近震震级测定方法研究

本文根据北京电信传输地震台网在1978-1984年期间的395次地震[1.0ML6.2;10△600km]资料,讨论了近震震级 ML 的量规函数、台基校正、仪器分量校正和震源区校正等,并着重研究了信号持续时间震级 MD 的不同测定方法和误差.结果表明,如果采用本文中所述的方法,不需添加任何校正值,只用少数几个台甚至仅用一个台的资料就可逼近无偏震级.必须指出,持续时间震级 MD 在震级大于4.8时可产生震级饱和现象,对此,用另一条具有较大斜率的方程拟合便可得到满意的结果.      

一种新的地震危险性表达方法研究

为了寻找一种精度较高、超越概率范围较广并且便于应用的方式来表达地震危险性,本文回顾了当前常用的几种地震危险性表达方法,提出基于一个新函数来拟合地震危险性曲线的“特征系数法”,并使用《中国地震动参数区划图》（GB 18306—2015）的基础数据对该函数的拟合效果进行了验证。结果表明,新函数与地震危险性曲线拟合良好,与极值函数相比有明显的提升,能够充分地表达一个场点的地震危险性。另外,本文结果还显示该函数中表征曲线形状的参数k （文中称为特征系数）与场点面临的地震环境有关,k值较低的场点危险性贡献基本来自近场,而k值较高的场点中远距离的贡献是不能忽视的。      

Seismic wavelet estimation via a system identification method

On the assumption that the wavelet is causal and nonminimum phase, an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model is introduced to fit the seismic trace. Seismic wavelet extraction is converted to parameters estimation of the ARMA model. Singular value decomposition (SVD) of an appropriate matrix formed by autocorrelation is exploited to determine the autoregressive (AR) order, and the cumulant-based SVD-TLS (total least squares) approach is proposed to obtain the AR parameters. The author proposes a new moving average (MA) model order determination method via combining the information theoretic criteria method and higher-order cumulant method. The cumulant approach is used to achieve the MA parameters. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations demonstrate the feasibility of the wavelet extraction approach.     

若羌测震台背景噪声分析

若羌测震台属国家测震台,为了评估该台站背景噪声水平,采用Welch平均周期法,对2009—2019年共11年近5 000条小时波形数据进行功率谱计算,分析异常噪声特征。同时,绘制该台站11年无断记数据概率密度函数图,分析整体噪声水平。分析发现:①若羌测震台受持续增加的人类活动影响,背景噪声水平不断升高;②受气压影响,水平向噪声水平明显高于垂直向;③2017年后,若羌测震台功率谱密度曲线在频率10 Hz附近出现高频异常,应为米兰河水库运行造成的固有干扰。     

Anisotropy Effects on Microseismic Event Location

Seismic anisotropy in sedimentary environments is significant—microseismic waveforms often show strong shear-wave splitting, with differences reaching 40% between horizontally and vertically-polarized shear-wave velocities. Failure to account for this anisotropy is shown to result in large microseismic event location errors. A method is presented here for determining the five elastic parameters of a homogeneous, vertical transverse-isotropic (VTI) model from calibration shot data. The method can also use data from mining-induced seismic events, which are then simultaneously located. This simple model provides a good fit to arrival times from coal-environment data, and results in dramatic shifts in interpreted event locations.     

Determination of Focal Depths of the MS5.8 Alxa Left Banner, Inner Mongolia Earthquake Sequence

Using the double-difference earthquake location algorithm, the deterministic method (PTD method) and the CAP seismic moment tensor inversion method, the paper selects the primary waveform data of 78 earthquakes recorded by the "China Earthquake Science Array Probe Project in the Northern Part of North South Seismic Belt", the "China Earthquake Scientific Exploration Array Data Center" of Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, and the Inner Mongolia Digital Seismic Network to calculate the focal depths of the mainshock and the seismic sequence of the M_S5.8 Alxa Left Banner earthquake in Inner Mongolia. The results show that the focal depth of the main shock is 20.6km, determined by the double-difference earthquake location method, 18.1km by the PTD method, and 19.2km by the CAP method. The focal depth of the earthquake sequence calculated by the double-difference location method is larger. The deterministic method (PTD method) and double-difference location method are the methods that fit the tectonic characteristics of the seismic source area, and the CAP method is suitable for larger earthquakes.     

地震数据压缩重构的正则化与零范数稀疏最优化方法

地震数据重构问题是一个病态的反演问题. 本文基于地震数据在curvelet域的稀疏性, 将地震数据重构变为一个稀疏优化问题, 构造0范数的逼近函数作为目标函数, 提出了一种投影梯度求解算法. 本文还运用最近提出的分段随机采样方式进行采样, 该采样方式能够有效地控制采样间隔并且保持采样的随机性. 地震数值模拟表明, 基于0范数逼近的投影梯度法计算效率有明显的提高; 分段随机采样方式比随机欠采样有更加稳定的重构结果.     

地震数据的稀疏高斯束分解方法

本文研究了地震数据的稀疏分解问题.提出了一种用高斯束稀疏分解表示地震数据的方法.这是一个拟0范数约束优化问题.在求解拟0范数极小化问题的过程中,通过扫描同相轴的方法实现高斯束稀疏分解,数值实现上提出了使用一种快速单调下降的梯度优化方法.本文提出的稀疏优化方法同时具有去噪的功能,数据模拟试验表明了本方法的可行性和可靠性.     

综合近震及远震波形反演2006文安地震(Mw5.1)的震源机制解

2006年7月4日,在距离北京100 km左右的文安地区,发生了M_w=5.1级地震,引起了北京地区的强烈震感.为了更好的认识区域构造,我们利用近震及远震波形反演的方法得到了此次文安地震的震源机制.选择了北京数字地震台网的9个地震台,震中距小于600 km,台站的方位角覆盖较好.为了更好地利用信号相对较弱的P波信号,对于一个地震记录,本文分别截取出P波和面波两个部分,分别给予不同的权重进行反演,结合格点搜索的方法,得到了与记录P波及面波三分量对应较好的地震的方位角、倾角和滑移角.同时考虑到北京西北地区地壳较厚,本文在利用F-K方法计算近震理论波形的时候,对不同的方位角,采用了不同的地壳速度模型.随后结合远震信号中的直达P、pP、sP波形得到了分辨率较高的地震震源深度.反演结果表明,此次文安地震是一个较为典型的走滑型地震,方位角为210°,倾角80°,滑移角-150°,地震的深度为14~15 km,地震的震级为(M_w=5.1).反演结果与断层的几何分布、余震分布及北京地区北北东向应力场有很好的一致性.     

单台测定M_B和M_S震级与CENC测定震级偏差分析

利用湟源地震台2004年7月至11月数字化地震仪记录到的MB震级66个、MS震级40个与中国地震台网中心测定的MB和MS震级进行了对比分析,利用M网-M台计算出了湟源地震台MB和MS震级的偏差,并从震中距、震源深度及方位等方面分析了产生偏差的原因,进而指出了解决的方法。     

泾阳台地震持续时间震级公式MD初探

用最小二乘法处理泾阳台ＤＤ－１地震仪记录资料，拟合适于泾阳台由地震波持续时间求算近震震级ＭＤ的公式：ＭＤ＝２．７ｌｇｒ—２．４（Δ≤１０ｋｍ），ＭＤ＝２．２９ｌｇｒ＋０．００１１８Δ－２．２５（１０ｋｍ＜Δ≤５２０ｋｍ），并对震级ＭＬ和ＭＤ进行误差分析。     

基于单台P波记录的快速自动地震定位方法研究

提出了一种仅基于单台P波到达后1秒数据的包络特征、最大振幅及P波段地震信号的偏振特性来进行地震快速定位的改进模型和方法。选取山东地震台网58例单台1s的P波记录进行快速定位,并与台网定位结果进行比较,结果表明该方法是有效的,为进一步缩短地震预警时间提供了可能。     

用远震接收函数研究山西地区地壳厚度变化：“晋中坡折带”及其地质意义探讨

利用山西数字地震台网中心6年的远震数据计算接收函数并进行H-k搜索,以获得台站下方的地壳厚度.结果表明, 山西地区在平遥盆地北缘的文水-晋中一线,地壳厚度存在北厚南薄差异变化的坡折带,称之为“晋中坡折带”.该带呈NEE向延伸,其南部地区地壳厚度37~40 km,北部地区厚41~45 km.本文分析认为,该坡折带代表早前寒武纪基底构造,是华北克拉通内部的重要构造边界.山西地区基底构造保存完好,地壳厚度未明显减薄.     

Analytic modeling of groundwater dynamics with an approximate impulse response function for areal recharge

An analytic approach is presented for the simulation of variations in the groundwater level due to temporal variations of recharge in surficial aquifers. Such variations, called groundwater dynamics, are computed through convolution of the response function due to an impulse of recharge with a measured time series of recharge. It is proposed to approximate the impulse response function with an exponential function of time which has two parameters that are functions of space only. These parameters are computed by setting the zeroth and first temporal moments of the approximate impulse response function equal to the corresponding moments of the true impulse response function. The zeroth and first moments are modeled with the analytic element method. The zeroth moment may be modeled with existing analytic elements, while new analytic elements are derived for the modeling of the first moment. Moment matching may be applied in the same fashion with other approximate impulse response functions. It is shown that the proposed approach gives accurate results for a circular island through comparison with an exact solution; both a step recharge function and a measured series of 10 years of recharge were used. The presented approach is specifically useful for modeling groundwater dynamics in aquifers with shallow groundwater tables as is demonstrated in a practical application. The analytic element method is a gridless method that allows for the precise placement of ditches and streams that regulate groundwater levels in such aquifers; heads may be computed analytically at any point and at any time. The presented approach may be extended to simulate the effect of other transient stresses (such as fluctuating surface water levels or pumping rates), and to simulate transient effects in multi-aquifer systems.     

地震数据互相关驱动的多道反演方法

地震反演是储层定量描述和地震油气识别的关键技术,反演结果在复杂构造区域的横向连续性和保真性是影响地震资料定量解释精度的重要因素.基于此,本文发展了地震数据互相关驱动的多道反演方法.考虑地层反射系数与地震数据在结构上具有相似性的特点,基于地震数据互相关描述地层反射系数的结构特征,并将其作为多道地震反演的横向约束条件;此外,为改善地震数据本身横向连续性差对反演结果的影响,在目标泛函的惩罚项中引入局部优化算子,构建了一个易于求解的多道地震反演目标泛函.与常规多道地震反演方法相比,本文方法能够设计更合理、更符合实际情况的横向约束算子,提高反演结果的横向连续性,并且能有效降低地震资料质量对反演结果的影响.模型测试和实际应用验证了本方法的可靠性和稳定性.     

用经验格林函数方法研究台站的场地响应

本研究利用成都遥测数字地震台网数字地震波形数据资料,采用经验格林函数方法研究台站的场地响应,并与计算台站场地响应的常规方法-Moya方法得出的结果进行了比较。结果表明,两种方法得到的结果是比较相似的。本研究所采用的经验格林函数方法简单、有效,得到的台站场地响应结果真实可靠。     

汶川8.0级地震序列联合定位研究

使用联合定位方法对2008年5月12日至7月7日M<,L>≥3.0的1 028次地震进行重新定位.针对EVT格式的波形数据,重新求取视出射角参数和到时参数,建立地震波到时与视出射角联合定位方法.视出射角参数对深度较敏感,其联合定位结果能保证经度和纬度方向上的定位精度,特别是能提高对深度的分辨能力.联合定位结果表明,地震...     

METHODS FOR CALCULATING FRÉCHET DERIVATIVES AND SENSITIVITIES FOR THE NON-LINEAR INVERSE PROBLEM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY1

A fundamental step in the solution of most non-linear inverse problems is to establish a relationship between changes in a proposed model and resulting changes in the forward modelled data. Once this relationship has been established, it becomes possible to refine an initial model to obtain an improved fit to the observed data. In a linearized analysis, the Fréchet derivative is the connecting link between changes in the model and changes in the data. In some simple cases an analytic expression for the Fréchet derivative may be derived. In this paper we present three techniques to accomplish this and illustrate them by computing the Fréchet derivative for the ID resistivity problem. For more complicated problems, where it is not possible to obtain an expression for the Fréchet derivative, it is necessary to parameterize the model and solve numerically for the sensitivities - partial derivatives of the data with respect to model parameters. The standard perturbation method for computing first-order sensitivities is discussed and compared to the more efficient sensitivity-equation and adjoint-equation methods. Extensions to allow for the calculation of higher order, directional and objective function sensitivities are also presented. Finally, the application of these various techniques is illustrated for both the 1D and 2D resistivity problems.     

使用CDSN资料确定澜沧地震震源参数

本文使用中国ＣＤＳＮ长周期数字资料，采用理论地震图试错法，确定了１９８８年云南澜沧７．６级强震的震源机制参数，改进Ｋｉｋｕｃｈｉ方法，计算出震源破裂时间过程函数，讨论了该地区发展地质构造。     

基于低频信息补偿的数据驱动Marchenko成像

基于常规地震干涉法和地震超越干涉法,提出了SI和BSI的结合方法SIBSI,即在SI被动源低频信息提取的基础上,重构主动源BSI地震数据,并利用BSI进行格林函数重构和面向目标的Marchenko成像.研究了基于频率优势的主动源低频重构方法,在完整保留了主动源信号高频信息的基础上,有效重构了低频信息,拓宽了地震数据的频带范围.讨论了含有自由表面多次波的地震数据在Marchenko成像中应用的方法.设计了一个含有高阻抗地层的模型,在该模型上使用SI低频信息重构BSI主动源地震数据,最后与纯主动源地震数据的格林函数重构和Marchenko成像进行了对比,证明了本文所提出方法的有效性、抗噪性以及在提高成像效果中的优势.