coal resistivity measurements during methane adsorption and desorption. The results show that during the process of pressure rise and methane adsorption, the conductivity of coal increases, resulting from heat release from methane adsorption, coal matrix swelling and adsorbed water molecules replaced by methane, but the resistivity reduction gradually decreases. The relationship between coal resistivity and methane adsorption quantity and equilibrium pressure can be described by a quadratic function. During the processes of depressurization and desorption, the resistivity of coal rebounds slightly, due to decalescence of methane desorption, coal matrix shrinkage and water-gas displacement, and the relationship coincides with a linear function. Methane adsorption leads to irreversible changes in coal internal structure and enhances the coal conductivity, and resistivity cannot be restored to the initial level even after methane desorption. The resistivity and reduction rate of durain are higher than those of vitrain, with relatively greater homogeneous pore throat structure and fewer charged particles in the double electric layer. In addition, moisture can enhance the conductivity of coal and makes it change more complexly during methane adsorption and desorption.     

川南煤层甲烷解吸动力学影响因素实验研究

为了系统研究煤层气（甲烷）解吸动力学的影响因素,选用川南地区的无烟煤,设计了不同压力、温度、粒度和湿度下的煤层气解吸动力学实验。采用高温高压煤层气吸附/解吸测试系统进行实验,并拟合实验结果获得了不同条件下的扩散系数。研究表明:压力和温度越高,甲烷解吸量和解吸速率越大;粒度越大,甲烷解吸量和解吸速率越小;低于平衡水含量时,湿度增大,甲烷解吸量和解吸速率降低;甲烷扩散系数拟合结果揭示,扩散系数随压力增高而减小,随温度升高而增大,随湿度增大而减小。      

中国部分煤储层解吸特性及甲烷采收率

根据常压下的解吸实验和煤层气参数井实测数据分析,我国煤的解吸特笥变化较大,解吸率主要受煤层埋深及煤级的影响。最侍解吸深度一般在４００～６００ｍ之间,镜质体反射率小于３％时,随煤级的升高而增大;大于３％时,则相反。我国煤储层的吸附时间长短琚煤级没有特定关系,但在某些地区工层的含气量高低有关,甲烷含量低则吸附时间长,尤其是小于８ｍ＾３／ｔ时急剧增长。从现有资料看,我国煤储层的吸附时间一般不超达９ｄ。煤     

基于LAMMPS的煤纳米孔隙中甲烷吸附/解吸和流动规律研究

基于LAMMPS(Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator)分子动力学方法,研究煤纳米孔隙中驱动力、孔径、温度和压力对甲烷吸附/解吸和流动的影响规律。结果表明,随着驱动力增加,甲烷分子黏度逐渐减小,流动性增强,流动速度增大,滑移长度绝对值逐渐减小,流动趋近于无滑移状态。甲烷的吸附密度与驱动力无关,主要受气?固作用影响。甲烷在流动过程中会吸附于煤孔隙壁面,当煤孔径较小时,甲烷几乎全部吸附,无游离态甲烷。增大煤孔径,壁面范德华力对游离态甲烷影响减弱,甲烷流动速度增大,孔隙内出现大量游离态甲烷,甲烷由单峰分布转为2个对称的双峰分布。大孔径中甲烷黏度较低,流动性好,Hagen-Poiseuille方程更适用于较大孔径中的甲烷流动。升高温度,甲烷分子热运动增强,吸附层密度降低,甲烷流动速度增加,煤孔隙壁上吸附态甲烷解吸为游离态甲烷,甲烷流量增大。增大压力,孔隙内甲烷数量逐渐增多,甲烷分子间强烈的相互碰撞使得甲烷流动阻力增大,流速减小。从微观角度通过建立更加真实的模型阐明了煤纳米孔隙中甲烷吸附/解吸和流动机制,研究结果可为工程应用中促进甲烷解吸、提升煤层气开采效率提供理论基础。      

瓦斯解吸吸热对气体压力测定的影响与煤样罐优化

针对在山西晋城赵庄煤矿井下测定瓦斯解吸压力先升高后降低的异常情况,通过对仪器设备和现场环境存在的原因进行排查分析,确定是由于瓦斯解吸过程中吸热导致的罐内气体温度降低,从而出现解吸压力的测定结果异常。为了解决该问题,利用良好导热材料设计加工成煤样罐,使罐内外达到热平衡,分别研究煤样罐置于空气和水介质中的解吸压力,实验发现煤样罐放置空气中出现了先升高后降低的现象,而在水中解吸压力快速回升。依据实验室瓦斯恒温解吸装置的水浴原理,设计加工形成了双壁内充填水的煤样罐,定量研究分析了煤样甲烷气体解吸热、比热容及需水量,通过实验室测定分析赵庄煤矿煤样的瓦斯解吸规律,验证了该煤样罐能够满足工业应用要求。      

煤岩类型对煤储层吸附/解吸特征影响及实践意义

宏观煤岩类型差异是影响煤层气吸附/解吸特征及煤层气井产能的重要因素之一。针对保德区块BX-2井8+9号煤4种不同宏观煤岩类型样品,开展工业分析、显微组分、润湿性及等温吸附/解吸实验研究,探讨了煤岩类型对煤层气吸附/解吸特征的影响及其机制。结果表明:暗淡煤、半暗煤、半亮煤和光亮煤的镜质组含量逐渐增大,水分和灰分含量逐渐降低,亲水性逐渐减弱,Langmuir体积逐渐增大;光亮煤和半亮煤具有更强的吸附能力,同时具有更高的启动压力、转折压力和敏感压力,解吸过程中对应的有效阶段区间宽度更大,更有利于煤层气开发。宏观煤岩类型对吸附/解吸特征的影响机制主要体现在不同煤岩类型煤组分和润湿性的差异。基于宏观煤岩类型分层厚度占比参数,对BX-2井解吸特征参数进行了加权平均计算,并将该井煤层气解吸阶段划分为缓慢解吸、快速解吸和敏感解吸3个阶段,将排采阶段划分为排水降压、不稳定产气、稳定产气和产气衰减4个阶段。排水降压阶段应控制排水速度,减少应力敏感效应对渗透性的伤害;不稳定产气阶段应适当控制套压,尽量扩大解吸半径;稳定产气和产气衰减阶段应适当增大生产压差,利用解吸效率高的优势延长产气高峰期和稳产期。      

构造煤与原生结构煤中甲烷扩散性能差异性分析

原生结构煤受构造应力破坏后形成不同类型煤体结构煤,其孔隙结构、吸附/解吸、扩散和渗透能力等将发生变化,从而影响煤层气的赋存与产出.通过对沁水盆地赵庄井田3号煤层原生结构煤与构造煤样品进行甲烷等温吸附实验、低温液氮和二氧化碳吸附实验,分析了构造煤与原生结构煤的吸附?解吸性能及孔隙结构特征;应用单孔和双孔非稳态扩散模型,揭...     

声场促进煤层气渗流的应力-温度-渗流压力场的流固动态耦合模型

从煤层气单相流动的吸附平衡质量守恒、声场作用下的热平衡及应力平衡等方面入手,建立了声场作用下煤层气流动的应力-温度-渗流压力场流固动态耦合数学模型。利用数值模拟,分析了声场促进煤层中甲烷解吸-扩散-渗流的机制。分析得出,声场作用可明显地提高煤-气系统的温度,提高煤层的孔隙度,增大煤层气流动的渗透率,降低煤层骨架的应力;超声在煤层中衰减形成热效应和超声振动,超声振动影响范围与超声衰减距离一致,超声热效应向煤层纵深传播,转化为煤-气层系统的热能,提高系统的温度。     

低煤阶煤中甲烷扩散性能分析

甲烷在煤基质中的扩散性能是影响煤层气产出的重要储层参数。采用云南东南部地区新近系中新统小龙潭组褐煤样品,开展了低煤阶煤中甲烷等温吸附实验。基于等温吸附实验获得的吸附量与时间的关系数据,应用一元孔隙结构气体非稳态扩散模型,计算了煤中甲烷气体扩散系数,揭示了煤中甲烷扩散规律和控制机理。研究结果表明,低煤阶煤中气体扩散规律服从Langmuir方程,煤中甲烷有效扩散系数和扩散系数随着压力的增高而增大;吸附时间常数随着压力的增高而减小,服从负指数函数规律。4个实验煤样Langmuir有效扩散系数和扩散系数分别是（1.71~5.46）×10-4 s-1和（2.17~6.91）×10-12 m2/s,Langmuir压力为0.63~1.97 MPa。在相同温度和压力条件下,干燥煤样的有效扩散系数和扩散系数大于平衡水分煤样,随着温度的增高,其有效扩散系数和扩散系数增加,煤中气体扩散性能增强。      

The verification of displacement methane effect caused by hydraulic fracturing in gassy coal seams

During hydraulic fracturing in gassy coal seams, the gas concentration in mining path ways is found to increase significantly. This phenomenon should be the displacement methane effect caused by hydraulic fracturing. Does this effect exist objectively? To this end, laboratory and field verification experiments were carried out. An experimental system integrated with true triaxial hydraulic fracturing, seepage, and displacement gas was developed. The largest sample size was 500?×?500?×?500 mm³. Proper sealing was assured in the experimental system, and the effects of coal bed methane were simulated effectively. Methane at a specific pressure was injected into a sealed coal sample. After pressure stabilization and the methane adsorption reached its equilibrium level, the high-pressure water was injected into the coal sample from the surface. Absorbed methane in the coal sample was displaced from the bottom of the coal by water pressure seepage. After the conduction of deep borehole hydraulic fracturing in a high gassy coal seam, the gas was displaced inward and outward from the main fracture section. The permeability, diffusion, and transfer of the gas resulted in a region of increased methane content in both sides of the main fracture section. And the methane content in the main fracture section was decreased. Along the length of the borehole, the methane content changed significantly. The existence of displaced methane caused by hydraulic fracturing in gassy coal seams was first verified by laboratory experiments and then field tests. The pore-pressure gradient provides power for driving methane by hydraulic fracturing. The amount of desorbed methane resulted from the competitive adsorption of water and methane is more than that of the absorbed methane resulted from increased methane pressure, which provides material guarantee for displacing methane by hydraulic fracturing. The displacement methane caused by hydraulic fracturing in gassy coal seams was also found to be time dependent.     

考虑渗透率变化的煤层气储层数值模拟及参数敏感性研究

煤层气开采过程中储层渗透率的变化对产气量影响较大,通过引入S＆D渗透率变化模型,建立了考虑渗透率变化的煤储层三维气水两相渗流数学模型,完成模型检验后应用所编制软件研究了煤储层参数、吸附参数及渗透率模型特征参数对开发效果的影响。结果表明,煤层气产量随着初始含气量、煤层有效厚度、裂缝渗透率和Langmuir压力的增大而增大,随储层原始压力、裂缝孔隙度和Langmuir体积的增大而减小,而解吸时间对产气量影响不大;裂缝渗透率随着杨氏模量和基质收缩/膨胀系数的增大而增大,随泊松比和裂缝压缩系数的增大而减小。引入S＆D模型后计算的累积产气量要比常规模型低1.3%,因此不可忽视煤层气产出过程中渗透率的变化。     

Binary gas sorption/desorption experiments on a bituminous coal: Simultaneous measurements on sorption kinetics,volumetric strain and acoustic emission

There is still no clear understanding of the specific interactions between coal and gas molecules. In this context sorption–desorption studies of methane and carbon dioxide, both in a single gas environment and gas mixtures, are of fundamental interest. This paper presents the results of unique simultaneous measurements of sorption kinetics, volumetric strain and acoustic emission (AE) on three tetragonal coal samples subjected to sorption of carbon dioxide and methane mixtures. The coal was a high volatile bituminous C coal taken from the Budryk mine in the Upper Silesia Basin, Poland. Three different gas mixtures were used in the sorption tests, with dominant CO₂, with dominant CH₄ and a 50/50 mixture.The experimental set-up was designed specially for this study. It consisted of three individual units working together: (i) a unit for gas sorption experiments using a volumetric method, (ii) an AE apparatus for detecting, recording and analysing AE, and (iii) a strain meter for measuring strains induced in the coal sample by gas sorption/desorption. All measurements were computer aided.The experiments indicated that the coal tested showed preferential sorption of CH₄ at 2.6 MPa pressure and exhibited comparable affinities for CH₄ and CO₂ at higher pressures (4.0 MPa). The results of chromatographic analysis of the gas released on desorption suggested that the desorption of methane from the coal was favoured. The relationship between the volumetric strain and the amount of sorbed gas was found to be non-linear. These results were contrary to common opinions on the coal behaviour. Furthermore, it appeared that the swelling/shrinkage of coal was clearly influenced by the network of fractures. Besides, the AE and strain characteristics suggested common sources of sorption induced AE and strain.The present results may have implications for the sequestration of carbon dioxide in coal seams and enhanced coalbed methane recovery (ECBM).     

1 Introduction

The paper deals with the coalbed methane gas-bearing characteristics such as the gas content, theoretical gas saturation, gas concentration and abundance, as well as coal reservoir characteristics such as the adsorption, desorption and permeability of China's coal reservoirs. The paper also introduces the resources of coalbed methane with a gas content ≥4 m3/t and their distribution in China.     

远红外作用下不同含水率煤体吸附/解吸能量变化规律

煤体对气体进行吸附/解吸过程的本质是气体分子和煤基质表面分子或原子相互作用的过程，而发生相互作用的本质是能量变化，为了深入研究远红外作用下煤层气吸附/解吸过程及能量变化规律，利用自主研制装置进行远红外作用下不同含水率煤样对CO₂的吸附/解吸实验，然后利用远红外热辐射原理所得的吸附/解吸能量公式对实验结果进行计算，得到不同含水率煤体吸附/解吸过程能量变化规律。结果表明:在远红外作用下，解吸率虽然随含水率增大呈下降趋势，但是下降幅度明显减小，远红外作用可以降低水分对煤层气吸附/解吸能力的影响；远红外作用下不同含水率煤体对气体吸附/解吸过程是一个物理变化，从能量角度可以解释该过程，其变化规律与等温吸附/解吸过程相吻合。研究结果丰富了煤层气增产技术理论。      

NUMERICAL MODELLING OF METHANE GAS MIGRATION IN DRY COAL SEAMS

This paper presents the development of a mathematical model for methane gas migration in coal seams. The major focus of this model is the coupling between the gas flow and deformation of solid coal. The effect of diffusion of adsorbed methane gas from the solid matrix to the voids has been taken into account. The adsorption of gas in the coal seam causes a two-phase state of gas flow. The governing equation for the two-phase gas flow is a non-linear partial differential equation with non-linear boundary conditions. A finite element model has been developed for simulation of the distribution of pressure and concentration of methane gas due to gas migration in coal seams.     

Modelling of anisotropic coal swelling and its impact on permeability behaviour for primary and enhanced coalbed methane recovery

Coal swelling/shrinkage during gas adsorption/desorption is a well-known phenomenon. For some coals the swelling/shrinkage shows strong anisotropy, with more swelling in the direction perpendicular to the bedding than that parallel to the bedding. Experimental measurements performed in this work on an Australian coal found strong anisotropic swelling behaviour in gases including nitrogen, methane and carbon dioxide, with swelling in the direction perpendicular to the bedding almost double that parallel to the bedding. It is proposed here that this anisotropy is caused by anisotropy in the coal's mechanical properties and matrix structure. The Pan and Connell coal swelling model, which applies an energy balance approach where the surface energy change caused by adsorption is equal to the elastic energy change of the coal solid, is further developed to describe the anisotropic swelling behaviour incorporating coal property and structure anisotropy. The developed anisotropic swelling model is able to accurately describe the experimental data mentioned above, with one set of parameters to describe the coal's properties and matrix structure and three gas adsorption isotherms. This developed model is also applied to describe anisotropic swelling measurements from the literature where the model was found to provide excellent agreement with the measurement. The anisotropic coal swelling model is also applied to an anisotropic permeability model to describe permeability behaviour for primary and enhanced coalbed methane recovery. It was found that the permeability calculation applying anisotropic coal swelling differs significantly to the permeability calculated using isotropic volumetric coal swelling strain. This demonstrates that for coals with strong anisotropic swelling, anisotropic swelling and permeability models should be applied to more accurately describe coal permeability behaviour for both primary and enhanced coalbed methane recovery processes.     

孔隙压力对煤岩基质解吸变形影响的试验研究

煤层气开采过程中,伴随着煤层气不断地吸附、解吸和渗流,煤体产生变形,极易导致煤和瓦斯突出事故。以晋城天地王坡煤矿为例,通过实验室内试验,模拟煤层气在复杂地层漫长的形成和逐渐开采过程,得到了孔隙压力与解吸量、应变的变化关系,并拟合得出其相应关系表达式,揭示了一些新的规律:(1)初期解吸速度较快,解吸量随时间的增长而不断增加,后期解吸速度减缓,解吸量逐渐趋于稳定;(2)孔隙压力与解吸量、应变呈现抛物线曲线关系,随孔隙压力的升高,吸附和膨胀变形占主导,其值均在增大;(3)存在最小孔隙压力值,随孔隙压力的增大,解吸时间增长,孔隙压力越小,吸附解吸规律越不明显,对于晋城天地王坡煤矿3#煤样,该值在1.0MPa左右;(4)不同加载方式对解吸量和变形量影响较大,先部分加载吸附后全部载荷解吸结果同比加全部载荷吸附解吸结果高13%～77%。试验结果可为煤层气(CBM)抽放安全和煤与瓦斯突出防治提供理论依据。     

A theoretical model for gas adsorption-induced coal swelling

Swelling and shrinkage (volumetric change) of coal during adsorption and desorption of gas is a well-known phenomenon. For coalbed methane recovery and carbon sequestration in deep, unminable coal beds, adsorption-induced coal volumetric change may cause significant reservoir permeability change. In this work, a theoretical model is derived to describe adsorption-induced coal swelling at adsorption and strain equilibrium. This model applies an energy balance approach, which assumes that the surface energy change caused by adsorption is equal to the elastic energy change of the coal solid. The elastic modulus of the coal, gas adsorption isotherm, and other measurable parameters, including coal density and porosity, are required in this model. Results from the model agree well with experimental observations of swelling. It is shown that the model is able to describe the differences in swelling behaviour with respect to gas species and at very high gas pressures, where the coal swelling ratio reaches a maximum then decreases. Furthermore, this model can be used to describe mixed-gas adsorption induced-coal swelling, and can thus be applied to CO₂-enhanced coalbed methane recovery.     

构造煤中煤层气扩散-渗流特征及其机理

煤层气产出一般要经过解吸、扩散和渗流三个阶段,而煤层气在变形较强的构造煤中的扩散过程不同于在原生结构煤或变形较弱的煤体中的扩散。外界压力的变化只是构造煤吸附与解吸整个过程的一种外在因素,构造煤的变形和结构变化以及吸附势场的转换才是构造煤吸附与解吸的内在因素,是导致解吸过程不可逆性的根本原因。当构造煤体与CH4等多元气体间的吸附平衡状态遭到破坏时,变形较强的构造煤在降压后会产生解吸滞后现象;而变形较弱的煤,分子结构中的气体会很快解吸,第一阶段是气体解吸作用,第二阶段是游离气体从微孔向较大孔隙扩散的过程,气体扩散速率主要由第二阶段决定。构造煤气体扩散机理主要是由孔隙形状、大小、连通性和多元气体性质和状态所决定的。韧性变形煤的微孔隙比较发达,所以韧性变形煤以Knudsen扩散为主,脆性变形煤的中、大孔隙所占比例较大,而且脆性变形煤的孔隙之间具有很好的连通性,所以脆性变形煤以Fick型扩散为主,脆-韧性变形煤以及接近脆-韧性变形煤的脆性变形煤和韧性变形煤均以过渡型扩散为主。在试井渗透率比较中,一定变形程度的脆性变形煤>韧性变形煤,脆性变形煤中以过渡孔为主,其余为微孔,测不出亚微孔和极微孔,脆性变形还增加了各孔隙之间的相互连通性。韧性变形煤中过渡孔比表面积所占比例下降,微孔和亚微孔增高,扩散主要发生在微孔和过渡孔中,所以韧性变形煤的试井渗透率低于脆性变形煤的试井渗透率。     

考虑煤层气藏地解压差的物质平衡储量计算方法

以往的煤层气藏物质平衡法未考虑地解压差问题,对此进行了改进,提出了新方法。首先对煤层的原始吸附气含量采用临界解吸压力(而非前人采用的原始地层压力)下的Langmuir方程进行表征;然后通过近似化和线性化处理,将基本物质平衡方程转化为视平均储层压力(P/Z*)和累积产气量(G_P)的直线方程。该直线在直角坐标系横坐标上的截距为原始地质储量,在纵坐标上的截距为视临界解吸压力(而非前人的视原始地层压力)。运用该物质平衡法,计算Eclipse建立的一个煤层气藏模型的储量,发现误差仅为0.35%。这表明在参数准确的情况下,Langmuir体积和压力、原始割理孔隙度和某些时刻的平均地层压力等在数模中可准确获知,该方法是准确可靠的。