含有单-粗糙面的走滑断层的滑动弱化不稳定性h

本文研究了有限长度含有单一粗糙面的垂直走滑断层的滑动弱化不稳定性.我们假定断层强度在其深度方向是均匀的,而在走滑方向是不均匀的,即存在一个高强度段.并假定断层上的粗糙段及断层上的其它部分具有相同类型的本构律,只是峰值应力不同.断层周围的地壳材料用上、下表面应力自由的弹性平板来模拟.我们用有限元方法研究了理论位移场、应力场和应变场随远场位移的演变情况.此时,断层位移和摩擦应力并不是预先给定的,而是在求解过程中同时确定的.根据计算结果,我们比较了理论位移场及断层上摩擦应力分布在稳定和不稳定滑动情况时的差别.并与内部含有低强度段的走滑断层的场合做了比较.      

Analysis of slip-softening instability on a fault with asperities

Slip-softening instability on a vertical strike-slip fault with asperities has been analysed. The fault strength is uniform in depth, but the strength is nonuniform in the strike direction, i.e., there are asperities on the fault. These asperities and other segments of the fault have the same type of constitutive law but different peak stresses. The material surrounding the fault is represented by elastic plates, of which the top and bottom surfaces are stress-free.We use a finite element method to study the evolution of theoretical displacement, stress and strain field with a growing displacement applied at the remote plate ends. The slip and frictional stress are obtained as part of the solution. We have compared the difference of theoretical displacement, strain field and the distribution of frictional stress on the fault between unstable and stable slip. In addition, we have studied the effect of size and strength of asperities on instability, and the softening behaviour of asperities before instability.We find that (1) the failure of the fault zone may be due to either dynamic instability or rapid quasistable slip. A general characteristic of unstable mode is that slippage, on some parts of asperities increases indefinitely for a small finite increase in remote imposed displacement until, immediately before the unstable slip; (2) the size and peak strength of asperities have a large effect on instability. Reducing the size and peak strength of asperities tends to replace inertially unstable deformation with stable deformation; (3) the location with maximum acceleration during unstable slip, as the plausible nucleating seismic source, is in asperities; (4) the shapes of the changes in theoretical stress and strain at a given location, caused by the nonlinear constitutive property of the fault, are all similar whether instability, happens or not. This fact suggests that the changes of peak type or bend type in crustal deformation are not required for earthquake instability.     

地震失稳的滑动弱化模型的有限元分析

本文采用有限元方法,对直立的、无限长的二维走滑断层上的地震不稳定性的滑动弱化模型进行分析,研究断层参数对失稳的影响,从理论上探索当断层强、弱区均有弱化现象时,断层破裂的前兆信息,进而分析摩擦应力弱化规律与地震预报的关系,讨论失稳前后位移场、应变场和应力场的演变过程。     

障碍体和凹凸体对地震矩的影响

本文利用具有非均匀剪切应力分布的圆盘状裂缝问题的解,定量计算了障碍体和凹凸体对地震矩的影响.我们发现,除非障碍体的尺寸很小或很接近于整个断层的尺寸,含有障碍体的断层的地震矩,大致为具有均匀应力降的等面积断层的地震矩的40%.由此可以推知,在障碍体的这种尺寸范围内,视应力降大致也是△Af=SA-f的40%.这里SA是远场应力,f是残余摩擦应力.另外,已存在滑动带对于凹凸体破坏的地震矩有明显的放大作用,这种作用在凹凸体尺寸较小时特别显著.例如,当凹凸体半径是整个断层半径的2/10时,凹凸体上的矩被放大7倍多;当其半径为整个断层半径的1/10时,凹凸体的矩将被放大约30倍. 文中还比较了三维效应和二维效应的差异.我们发现,Mx0/M0c在三维情形对障碍体尺寸的变化并不敏感,这是与二维情形很不相同的.这里,Mx0是具有障碍体的断层破裂所产生的地震矩,M0c是相应的均匀断层破裂的矩.所以,二维分析不适用于具有障碍体的三维断层.然而,在分析已存在滑动带对凹凸体破裂的矩的影响时,平面应变结果与三维结果差异并不很大.      

2011年M_W9.0东日本大地震动力学破裂过程的数值模拟

力学上,地震可以看作在应力场作用下由于断层带介质的突然损伤或软化导致的断层带失稳事件.本文基于这个地震动力学模型,利用一种可以模拟断层大位错的有限元方法,研究了2011年MW9.0东日本大地震(Tohoku-Oki)的动力学破裂过程.比较了无障碍体和具有不同刚度障碍体的断层带模型产生的断层位移、位错和应力降.主要结果表明,障碍体的存在并不明显地改变障碍体区域的初始构造应力场.对有障碍体情形,准静态结果显示断层上盘最大逆冲位移和最大剪切位错分别为51m和58m,均发生在海底表面海沟处,与无障碍体的结果(最大剪切位错约55m)相比差别不大;下盘最大倾向位移(-10m)并不与上盘最大值出现在同一位置,而是在障碍体处.障碍体处剪应力降(约11 MPa)大于周围非障碍体区域.障碍体处正应力降的最大值约为3 MPa.模拟结果似乎不支持海山是导致本次地震异乎寻常大位错的原因,而倾向于断层带剪切刚度在地震过程中极度损伤或软化.     

不同岩性下水对断层摩擦性状影响的实验研究

利用双轴伺服控制加载装置, 在干燥和饱和水(浸在水中)条件下, 开展了砂岩、 大理岩和花岗岩的摩擦实验。 对比干湿条件下断层摩擦应力和声发射的演化特征, 讨论水对断层滑动性状的影响。 研究表明, 低正应力条件下, 砂岩和大理岩标本表现为稳滑, 而花岗岩则表现为粘滑; 岩体矿物成分、 孔隙率和以及滑动面的状况共同影响断层摩擦的稳定性; 干湿条件下摩擦强度的变化为水对断层滑动面和围岩抗剪强度影响的综合效应; 砂岩含有硬度较小的矿物, 初始粘结力低, 孔隙率高, 水对滑动面和围岩都起到弱化的作用; 方解石硬度和摩擦特性控制了大理岩的摩擦性状, 而标本含有穿晶和晶内微破裂增强了水对大理岩摩擦强度的弱化作用; 花岗岩组成矿物的硬度大且胶结紧密, 初始粘结力大, 孔隙率低, 因此摩擦性状对含水量的变化响应较小。 不同岩性的摩擦稳定性在干湿条件下均存在差异, 不同岩性断层摩擦性状对含水量的变化响应不同, 因此研究水库诱发地震时要考虑断层的岩性特征。     

Finite element analysis of buried steel pipelines under strike-slip fault displacements

The present paper investigates the mechanical behavior of buried steel pipelines, crossing an active strike-slip tectonic fault. The fault is normal to the pipeline direction and moves in the horizontal direction, causing stress and deformation in the pipeline. The interacting soil–pipeline system is modelled rigorously through finite elements, which account for large strains and displacements, nonlinear material behavior and special conditions of contact and friction on the soil–pipe interface. Considering steel pipelines of various diameter-to-thickness ratios, and typical steel material for pipeline applications (API 5L grades X65 and X80), the paper focuses on the effects of various soil and pipeline parameters on the structural response of the pipe, with particular emphasis on identifying pipeline failure (pipe wall wrinkling/local buckling or rupture). The effects of shear soil strength, soil stiffness, horizontal fault displacement, width of the fault slip zone are investigated. Furthermore, the influence of internal pressure on the structural response is examined. The results from the present investigation are aimed at determining the fault displacement at which the pipeline fails and can be used for pipeline design purposes. The results are presented in diagram form, which depicts the critical fault displacement, and the corresponding critical strain versus the pipe diameter-to-thickness ratio. A simplified analytical model is also developed to illustrate the counteracting effects of bending and axial stretching. The numerical results for the critical strain are also compared with the recent provisions of EN 1998-4 and ASCE MOP 119.     

走滑断层位移作用下山岭隧道非线性反应分析

为了研究穿越断层的山岭隧道结构在走滑断层位错作用下的反应,基于有限元和拟静力的基本原理,建立了隧道围岩的相互作用模型,提出了一种以围岩沿断层位错为输入荷载的跨断层隧道衬砌的反应分析方法。利用有限元分析软件ANSYS的位移荷载功能,使该反应分析方法得以实现。分析过程中以上盘为主动盘,通过给上盘施加强制位移来描述围岩的错动,采用荷载步为100步的逐步加载的方式来描述围岩错动的过程。对比研究了走滑断层工况下,加载断层位错由小到大的过程中,隧道衬砌各部分的应力反应状态。结果表明:当断层位错在20cm以下时,隧道衬砌各部分均处于安全状态;随着错动量的增大,衬砌不同部分的破坏顺序为:边墙先产生破坏,然后顶板产生破坏,最后破坏延伸至底板。     

An asperity model to simulate rupture along heterogeneous fault surfaces

A model has been developed to simulate the statistical and mechanical nature of rupture on a heterogeneous strike-slip fault. The model is based on the progressive failure of circular asperities of varying sizes and strengths along a fault plane subjected to a constant far-field shear displacement rate. The basis of the model is a deformation and stress intensity factory solution for a single circular asperity under a unidirectional shear stress. The individual asperities are unified through the fault stiffness and the far-field stress and displacement. During fault deformation asperities can fail and reheal, resulting in changes in the local stresses in the asperities, stress drops, and changes in the stiffness of the fault. Depending on how the stress is redistributed following asperity failure and on the strenghts of the neighboring asperities an earthquake event can be the failure of one or more asperities. Following an earthquake event seismic source parameters such as the stress drop, energy change, and moment magnitude are calculated. Results from the model show a very realistic pattern of earthquake rupture, with reasonable source parameters, the proper magnitude-frequency behavior, and the development of characteristic earthquakes. Also the progression ofb-values in the model gives some insight into the phenomenon of self-organized criticality.     

凹凸体位错非均匀性对断层引起地表位移的影响

在已有的凹凸体震源模型基础上考虑凹凸体位错非均匀性,提出改进的凹凸体位错模式.新的位错模式随机设置凹凸体上各子断层位错量,同时在凹凸体与背景区交界处设置位错平缓变化的区域.以1989年美国 LomaPrieta地震为例,计算不同断层位错模式下引起的地表位移,并与反演得到真实情况下地表的位移作对比,验证改进凹凸体位错模式的可靠性.结果显示,使用改进的渐变凹凸体非均匀位错模式计算时,与真实情况下竖向地表位移差大于8cm 的区域面积为 43km2,相较凹凸体均匀位错模式缩减25%;水平地表位移差大于8cm 区域面积为117km2,相较凹凸体均匀位错模式缩减达31%.利用改进的渐变凹凸体非均匀位错模式,计算1679年三河—平谷大地震在北京地区形成的地表位移场.北京市外,最大竖向地表位移大于4．8m,最大水平地表位移大于2．6m,均出现在三河附近;北京市内,通州区至平谷区一带地表位移最大,最大水平地表位移大于 2．6m,最大竖向地表位移大于1m.研究结果可为今后北京地区的抗震设防提供参考.     

ESTIMATING THE MAGNITUDE OF TECTONIC STRESS BASED ON THE FRICTION CRITERIA OF FAULT AND ANALYSING THE PARAMETERS' INFLUENCE

Based on Zoback's method for estimating the tectonic stress magnitude and the two assumptions, we consider the conditions that three principal stresses are vertical principal stresses respectively(corresponding to three kinds of tectonic stress types). We deduced the formulae for estimating the tectonic stress magnitude by using the stress form factor and frictional strength of the fault and discussed the correlative influence of friction coefficient, pore pressure parameter and stress form factor on the stress value. When the maximum principal stress is approximately horizontal (when stress regime is strike-slip or reverse), the maximum principal stress (or the slope of stress increasing linearly with depth) is positively related with the friction coefficient and negatively related with the pore pressure coefficient. When the minimum principal stress is approximately horizontal (when stress regime is strike-slip or normal), the minimum principal stress (or the slope with depth) is negatively related to the friction coefficient, and positive to the pore pressure. Besides, these three parameters have great influence on the estimation of the tectonic stress magnitude. If the friction coefficient is too big and the pore pressure is too small, there could be a wide difference between the slope of the maximum principal stress increasing with depth and the slope of the minimum principal stress increasing with depth, which could lead to an unreasonable result. Our method is just an approximate estimation for the tectonic stress magnitude when crustal rocks have undergone brittle rupture or frictional sliding. The estimated results are not the tectonic stress magnitude when crust is in steady state.     

走滑断层地表位移动态演化特征研究

在经典走滑断层位移公式基础上引入时间变量, 研究断层运动中地表位移与时间的动态变化关系, 得到走滑断层地表位移时空动态演化公式。 当观测点处于断层近、 中场或者孕震阶段处于孕震中、 晚期时, 地表位移近似正比于时间对数函数。 得到以下结果: ① 走滑断层随时间的位移是不收敛的, 但发散速度十分缓慢。 ② 目前多数GPS水平方向的时间序列良好的线性特征为时间对数函数的局部线性近似。 ③ 在孕震中、 晚期的任意时刻, 断层近、 中场的地表任意一点的位移与其距断层的距离成正比, 即垂直于断层方向的地表位移曲线近似一条直线。 ④ 从震前的某个时刻开始计时, 震前距断层远的站点产生的位移比距断层近的站点产生的位移大; 震后距断层近的站点产生的位移比距断层远的站点产生的位移大。 走滑断层地表位移动态演化公式适用于断层的近中场, 孕震的中晚期, 可为断层地震危险性的判定提供理论支持。     

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN GEOMETRIC FEATURE OF CO-SEISMIC RUPTURE AND CO-SEISMIC DISPLACEMENT

The existence of asperity has been confirmed by heterogeneously distributed seismic activities along the slipping surface associated with recent huge earthquakes, such as the M8.0 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and M9.0 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. The location of asperity embedded in the seismogenic depth always corresponds to the area of high value of the co-seismic displacement and stress drop where the elastic energy is accumulated during the inter-seismic periods. Fault segmentation is an essential step for seismic hazard assessment. So far, the fault trace is dominantly segmented by considering its geometric features, such as bends and steps. But the connection between the asperity and geometric feature of the slipping surface is under dispute. Research on correlation between geometric feature of surface rupture and co-seismic displacement is of great significance to understand the relationship of seismicity distribution to geometric morphology of sliding surface. To scrutinize the correlation between the geometric feature and co-seismic displacement, we compiled 28 earthquake cases among which there are 19 strike-slip events and 9 dip-slip events. These cases are mainly collected from the published investigation reports and research papers after the earthquake occurred. All the earthquakes' magnitude is between M_W5.4~8.1 except for the M_W5.4 Ernablla earthquake. The range of the rupture length lies between 4.5~426km. Each case contains surface rupture trace mapped in detail with corresponding distribution of co-seismic displacement, but the rupture maps vary in projected coordinate system. So, in order to obtain uniform vector graphics for the following data processing, firstly, vectorization of the surface rupture traces associated with each case should be conducted, and secondly, the vector graphics are transformed into identical geographic coordinate system, i.e. WGS1984-UTM projected coordinate system, and detrended to adjust its fitted trend line into horizontal orientation. The geometric features of surface rupture trace are characterized from three aspects, i.e. strike change, step and roughness. Previous studies about the rupture geometry always describe the characteristics from the whole trace length, consequently, the interior change of the geometric characteristics of the rupture is overlooked. In order to solve this problem, a technique of moving window with a specified window size and moving step is performed to quantify the change of feature values along the fault strike. The selected window size would directly affect the quantified result of the geometric feature. There are two contrary effects, large window size would neglect the detail characteristics of the trace, and small window size would split the continuity of the target object and increase the noise component. So we tested a set of sizes on the Gobi-Altay case to select a proper value and choose 1/25 of the whole rupture length as a proper scaling. Here, we utilize the included angle value of the fitted line in the adjoining windows, Coefficient of variation and the intercept value of the PSD(Power Spectra Density)for characterizing the change of strike, step size and roughness. The rupture trace is extracted within every moving window to calculate the aforementioned feature values. Then we can obtain three sets of data from every rupture trace. The co-seismic displacement is averaged in piecewise with uniform interval and moving step along the fault strike. Then, the correlations between three kinds of feature value and the co-seismic displacement are calculated respectively, as well as the P-value of correlation coefficient significant test. We divided cases into two groups according to the slip mode, i.e. strike-slip group and dip-slip group, and contrast their results. In the correlation result list, there is an apparent discrepancy in correlation values between the two groups. The values of the strike-slip group mostly show negative, which indicates that geometric feature of the rupture trace is in inverse proportion to the displacement. In dip-slip group, the values distribute around zero, which suggests the geometric features is irrelevant to the displacement. Through the analysis of the correlation between the surface rupture and co-seismic displacement, the following conclusions can be reached:1)In comparison with the dip-slip earthquake type, the characteristics of surface rupture of strike-slip earthquakes have a higher-level of correlation with the distribution of the co-seismic displacement, which suggests that the geometric features of strike-slip active faults may have a higher reference value in the fault-segmentation research than the dip-slip type; 2)In most strike-slip events, there is a negative correlation between the geometric features and the co-seismic displacement, which implicates that the higher the feature values of the steps, strike change and roughness, the lower the corresponding co-seismic displacement is; 3)Among the three quantified features of the surface rupture trace, the ranking of relevancy between them and the co-seismic displacement is:step size > strike change > roughness.     

Slip Sequences in Laboratory Experiments Resulting from Inhomogeneous Shear as Analogs of Earthquakes Associated with a Fault Edge

Faults are intrinsically heterogeneous with common occurrences of jogs, edges and steps. We therefore explore experimentally and theoretically how fault edges may affect earthquake and slip dynamics. In the presented experiments and accompanying theoretical model, shear loads are applied to the edge of one of two flat blocks in frictional contact that form a fault analog. We show that slip occurs via a sequence of rapid rupture events that initiate from the loading edge and are arrested after propagating a finite distance. Each successive event extends the slip size, transfers the applied shear across the block, and causes progressively larger changes of the contact area along the contact surface. Resulting from this sequence of events, a hard asperity is dynamically formed near the loaded edge. The contact area beyond this asperity is largely reduced. These sequences of rapid events culminate in slow slip events that precede a major, unarrested slip event along the entire contact surface. We suggest that the 1998 M5.0 Sendai and 1995 off-Etorofu earthquake sequences may correspond to this scenario. Our work demonstrates, qualitatively, how the simplest deviation from uniform shear loading may significantly affect both earthquake nucleation processes and how fault complexity develops.     

断层地震孕育和发生的不稳定性模型

在以前的工作中,考虑直立走滑型断层地震,假设断层面微元破裂强度遵循Weibull概率分布,由细观力学方法推导出断层面的宏观本构关系是一个非线性函数,表现为弹性-软化塑性特征,在此基础上用稳定性理论研究了地震稳定性问题.而实际断层大多是倾斜的,为此,本文首先建立了由围岩和倾斜断层构成的平面地震力学模型,采用宏观的断层载荷-变形的全过程曲线,详细讨论了倾斜断层地震的不稳定性问题.结果表明,远场一旦施加位移,断层也同时错动,这可能与实际情况不符合.为了更好的模拟断层的初始能量累计过程,进一步对断层本构模型进行改进.考虑断层面破裂强度,采用Coulomb破裂准则,则断层表现为刚塑性本构关系,只有当断层面剪应力达到一个临界值时,断层才开始错动.研究表明,对于倾斜断层地震,与直立走滑型断层地震一样,系统刚度比β（围岩切线刚度与断层刚度最大值之比）是决定地震失稳的重要参数,只有当β<1时才会出现地震失稳,且伴随应力突跳和围岩应变能释放.当β≥1时,仅仅是断层无震滑动,不会发生地震.在远场应施以位移形式边界条件,以致地震失稳发生在平衡路径的位移转向点并伴有应力突跳.     

Statistical Analysis of Ground Motions Estimated on the Basis of a Recipe for Strong-motion Prediction: Approach to Quantitative Evaluation of Average and Standard Deviation of Ground Motion Distribution

For seismic hazard assessment, we study the variabilities of predicted ground motion on the basis of a ??recipe for predicting strong ground motion?? and propose approximations to evaluate spatial distributions of the standard deviation for PGV, R1.0, R2.0, and R5.0 in the estimated ground motions. For strong-motion prediction, we use a finite difference method for a long period range (>1.0?s). To estimate variabilities, a Monte Carlo simulation is used and we adopt the Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) technique to reduce computations. In this article, we consider only aleatory variabilities in source parameters among all possible variabilities, such as those in the source parameters, the propagation characteristics and site characteristics. Model sources are assumed for dip-slip fault and strike-slip fault, and the variabilities are considered for parameters such as asperity location, rupture starting point, average asperity slip contrast, stress drop and rupture velocity. On the target site, 100 instances of PGV, R1.0, R2.0 and R5.0 data are obtained for 100 sets of parameters and an average and a standard deviation of the log normal distribution, corresponding to the variability for ground motion estimation, are statistically analyzed. For all target sites uniformly distributed in the area around the faults, the average and the standard deviation are statistically analyzed and spread to spatial maps. It is found that the spatial distributions of standard deviation values for both the dip-slip and strike-slip faults are not uniform. Approximations are attempted to develop a quantitative evaluation for spatial distributions of the standard deviation of the log normal distribution for PGV, R1.0, R2.0, and R5.0. The spatial distributions by these approximations are considered to almost reconstruct the characteristics, which are statistically analyzed by the finite difference method.     

The role of the chemical environment in frictional deformation: Stress corrosion cracking and comminution

The roles of chemically assisted crack and fracture propagation and chemically assisted comminution in frictional deformation are evaluated in this study. Double cantilever beam (DCB) crack propagation data are presented which show that the role of pH in chemically assisted fracture, and to a lesser extent the role of ionic concentration are important in stress corrosion cracking. Data on very slow crack growth and the stress corrosion limit are also presented. These data suggest that stress corrosion cracking may play an important role in compound earthquakes and in asperity breakdown in faults. The comminution literature is also reviewed in order to assess the role of chemically assisted comminution in frictional deformation. It appears that chemically assisted comminution may be important at low and high ionic strength because it may reduce the effective viscosity and the shear strength of fault gouge. At intermediate ionic concentration the role of pH, as an agent which enhances crack and fracture propagation, appears to be more important in reducing the coefficient of sliding friction.     

地震断层对管道压溃压力的影响

利用有限元软件ABAQUS,结合用户自定义Python程序,开展地震断层作用下深海管道局部变形和压溃过程的数值模拟。分析均质土体和随机分布土体模型的地震断层位移大小对管道局部变形的影响,并分析断层诱发的局部挤压变形对管道压溃压力的影响。研究表明:相比于断层走向与管道轴线方向垂直的走滑断层,断层走向与管道轴线方向夹角为45°的走滑断层作用下管道的压溃压力较小,且当断层走向为管道轴线方向逆时针旋转45°时,左旋走滑断层作用下管道的压溃压力低于右旋走滑断层作用下的管道压溃压力。断层位移相同时,管道径厚比越大,压溃压力越小。考虑土壤随机性时,由于APIX65钢制管道刚性较大,且管道两侧土体内聚力和摩擦角分散于均质土壤土体参数均值两侧,因此断层作用过程中管道受到的土压力在均质土壤模型中的土压力数值处上下波动。     

青藏高原东缘变形机制的讨论: 来自数值模拟结果的限定

青藏高原东缘的地壳结构是两种主流青藏高原隆升模式争辩的焦点之一.中下地壳流曾经被认为是高原东缘隆升的主要构造驱动力,但是中上地壳之间低阻低速层的发现及其与2008 M_S8.0汶川地震良好的对应关系表明,高原东缘具有向东刚性挤出的可能性.然而大部分关于龙门山断裂的数值模拟仍建立在下地壳流的基础上,仅将低阻低速层作为断裂的延续或是弱化地壳物性参数的软弱层,而非能够控制块体滑动的"解耦层",也没有考虑到刚性块体变形中的断裂相互作用.本文建立了包含相互平行的龙门山断裂与龙日坝断裂的刚性上地壳模型,用极薄的低阻低速层作为块体滑动的解耦带,采用速率相关的非线性摩擦接触有限元方法,基于R最小策略控制时间步长,计算了在仅有侧向挤压力作用下,低阻低速层对青藏高原东缘的刚性块体变形和断裂活动的作用.计算结果显示,低阻低速层控制了刚性块体的垂直变形和水平变形分布特征.在侧向挤压力的持续作用下,在低阻低速层控制下的巴颜喀拉块体能够快速隆升,而缺乏低阻低速层的四川盆地隆升速度和隆升量均极小,隆升差异集中在龙门山断裂附近,使其发生应力积累乃至破裂.龙日坝断裂被两侧的刚性次级块体挟持着一起向南东方向运动,但该断裂的走滑运动分解了绝大部分施加在块体边界上的走滑量,使得相邻的龙门山次级块体的走滑分量遽然减少,也使得龙门山断裂表现出以逆冲为主,兼有少量走滑的运动性质.本文所得的这些计算结果显示了在缺乏中下地壳流,仅在低阻低速层解耦下刚性块体隆升过程及相关断裂活动,提供了青藏高原东缘刚性块体挤出的可行性,为青藏高原东缘隆升机制的研究讨论提供了重要依据.     

斜俯冲板块边界变形分配的力学分析

本文研究斜俯冲板块边界由俯冲的逆掩断层和平行于火山弧的走滑断层所切割出的岩石层窄条的宏观力学状态．分析计算表明，当断层强度小而构造压应力大时，海沟处板块俯冲形成的逆掩断层地震滑动方向与斜收敛板块运动方向将不一致，震源机制反映的主压应力和断层错动方向变得近乎垂直于海沟；板块间的强耦合和大陆板块边缘软弱带的存在为窄条滑动提供了有利条件．给定俯冲倾角和震源机制滑动角的观测值，可以计算逆掩和走滑断层上的有效摩擦系数．计算结果表明，两种断层上的有效摩擦系数一般都不大于０．２，反映或存在着高孔隙水压，或存在断层泥之类弱物质，或两者兼而有之．