Effect of soil parameters on the threshold wind velocity and maximum eroded mass in a dry environment

The present study aims to investigate the relationships between several soil parameters (texture, organic matter and CaCO₃ content) and the threshold wind velocity and erodibility of different soil types. Our aim was to determine the role of these soil parameters play in soil loss due to wind erosion and also to statistically evaluate these correlations. The erodibility studies were carried out in wind tunnel experiments, and the resulting data were analysed with multiple regression analysis and the Kruskal-Wallis test. We found that both the threshold wind speed and the erodibility of soils were mostly determined by silt fraction (0.05–0.02 mm), while sand fractions had a lesser effect on it. Our experiences with organic matter and CaCO₃ similar, i.e. in spite of their correlation with the erosion, their contribution was not significant in the multivariate regression model. Consequently, based on mechanical composition of soils, one can predict threshold wind velocity and erodibility of soils.     

Organic matter and soil fertility restoration in forest and savanna fallows in southwestern Nigeria

This paper compares the trend and relative importance in soil fertility restoration, of organic matter build-up in forest and derived savanna fallow soils in parts of SW Nigeria.The analysis of the trend of organic matter build-up in each area was based on the comparison of the mean levels of soil organic matter in fallow soils of different ages as well as the comparison of those mean values with the equilibrium level of organic matter that is attainable in soils under the climax vegetation in each ecological zone. Intercorrelations between all the soil properties were computed in order to assess the relative importance of soil organic matter vis-avis soil intrinsic properties in soil fertility restoration during the fallow period. The significance of improvements in soil conditions with length of fallow was tested by computing correlation coefficients between age of fallow and soil properties.With regard to the forest fallow soils the results show that there is a progressive build-up of organic matter over the years. The build-up is very rapid initially and by the tenth year of the fallow period the organic matter in the soils has attained 77 % of the equilibrium level. Thereafter, the rate slows down as the equilibrium level is approached. Compared with soil textural composition, organic matter exercises a greater influence on other soil properties and, therefore, on soil fertility regeneration during the fallow period. In the case of the derived savanna fallows the trend of organic matter build-up and of improvements in soil conditions with length of fallow is rather erratic. There is not as strong a correlation between age of fallow and improvements in soil organic matter content and other soil properties as in the forest region. The build-up of organic matter in the savanna fallow soils is rather slow and fortuitous. This is probably due to the smaller vegetation biomass and the annual burning of the bush and the soil litter layer. The slower rate of organic matter build-up in savanna fallow soils can also be explained in terms of the lower equilibrium level. In contrast to the situation in the forest region the influence of soil textural properties appears to be greater than that of the organic matter in soil fertility regeneration.     

长江源北麓河流域多年冻土区热融湖塘形成对高寒草甸土壤环境的影响

通过对长江源北麓河流域多年冻土区热融湖塘及湖塘影响周边条件下高寒草甸土壤理化性质的比较研究,结果表明:热融湖塘的形成对高寒草甸土壤环境产生了明显影响,热融湖塘形成对土壤质地、含水量、容重以及土壤养分等产生强烈改变,尤其表层土壤;土壤机质(SOM)、全氮(N)等化学物质和其他养分成分在不同退化的土壤中都有所改变.有机质和...     

东北某油田污染场地土壤总石油烃背景值的确定及污染特征

以2010年6月在东北某油田区野外调查获取的68个表层土壤样品和50个钻孔土壤样品总石油烃浓度测试结果为基础,运用相对累积概率分布曲线法确定该区土壤总石油烃背景值(或临界值),采用监测断面分析法、比拟法对所得结果进行验证,并以此为依据分析了研究区不同土地利用类型表层土壤和不同深度土壤中石油烃污染特征,进而对土壤石油烃污染程度进行评价。结果表明:运用相对累积概率分布曲线法所确定研究区土壤总石油烃背景值(或临界值)为10mg/kg。研究区芦苇湿地土中66.7%点位属中等及以上污染水平,稻田耕作土中73.1%点位属未污染或低污染水平;表层土壤总石油烃浓度空间变异性较大,表现出明显的点源污染特征。此外,表层土壤总石油烃浓度明显高于深层土壤,0～0.2m土层达到重度污染水平,以下深度总石油烃浓度逐渐降低,趋向背景值。这种情况与污染场地石油烃在垂向上的迁移过程主要以渗透作用为主有关。     

Radiocarbon Dating of Soil Organic Matter

Radiocarbon ages of soil organic matter are evaluated with a model which incorporates the dynamics of the¹⁴C content of soil organic matter. Measured¹⁴C ages of soil organic matter or its fractions are always younger than the true ages of soils due to continuous input of organic matter into soils. Differences in soil C dynamics due to climate or soil depth will result in significantly different¹⁴C signatures of soil organic matter for soils of the same age. As a result, the deviation of the measured¹⁴C age from the true age of soil formation could differ significantly among different soils or soil horizons. Our model calculations also suggest that¹⁴C ages of soil organic matter will eventually reach a steady state provided that no climatic or ecological perturbations occur. Once a soil or a soil horizon has reached a steady state,¹⁴C dating of soil organic matter will provide no useful information regarding the age of the soil. However, for soils in which steady state has not been reached, it is possible to estimate the age of soil formation by modeling the measured¹⁴C contents of soil organic matter. Radiocarbon dating of buried soils could, in general, overestimate the true age of the burial by as much as the steady-state age of the soil or soil horizon.     

Implications from concentrations and isotopic data for Pb partitioning processes in soils

Lead concentrations and stable isotopic measurements were examined in the different chemical fractions of Czech forest soils to investigate the mechanisms of Pb partitioning. A method of selective sequential dissolution (SSD) was employed that distinguished between five different fractions: exchangeable, surface bound, organic matter, Fe-oxides, and silicates (non-labile).From an analysis of the concentrations and isotopic compositions associated with the different fractions, it is apparent that Pb in the deep Czech mineral soils is of predominantly natural origin and is primarily associated with silicates (69-81%) and Fe-oxides (11-19%). Natural Pb associated with surface bound and organic matter fractions in mineral soils accounts for only 7 to 15%. Anthropogenic Pb in the Czech soils is concentrated primarily in the organic horizons and is strongly associated with the surface-bound and organic matter fractions in which the proportion of total Pb is 33 to 50% and 23 to 47%, respectively.At high and low levels of contamination, Pb isotopic signatures within the labile fractions of the same soil samples are generally homogenous, although a degree of heterogeneity among these fractions is noted in samples of intermediate degrees of contamination. Such heterogeneity probably reflects different levels of natural and anthropogenic Pb mixing.Determination of the mass-normalized affinity of Pb to the primary components using solid-solution distribution coefficients suggests that in Czech forest soils, the order of affinity may be summarized as Fe-oxides > organic matter > silicates. A similar treatment of the data reported for semiarid Mediterranean soils indicates the prevailing order to be Fe-oxides > carbonates > organic matter > silicates. The general similarity of the behaviour of Pb with respect to the different soil components in both temperate and semiarid soils suggests that these orders of affinity may have wider significance for a variety of other soil types.     

Multidisciplinary approach of the hyperarid desert of Pampas de La Joya in southern Peru as a new Mars-like soil analog

The distribution of living organisms, organic matter, and chemical properties in Mars-like environments on Earth can be used as a model to guide the investigation of possible habitable environments on Mars. This work aims to demonstrate that the place known informally as the “Mar de Cuarzo” (Sea of Quartz) in the Pampas de La Joya desert southern Peru (between 16°S and 17°S latitude), contains soils with characteristics similar to those found on the Martian surface. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we studied the environmental data, geology, organic matter content, oxidant activity, and microbiology of this area. Our data show that (1) Mar de Cuarzo is a hyper arid area with a lower concentration of organic matter than those found in the Mars-like soils from Yungay area (Atacama Desert in Chile), while at the same time having, comparable extreme environmental conditions, and very low levels of microorganisms. (2) The detrital components of the soils come essentially from the Andean volcanic chain and local outcrops of Precambrian gneisses and Cretaceous granitic batholiths. (3) The presence of microclimates, geomorphological features, and the high influence of the “El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)” allowed the formation of exotic and heterogeneous chemical deposits in these soils, including iron oxides, sulfates, and other evaporites. (4) Thermal volatilization in these soils (using methods similar to the Viking and Phoenix instruments) shows high oxidant activity. (5) Labeled release experiment (similar to the Viking instrument) shows high degradation of nutrients added in these soils.Altogether, the Mar de Cuarzo area in the Pampas de La Joya is an interesting place for astrobiological studies as a new analog to Mars, and for comparative analyses with other hyperarid analogs as Yungay.     

Loss on ignition and kjeldahl digestion for estimating organic carbon and total nitrogen in estuarine marsh soils: Calibration with dry combustion

Soils (n=250) were collected from ten salt and brackish-water marshes of North Carolina and analyzed for organic matter content by loss on ignition (LOI) and Kjeldahl nitrogen (KN). Total organic carbon and total nitrogen were determined on the same samples using an elemental CHN analyzer. Regression analyses indicated that LOI and KN were excellent estimators of organic C (R²=0.990) and total N(R²=0.986), respectively, in low clay content (0–11%) marsh soils containing a wide range of soil organic C (0.1–28%) and total N (0–1.6%). A quadratic equation best described the relationship between organic C and organic matter (Organic C=0.40 [LOI] +0.0025 [LOI]²) while a linear model accurately described the relationship between total N and Kjeldahl N (Total N=1.048 [KN]?0.010). The proportion of organic C in organic matter (C/OM) increased with increasing soil organic matter content, probably as a result of aging. Young marshes, which are characterized by low soil organic content contain C/OM ratios similar to emergent vegetation (40–45%). In old organic soils (70–80% organic matter), C/OM increased to 57–60% due to accumulation of reduced organic materials.     

Quantitative C NMR of whole and fractionated Iowa Mollisols for assessment of organic matter composition

Both the concentrations and the stocks of soil organic carbon vary across the landscape. Do the amounts of recalcitrant components of soil organic matter (SOM) vary with landscape position? To address this question, we studied four Mollisols in central Iowa, two developed in till and two developed in loess. Two of the soils were well drained and two were poorly drained. We collected surface-horizon samples and studied organic matter in the particulate organic matter (POM) fraction, the clay fractions, and the whole, unfractionated samples. We treated the soil samples with 5 M HF at ambient temperature or at 60 °C for 30 min to concentrate the SOM. To assess the composition of the SOM, we used solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, in particular, quantitative ¹³C DP/MAS (direct-polarization/magic-angle spinning), with and without recoupled dipolar dephasing. Spin counting by correlation of the integral NMR intensity with the C concentration by elemental analysis showed that NMR was ?85% quantitative for the majority of the samples studied. For untreated whole-soil samples with <2.5 wt.% C, which is considerably less than in most previous quantitative NMR analyses of SOM, useful spectra that reflected ?65% of all C were obtained. The NMR analyses allowed us to conclude (1) that the HF treatment (with or without heat) had low impact on the organic C composition in the samples, except for protonating carboxylate anions to carboxylic acids, (2) that most organic C was observable by NMR even in untreated soil materials, (3) that esters were likely to compose only a minor fraction of SOM in these Mollisols, and (4) that the aromatic components of SOM were enriched to ∼53% in the poorly drained soils, compared with ∼48% in the well drained soils; in plant tissue and particulate organic matter (POM) the aromaticities were ∼18% and ∼32%, respectively. Nonpolar, nonprotonated aromatic C, interpreted as a proxy for charcoal C, dominated the aromatic C in all soil samples, composing 69-78% of aromatic C and 27-36% of total organic C in the whole-soil and clay-fraction samples.     

冲积和湖积成因土壤Cd的吸附特征:以安徽省当涂县为例

为揭示冲积与湖积成因土壤镉的吸附特征,以安徽省当涂县冲积成因的江心洲和冲积、湖积成因的大陇乡根际土壤为研究对象,开展土壤镉的等温吸附实验和吸附动力学实验.等温吸附实验结果表明,冲积土壤镉的吸附量（S）、等温吸附常数（K）和固液分配系数（K_d）均较湖积土壤明显偏大,显示冲积土壤对镉的吸附能力较湖积土壤强;吸附动力学实验表明,冲积土壤的最大吸附量、平衡吸附量均较湖积土壤大,吸附速率也明显偏大,尤其在吸附实验早期更为显著;等温吸附常数K和平衡吸附速率V_b与土壤理化性质的分析表明,土壤pH是造成研究区土壤镉吸附能力差异的主要原因,其次为物理性粘粒含量;土壤pH是影响研究区冲积土壤镉吸附能力的主要因素;湖积土壤镉的吸附能力受土壤pH、有机质含量、Cd含量、物理性粘粒含量等因素的综合影响.研究对于揭示Cd在水土系统的迁移转化规律以及土壤Cd的污染防治具有重要的指导意义.      

成都地区土壤硼元素含量及其养分管理建议

成都地区浅层土壤中全量硼较为丰富,但是部分地区土壤有效硼较为缺乏。土壤中有效硼的含量与土壤有机质含量、pH值呈正相关,与土壤类型也有关系,而与硼全量关系不大。有效硼的缺乏主要是由于有机质缺乏、土壤pH值较低引起。黄壤地区酸性土壤种植油菜会有缺硼症状;水稻土和紫色土有效硼含量达到植物正常生长所需要的临界值,种植油菜就不缺乏硼,但是种植小麦仍然会缺硼。开展硼的区域生态地球化学评价时,不能只用土壤硼全量来评价其丰缺,还应该考虑用有效硼、有机质、pH值、土壤类型以及不同的植物种类等进行综合评价,更有利于指导农业生产土壤养分管理和选择种植适宜的植物。增加土壤有效硼含量的主要措施是施用硼肥,同时施用有机肥,酸性土壤适量施用石灰。     

Organic carbon and sulphur compounds in wetland soils: insights on structure and transformation processes using K-edge XANES and NMR spectroscopy

X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used in combination to characterize organic carbon structures in a series of wetland soils in Saskatchewan, and XANES spectroscopy was also used to examine sulphur speciation in the soils. The organic C contents of most of the wetland soils are consistently higher by a factor of two to five times compared to adjacent well-drained soils. NMR analyses indicate that the organic matter in the wetland soils consists of predominantly aliphatic structures such as carbohydrates and long chain poly(methylene) units which are refractory structures found in plant waxes. The poly(methylene) structures have a significant capacity to sorb nonpolar organic molecules. The phenolic OH and carboxyl group content of the wetland soils studied is an additional significant factor in their sequestering ability for heavy metals or pesticides. Carbon XANES spectroscopy shows that the surface (∼10 nm) layer of particulate organic matter has a structure dominated by aromatic, carbohydrate and carboxylic acid-like material apparently derived from partially degraded lignin and cellulose polymers which are adsorbed onto clay minerals. The aliphatic structures remaining in this surface layer are probably recalcitrant (poly)methylene units. At a depth of ∼100 nm, the aliphatic content significantly increases suggesting the presence of more labile structures. The presence of these more labile aliphatic compounds may be due to slow decomposition rates in the wet, often cool environments present and to the protective action of the more refractory components in the surface ∼10 nm of the organic matter. Drying of the wetlands, either by draining or as a result of climate change, is likely to result in the rapid decomposition of these labile organic structures releasing carbon dioxide. Our data indicate that the preservation of the organic carbon compounds in these soils is a result of their presence as surface adsorbed layers on the soil mineral particles. The soils contain three different classes of sulphur compounds: reduced organic sulphur such as sulphides, low valent oxidized sulphur such as sulphoxides, and high valent oxidized sulphur such as sulphonate and sulphate. Of these, reduced sulphur species constitute between one-third and two-thirds of the total. Sulphonate structures comprise between a fifth and a third of the total. Sulphates exhibit a wide variation in content, and sulphoxides are either not detected or are present to a lesser extent (<5%). Drying of the wetlands would cause oxidation of sulphides to sulphates.     

江汉平原旱地和水田土壤镉的吸附与解吸特征及影响因素

为揭示旱地和水田土壤镉的吸附解吸特征,以江汉平原黄豆地、棉花地以及水稻田土壤为研究对象,开展土壤镉的吸附动力学实验、等温吸附?解吸实验以及有机质的影响实验.结果表明:江汉平原土壤对镉的吸附是一个较为复杂的吸附动力学过程且以化学吸附为主,研究区土壤镉的初始吸附速率总体上表现为水田土壤大于旱地土壤;旱地土壤对Cd2+具有较...     

用固化剂GX08加固杭州海湖相软土的强度特性研究

为了验证固化剂GX08加固杭州海湖相软土的效果及考察有机质对水泥固化的不利影响,对固化土的强度特性进行了试验研究。结果表明,有机质的添加会显著阻碍固化土强度的增长,而固化剂GX08能有效增强固化土的强度;固化土强度与有机质含量存在二次函数关系,与水泥掺量呈线性关系,与固化剂GX08掺量和龄期都以对数函数的形式相关;将总灰水比C/W用于固化土强度模型的建立,通过对试验数据的分析与整理,建立了同时考虑固化土中有机质含量、水泥掺量、固化剂掺量和龄期影响的固化土综合强度预测模型。最后对模型进行了推广使用,验证了模型的适用性。     

Sorption of inorganic mercury and monomethyl mercury in an iron–humus podzol soil of southern Norway studied by batch experiments

Considerable fractions of the Hg content of lake and river systems in Scandinavia are discharged from the soil of the catchments. An important soil type in Scandinavia is the iron–humus podzol. The sorption characteristics of this soil type for inorganic Hg(II) and monomethyl mercury were investigated by batch experiments. The solubility of Hg²⁺ and CH₃Hg⁺ in the soil horizons containing organic matter increases with increasing pH of the soil solution by favoring the formation of solute organic matter–mercury complexes. While the solubility of Hg²⁺ is strongly dependent on complexation to dissolved organic matter, the solubility of CH₃Hg⁺ is more dependent on ion exchange. The concentration of solute inorganic Hg(II) increased with increasing temperature probably because of an increase in the concentration of dissolved organic carbon. There was no effect of temperature on the concentration of solute CH₃Hg⁺. At pH values where inorganic mercury–hydroxo complexes are formed, inorganic Hg(II) is efficiently sorbed to the metal oxides of the mineral soil. The soil–water distributions of inorganic Hg(II) in the different soil horizons were described by Freundlich isotherms or linear isotherms for common and contaminated mercury contents in the soils.     

广西弄拉峰丛山区土壤有机质与微量营养元素有效态

以广西弄拉峰丛山区为例探讨岩溶区偏碱性条件下土壤有机质与有效态养分含量之间的相关关系。结果表明土壤有机质可显著影响有效态养分含量。主要微量营养元素的有效态多大于其缺素临界值,但存在潜在缺素的可能性。有机质与有效态锌、铁和硼均存在三种函数类型的正显著水平相关关系,反映出土壤有机质与它们的关系密切且稳定。说明有机质含量的增加,有利于提高有效锌、铁和硼的含量。前两者以指数函数类型建立的回归方程最好,后者以幂函数类型建立的回归方程最好。有效态锰与有机质较符合幂函数方程,呈显著负相关。      

水泥加固不同地区软土的试验研究

对不同地区软土经水泥加固后的强度形成特征进行了研究。进行直接剪切试验及无侧限抗压试验测定了水泥加固土的力学指标,发现不同地区的软土经水泥加固后力学性质存在很大差异,从试样的粒度成分、有机质含量及加固后试样的微观结构特征等方面对此进行解释。结果表明,试样的粒度成分及有机质含量会对加固效果产生很大影响,黏粒含量越大,有机质含量越高,对水泥加固土强度的形成越不利。为在用水泥进行不同性质的软土加固处理时采取合理的附加措施提供了理论依据。     

松辽平原典型黑土区有机质的变化及影响因素分析

根据2003～2008年松辽平原中南部地区多目标区域地球化学调查成果,研究了典型黑土区有机质的分布特征,提出了绥化-哈尔滨-四平一线典型黑土区有机质含量具有纬度地带性分布特点,有机质由北向南逐渐降低.分析了土壤有机质的影响因素,认为土壤的成土母质和土壤质地是决定有机质含量的重要基础,湖相沉积物和土壤质地细腻,黏粒成分多,有机质含量高.气温和降水等气候条件是影响土壤有机质的主要因素,低温湿润气候条件有利于有机质积累.耕地开垦时间长、作物连作和化肥使用等人为因素降低了有机质含量.     

Effects of Soil Composition on Zn Speciation in Drainage Waters from Agricultural Soils

The influence of Zn speciation on Zn transport by drainage from different soils to surface water is examined in a stream catchment in an agricultural area. Drainage waters were collected from two types of soils, a mineral soil (MS) and a soil rich in organic matter (OS) by means of artificial drainage pipes. The speciation of dissolved Zn in the stream and the drainage waters was determined using ligand-exchange and voltammetry. About 50–95% of dissolved Zn is bound in strong complexes, and the free Zn²⁺ ion concentration is in the range of 1–16% of dissolved Zn. A substantial part of Zn is present in weaker organic or inorganic complexes. The simulated Zn speciation using the WHAM VI model is compared to the determined speciation. Free Zn²⁺ concentrations predicted by the WHAM VI model are generally higher than the analytically determined free Zn²⁺, but are mostly within the same order of magnitude. Effects of different soil organic matter content on Zn speciation and transport are discussed. Zn speciation in the drainage at the OS site is influenced by the distribution of organic matter between the solid and solution phase. The abundant organic Zn complexes in solution contribute to facilitate Zn transport from soil into surface waters, through the drainage at the OS site. Drainage from the OS site contributes about twice as much Zn input to the receiving water as the MS soil, as related to specific area. The mineral soil contains much lower organic matter, and a part of Zn bound with inorganic phases can hardly be released by dissolved organic ligands, leading to much higher Zn retention at the MS site.     

广西象州与横县碳酸盐岩分布区土壤中Cd形态分布特征及影响因素

广西壮族自治区碳酸盐岩分布面积为96 372 km2,约占全区陆地国土面积的407%。由碳酸盐岩风化形成的土壤中Cd、Pb、Hg等重金属元素普遍富集。初步评价发现,农作物籽实对Cd的吸收量与土壤Cd含量无对应关系,农作物Cd超标多出现在土壤Cd含量较低的地区。进一步研究发现,Cd高含量的土壤中普遍含有铝土矿、Fe Mn结核等颗粒。为了探索土壤中Cd存在形态及其影响因素,选择了含铝土矿和铁锰结核的横县土壤和无铝土矿与铁锰结核的象州土壤,系统研究了土壤Cd形态差异及其影响因素。结果表明：(1)象州土壤中Cd主要以活动态形式存在,生物可利用性高,横县土壤中Cd主要以稳定态形式存在,生物可利用性低。(2)pH值为60是象州土壤Cd活动态含量的突变点,pH值在60处含量达到最大值;而在横县,pH降低使活动态Cd比例增加。(3)象州土壤中活动态Cd随有机质增加而增加,表明Cd被有机质弱吸附;而横县土壤有机质含量与Cd形态无明显相关性。(4)由铝土矿导致的土壤高Cd含量,多以残渣态形式存在,不会对动植物造成危害。