Millennial-scale variations in western Sierra Nevada precipitation during the last glacial cycle MIS 4/3 transition

Dansgaard–Oeschger (D–O) cycles had far-reaching effects on Northern Hemisphere and tropical climate systems during the last glacial period, yet the climatic response to D–O cycles in western North America is controversial, especially prior to 55 ka. We document changes in precipitation along the western slope of the central Sierra Nevada during early Marine Oxygen Isotope Stages (MIS) 3 and 4 (55–67 ka) from a U-series dated speleothem record from McLean's Cave. The timing of our multi-proxy geochemical dataset is coeval with D–O interstadials (15–18) and stadials, including Heinrich Event 6. The McLean's Cave stalagmite indicates warmer and drier conditions during Greenland interstadials (GISs 15–18), signified by elevated δ¹⁸O, δ¹³C, reflectance, and trace element concentrations, and less radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr. Our record extends evidence of a strong linkage between high-latitude warming and reduced precipitation in western North America to early MIS 3 and MIS 4. This record shows that the linkage persists in diverse global climate states, and documents the nature of the climatic response in central California to Heinrich Event 6.     

Reconstruction of millennial-scale variations in the East Asian summer monsoon over the past 300 ka based on the total carbon content of sediment from Lake Biwa,Japan

The total carbon content analysis for Takashima-oki core extracted from Lake Biwa with time resolutions of approximately 150 years was used to reconstruct millennial-scale climate change in the East Asian monsoon region over the past 300 ka. The total carbon content of the Takashima-oki core is an indirect proxy for the East Asian summer monsoon, because the total carbon content reflects primary productivity within the lake, which is controlled by precipitation in the catchment area. Using these data, we clarify temporal variations in the East Asian summer monsoon prior to MIS 5, which were previously unresolved. The observed variations show a ∼1,500-year cycle that is also recorded by paleoclimate indices in the North Atlantic region. We propose that the East Asian summer monsoon underwent abrupt millennium-scale changes during interglacial stages such as MIS 5 and 7.     

Sub‐millennial climate shifts in the western Mediterranean during the last glacial period recorded in a speleothem from Mallorca,Spain

Very few high‐resolution and directly dated terrestrial archives of the last glacial period exist for the western Mediterranean region, yet this is a key locality for recording sub‐millennial North Atlantic and Mediterranean climate change. Here, we present evidence of effective precipitation changes based on growth history and δ¹³C of calcite in a Mallorcan stalagmite that grew between 112 and 48 ka. Effective precipitation in Mallorca appears to have been sensitive to proximal sea surface temperature variations and at certain times, ca. 76 ka for example, changed rapidly from moist to arid conditions in only a few centuries. A sea‐level highstand during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5a interrupted growth. Regrowth started promptly after this, but effective precipitation decreased markedly for much of the later part of MIS 5a, and also for shorter periods correlative with Heinrich events H8 (ca. 90 ka) and H6 (ca. 65 ka), with growth ceasing during H5 (ca. 48 ka). Arid episodes in Mallorca appear to be expressions of extremely cold periods recorded further north in Europe and occur contemporaneously with rapid decreases in Greenland temperature. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Millennial-scale vegetation changes during the last 40,000 yr based on a pollen record from Lake Biwa, Japan

A high-resolution pollen record covering the last 40,000 yr (BIW95-4) from Lake Biwa, western Japan, shows regional vegetation responses to millennial-scale climate changes. From 40 to 30 ka, Cryptomeria japonica was dominant around the lake among pinaceous conifers and deciduous broad-leaved trees. During this period, fluctuations of C.japonica are correlated with Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) cycles recognized from the anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) record. Increases in the abundance of this taxon may have been caused by wetter summer conditions influenced by the East Asian monsoon or increased snowfall on the Sea of Japan side of the Japanese archipelago. Between 29 and 14 ka, pinaceous conifer forests mainly composed of Pinus subgenus Haploxylon, Tsuga, and Picea trees developed. At approximately 23 ka, Picea trees increased in abundance as ARM values decreased. This expansion of Picea trees has been correlated with Heinrich event (HE) 2 in the North Atlantic. At about 14 ka, the distribution of broad-leaved forest (mainly composed of deciduous oaks) began to expand after D-O 1. Evidence of significant vegetation change related to the abrupt Younger Dryas cooling event has not been found.     

北部湾东南部末次冰期以来环境演化与驱动机制

应用单道浅层地震、等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）和X射线衍射（XRD）等测试技术对地层结构及主微量元素地球化学、黏土矿物组成和结晶学特征等气候代用指标进行分析,高精度刻画了北部湾东南部末次间冰期以来的气候演化及驱动机制。指标变化显示南海西北部75千年（75 ka）以来物源供给受气候及海平面变化的协同控制。晚更新世受海因里希（Heinrich）全球气候变冷事件及青藏高原巨大高度和纬度效应的调控导致56 ka、41 ka和28 ka东亚季风的冬季风较夏季风阶段性增强,步入全新世以来,北部湾东南部历经多次干湿交替性升温过程,逐步演化到现今气候阶段。

     

过去千年年代和百年尺度东亚夏季风变化的模拟分析

利用通用地球系统模式过去千年集成（CESM-LME）试验数据,在验证模式模拟能力的基础上,分析了过去千年（850~1849年）年代和百年尺度东亚夏季风变化及其与中国东部夏季降水的关系。总体上,东亚夏季风在过去千年逐渐减弱,并伴随着年代际和百年尺度波动。在变化趋势上,过去千年土地利用不断增加、后期火山爆发偏多和地球轨道参数变化联合引起欧亚大陆中高纬表面温度降低、东亚区域海陆热力差异减小,东亚夏季风相应减弱;在年代际尺度上,东亚夏季风变化与太平洋年代际振荡有关,后者通过影响北太平洋和中国东部表面温度来改变东亚区域海陆热力差异和夏季风强度;百年尺度东亚夏季风波动受多种因子共同调制,期间欧亚大陆中高纬和北太平洋表面温度变化明显。与此同时,过去千年东亚夏季风逐渐减弱伴随着中国东部降水由南向北呈现负—正—负的变化趋势;在年代际和百年尺度上,东亚夏季风偏强时,中国东部降水表现为南旱北涝型分布。

     

近千年东亚夏季风演变*

在分析东亚地区夏季海平面气压场与中国东部6区域干湿指数关系的基础上,重建了公元960—2000年近千年东亚地区夏季海平面气压场的格点资料,并对重建效果进行了检验。同时,依据重建的海平面气压场资料定义了近千年东亚夏季风强度指数,探讨了近千年东亚夏季风的变化特征。结果表明：（1）重建的近千年东亚地区的海平面气压场具有一定的可信度,它为研究更长时间尺度的东亚夏季风变化特征提供了基础;（2）东亚夏季风指数存在60～70 a、30～40 a、10～20 a的显著周期变化;（3）近千年东亚夏季风的强度指数主要经历过9次明显的趋势突变。其中,13世纪30年代东亚夏季风的强度指数经历了最显著的振动。     

The impact of Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles on the loessic environment and malacofauna of Nussloch (Germany) during the Upper Weichselian

A loess sequence has been sampled continuously at high resolution in Nussloch (Rhine Valley, Germany) for malacological and grain-size analyses between ca. 34 and 20 ka. Molluscan abundance and richness, percentage in hygrophilous species and grain-size index show cyclical variations related to the lithological loess–gley alternation. Major molluscan abundance maxima were triggered by temperature increases through an enhancement of the reproduction cycle, whereas cyclical richness fluctuations and percentage in hygrophilous species reflect variations in local humidity and changes in the environmental mosaic. Malacological parameters allow the distinction of four environmental phases organised in cyclical successions correlated with most of the loess–gley doublets. The correlation of the grain-size index of the Nussloch loess sequence with the dust content of the GRIP ice core demonstrates the synchronicity of major molluscan abundance maxima and δ¹⁸O increases characterising temperature increases during Dansgaard–Oeschger interstades. A schematic model is proposed to link the North Atlantic Dansgaard–Oeschger climatic oscillations with local environmental changes indicated by both malacofauna and pedostratigraphy. This malacological study of the Nussloch loess sequence thus provides new information about the response of terrestrial loessic palaeoenvironments to millennial-timescale climatic fluctuations during the Upper Weichselian ( marine isotope stage 2 (MIS 2) and end of MIS 3).     

Eolian quartz flux variations in Cheju Island, Korea, during the last 6500 yr and a possible Sun-monsoon linkage

We have obtained a high-resolution sedimentary record covering the last 6500 yr from a maar in Cheju Island, Korea, in order to reconstruct the history of variations in the eolian quartz flux (EQF) and hence Asian dust. The long-term variation of EQF reveals three intervals: a period of high EQF (4000-2000 cal yr B.P.) and two periods of low EQF (6500-4000 cal yr B.P. and 2000 cal yr B.P. to present), which have been affected by the East Asian monsoon due to insolation change and the cold air activity in high latitudes correlated with polar high-pressure systems. This long-term variation is superimposed by millennial- and centennial-scale fluctuations with periodicities of 1137, 739, 214, 162, 137, 127, and 111 yr, implying drier conditions in the source areas in China. The detrended EQF record correlates visually and statistically (cross-spectral analysis) with the atmospheric Δ¹⁴C record (solar proxy). The centennial-scale variability in EQF may be affected by the solar activity through the Sun-East Asian monsoon linkage.     

21 ka以来东亚夏季风区南部和北部气候变化的模拟与重建对比

古气候重建和模拟研究相结合可有效揭示气候变化的机制,但针对东亚夏季风区的相关研究还有待深入。文章基于现代观测数据及古气候记录的定量化重建结果,评估过去21 ka气候瞬变模拟（Transient Climate Evolution simulation over last 21000 years,简称TraCE-21ka）对现代东亚气候及古夏季风演变的再现能力,对比分析其异同并探索东亚夏季风区南部（SEASM）和北部（NEASM）特征时期的气候变化及可能的驱动机制。结果表明：TraCE-21ka模拟和定量化重建结果相对一致,即末次冰盛期偏干冷,全新世早中期偏暖湿,但模拟的变化幅度小于重建。相对于SEASM,NEASM变化幅度较显著。同时,SEASM的温度及降水和NEASM的温度在整个全新世期间模拟和重建的结果一致性较高,但NEASM模拟和重建的降水在晚全新世一致而早全新世不一致。相对于重建降水的南部和北部显著不同步变化,即南部降水在早全新世高而北部在中全新世高,模拟降水的南、北差异性较小,且为全新世持续减弱夏季风演变的结果。这种重建与模拟间的不同可能来源于地表过程对气候演变敏感度的区域性差异,也可能来源于粗分辨率模拟所造成的系统性气候偏移。

     

21 ka以来帝汶海区钻孔堆叠记录的古海洋学意义

印尼穿越流是连接西太平洋和印度洋的唯一载体,与东亚季风和ENSO活动密切相关。帝汶海区是印尼穿越流的主要出口之一,该区不同钻孔末次冰期以来的古海洋学记录显示在长时间尺度上变化存在着很高的相似性。为了捕捉出口处印尼穿越流的平均信号,本研究将这些记录进行堆叠,并与其他海区的钻孔记录进行对比,探讨印尼穿越流对东亚季风和ENSO活动的响应。总体上,堆叠记录较为精准地复制了各个钻孔记录的信息。帝汶海区表层海水温度堆叠记录与其他海区钻孔记录对比显示末次冰期至12~6 ka期间帝汶海可能位于暖池范围内,而晚全新世时位于暖池的边缘;温跃层深度、海水温度和盐度堆叠记录揭示自末次冰期以来印尼穿越流温跃层流呈现逐渐强化的趋势。结合现代水文资料和堆叠记录与其他古海洋古气候记录的对比等,本文推测了不同时期ENSO的冷暖期状态以及东亚季风对印尼穿越流的影响方式和过程。

     

Millennial-scale dynamics of the winter cold tongue in the southern South China Sea over the past 26 ka and the East Asian winter monsoon

Millennial-scale variations of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) remain elusive due to sparse and controversial reconstructions. By compiling a variety of alkenone-based sea surface temperature (SST) estimates, we find that the west-east SST gradient in the southern South China Sea (SCS) well documents the temporal dynamics of the winter “cold tongue” off the southern Vietnam and by inference, variations in the EAWM intensity over the past 26 ka. Our results reveal that the winter “cold tongue” SSTs were significantly colder during Heinrich event 1 and the Younger Dryas event, resulting in an increased west-east SST gradient in the southern SCS due to a strengthened EAWM. Within dating uncertainties, an intensified EAWM during cold stadials was coeval with the shutdown or a reduction in strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), exhibiting a strong linkage between the AMOC and the EAWM system. The west-east SST gradient also indicates an enhanced EAWM during the early Holocene, which may be induced by postglacial ice-sheet dynamics and a strong seasonal contrast in solar insolation. Our findings suggest that the EAWM was probably modulated by a complex interplay between the AMOC, solar insolation and ice-sheet dynamics on sub-orbital time scales.     

南海沉积物漫反射光谱反映的220ka以来东亚夏季风变迁

对南海越南岸外“太阳号”95航次17954孔220ka以来的沉积样品进行了漫反射光谱分析, 并从中提取F1和F2两个主因子及亮度和红度等漫反射光谱特征值, 发现漫反射光谱F1值和亮度反映了沉积物中的碳酸盐含量, 而漫反射光谱F2值和红度反映了沉积物中的铁氧化物含量, 后者可用作东亚夏季风的替代性指标.17954孔沉积物的漫反射光谱F2值显示, 倒数第二次冰消期东亚夏季风快速增长时间约在129ka; 本次工作还发现东亚夏季风在两次冰消期前的氧同位素2阶段和6阶段晚期各有一个异常强盛的时期.漫反射分析结果显示东亚夏季风主要受控于太阳辐射强度变化, 并明显地受低纬地区气候的影响.      

末次间冰期127 ka时期植被反馈增强东亚夏季风降水的数值模拟研究

黄土和石笋等古气候代用资料表明在末次间冰期间,东亚夏季风增强、降水增多。本研究利用地球系统模式EC-Earth模拟了末次间冰期127 ka时期的气候,通过和工业革命前的气候模拟控制试验做比对,分析了127 ka时期由于地球轨道参数变化导致的东亚夏季风的空间变化特征。我们利用了两种EC-Earth的模式配置,即"大气-陆面-海洋-海冰"耦合模式和"大气-陆面-海洋-海冰-动态植被"耦合模式,分别估算轨道强迫和植被反馈对东亚夏季风降水变化的贡献。数值模拟结果表明,地球轨道强迫导致的海陆热力差异使得东亚夏季风系统显著增强并北移西伸,中国中部及华北地区降水增多而东部沿海地区降水减少。耦合了动态植被模式的试验结果表明,127 ka时期温暖湿润的气候致使东亚地区植被增多,植被的蒸腾作用使得地表的感热和潜热通量显著增大,从而增强了局地水循环,使降水进一步增多。植被的反馈作用在原本温暖湿润的华南地区对降水的影响并不显著,但是对相对干旱的我国中部和华北地区降水有显著影响。数值试验结果表明轨道强迫和植被反馈的共同作用能使内陆的四川盆地到华北一带夏季降水增加约40%,其中30%的增加是由于轨道强迫作用,约10%是由于植被反馈。这个研究也提醒我们,要得到更加合理的对过去或未来气候变化的模拟结果,有必要使用耦合动态植被的气候系统模式。

     

Atlantic ocean heat piracy and the bipolar climate see‐saw during Heinrich and Dansgaard–Oeschger events

The millennial‐scale asynchrony of Antarctic and Greenland climate records during the last glacial period implies that the global climate system acts as a bipolar see‐saw driven by either high‐latitudinal and/or near‐equatorial sea‐surface perturbations. Based on the results of recent modelling of generic Heinrich and Dansgaard–Oeschger scenarios, we discuss the possibility that oscillations of the deep‐ocean conveyor may have been sufficient to cause this bipolar see‐saw. The bipolar climate asynchrony in our scenarios is caused by the toggle between North Atlantic heat piracy and South Atlantic counter heat piracy. Ocean circulation has an enhanced sensitivity to the northern deep‐water source as the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) cannot enter the Southern Ocean at depths shallower than the bottom of the Drake Passage. Any shoaling of the NADW can, therefore, increase the northward incursion of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), and trigger an interhemispheric climate oscillation. As hundreds of years are required to warm the respective high latitudes, the observed climate lead and lags between the two hemispheres can be explained entirely by the variability of the meridional overturning and by the corresponding change in the oceanic heat transport. Accordingly, it is entirely feasible for the global climate to work like a pendulum, which theoretically could be controlled by pushing at either of the deep‐water sources. Our model scenarios suggest that it is entirely feasible for the bipolar climate see‐saw to be controlled solely by variations in NADW formation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Changing color of Chinese loess: Geochemical constraint and paleoclimatic significance

Two loess–paleosol sequences on the central Chinese Loess Plateau were investigated to understand spatial and temporal variations in the soil color (e.g., lightness and redness) and factors that control those variations. Color difference between the original samples and pretreated samples suggests that loess lightness is influenced by the pedogenic matter (e.g., iron oxides, organic matter, and calcium carbonate) to varying degrees, depending on the concentrations. Iron oxides and organic matter darken the loess lightness, whereas carbonate lightens the loess lightness. By contrast, the redness is dominantly controlled by the types and concentrations of iron oxides. Variations in magnetic susceptibility and redness are associated with different magnetic minerals that formed mainly during post-depositional processes, and therefore both proxies can be employed to reconstruct the history and variability of the East Asian summer monsoon. Since the sensitivity of these two proxies to the summer monsoon variation is different, we generate a stacked summer monsoon index by combining these two records and interpret the stacked index as most indicative of precipitation variability. The fidelity of this new index is supported by an independent ratio, estimated from the first-derivative values of the color reflectance spectra. Our loess-based proxies provide a new understanding of the East Asian summer monsoon variability as a two-phase strengthening of summer monsoon intensity during the penultimate deglaciation.     

全新世太阳活动对东亚夏季风百年尺度变化影响的模拟研究

太阳活动对东亚夏季风(EASM)变化有着重要的影响。本研究利用通用地球系统模式(CESM)开展了全新世气候瞬变模拟试验, 探究了全新世EASM降水百年尺度的变化特征及其对太阳活动外强迫的响应机理。结果表明: 在变化趋势上, 模拟的全新世以来EASM降水呈减弱趋势, 主要受地球轨道参数外强迫的影响。在百年尺度上, 中全新世以来太阳活动外强迫引起EASM降水出现约430年的周期变化特征, 这与高分辨率重建资料记录的周期相似。这一百年尺度变化的空间主模态呈南北偶极型分布, 北方降水与太阳活动存在显著的同期正相关, 当太阳活动增强时东亚海陆热力差异加强, 陆地海平面气压降低, 引起异常的气旋性环流, 有利于北方降水增多。南方降水与太阳活动呈负相关并滞后于太阳活动, 太阳活动通过调制赤道太平洋类拉尼娜态的海温梯度, 引起西北太平洋风-蒸发-海温的正反馈机制, 触发异常的西北太平洋气旋性环流, 从而导致南方降水减少。

     

最后4个冰期旋回中国黄土记录的东亚冬季风变化

开展高分辨率的黄土记录研究, 是揭示过去气候变迁和变率的主要途径.选择黄土高原中部的灵台和赵家川剖面, 对L5以上的黄土-古土壤序列进行了石英颗粒的提取和粒度分析.结果表明, 石英粗颗粒(> 43μm) 体积分数变化揭示了最后4个冰期旋回东亚冬季风存有的快速变化特征, 并同深海氧同位素记录具有良好的对应关系; 然而, 在每一个冰期时段, 石英粗颗粒体积分数的变化幅度和频率存有较大差异, 可能意味着对应的冰期下垫面状况和气候系统内部的非线性响应机制并不相同.值得注意的是由石英粗颗粒体积分数反映的东亚冬季风变化, 在某些时段不仅同磁化率记录的夏季风变化不协调, 而且同深海氧同位素记录存有明显差异.深入研究这种由不同代用指标反映的古气候变化间的差异, 对理解黄土记录的全球性意义显得尤为重要.      

南海第四纪东亚季风演化的粘土矿物指标

南海作为西太平洋最大的边缘海,记录着东亚季风的演化历史。本文在过去十多年研究积累的基础上,综述粘土矿物是记录南海东亚季风演化历史的良好指标。大量表层样品和多个沉积岩芯的研究显示,南海第四纪以来的蒙脱石主要是形成于周边岛屿火山岩的快速化学风化作用,记录了同时期的东亚夏季风气候条件;伊利石和绿泥石形成于周边大陆和岛屿的机械侵蚀作用,与强烈降雨引发的侵蚀能力或东亚冬季风相对寒冷的气候条件有关;而高岭石形成于周边陆地表面的强烈化学风化作用,指示地质历史时期累积的或第四纪同时期的温暖潮湿气候条件,但由于强烈的差异沉降作用,高岭石在南海主要沉积在近海陆架区域,在深海记录中多指示海平面变化的古环境特征。因此,我们提出蒙脱石/（伊利石+绿泥石）比值是南海第四纪东亚夏季风演化的良好指标,比值高代表夏季风温暖潮湿气候条件下增强的化学风化作用,比值低指示冬季风相对寒冷气候条件下减弱的化学风化作用,或是强烈降雨气候条件下增强的机械侵蚀作用。南海东亚夏季风演化的强弱与北半球夏季日射量基本呈线性关系,表明东亚季风演化的天文驱动机制,第四纪以来的长期演化显示南海在1200~400ka期间盛行夏季风,可能是受到赤道太平洋厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（ENSO）的影响。