X波段导航雷达浪高实时测量研究

针对舰船对浪高实时测量的需要,提出了基于X波段导航雷达浪高实时测量的方案。介绍X波段导航雷达浪高测量原理,建立基于X波段导航雷达浪高实时测量的数学模型。通过某海域实测采集的雷达图像,经过数学模型反演得出浪高实时数据,并与采用浮标传感器实时测量的浪高数据进行对比,发现X波段导航雷达与浮标传感器测得的浪高数据有近一致的线性关系,标准差也较小。从一定程度上为舰船浪高测量提供一种可行性方法。     

Extraction of coastal ocean wave fields from SAR images

Wave spectra derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired by ENVISATs are compared to in situ measurements by seven sensors, deployed in a field experiment carried out on the French coast of La Manche (English Channel). The wave spectra inversion scheme is adapted for shallow water from the European Space Agency (ESA)'s operational processing techniques used for level 2 ocean wave products. Under the low to moderate wind speed observed conditions, overall good agreement is found between in situ and SAR observations over a wide range of wave heights and directions, including waves propagating in the radar azimuth direction and incidence angles different from the standard imagette products.     

复合雷达后向散射模型与合成孔径雷达、散射计和高度计海面雷达后向散射观测的比较分析

海洋微波散射模型相比于以经验统计建立的地球物理模式函数具有不受特定微波频率限制的优势。组合布拉格散射模型和几何光学模型形成了复合雷达后向散射模型。利用南海北部气象浮标2014年海面风速风向实测值作为散射模型输入,分别比较了复合雷达后向散射模型与RADARSAT-2卫星C波段SAR、HY-2A卫星Ku波段微波散射计的海面后向散射系数,偏差分别为(?0.22±1.88) dB (SAR)、(0.33±2.71) dB (散射计VV极化）和(?1.35±2.88) dB (散射计HH极化);以美国浮标数据中心(NDBC)浮标2011年10月1日至2014年9月30日共3年的海面风速、风向实测值作为散射模型输入,分别比较了复合雷达后向散射模型与Jason-2、HY-2A卫星Ku波段高度计海面后向散射系数,偏差分别为(1.01±1.15) dB和(1.12±1.29) dB。中等入射角和垂直入射下的卫星传感器后向散射系数观测值与复合雷达后向散射模型模拟值比较,具有不同的偏差,但具有相同的海面风速检验精度,均方根误差小于1.71 m/s。结果表明,复合雷达后向散射模型可模拟计算星载SAR、散射计和高度计观测条件下的海面雷达后向散射系数,且与CMOD5、NSCAT-2、高度计业务化海面风速反演的地球物理模式函数的计算结果具有一致性;复合雷达后向散射模型可用于微波遥感器的定标与检验、海面雷达后向散射的模拟。     

基于相参X-波段海洋雷达的海表轮廓测量研究

X-波段海洋雷达测量所得海面散射单元的多普勒信息与散射单元的雷达视向速度密切相关。首先,基于符号多普勒估计方法,对X-波段雷达海面回波的多普勒频移信息进行了估计;在此基础上,应用各分辨单元回波的多普勒频移信息,建立了海浪表面轮廓的反演算法。该算法中,同时考虑了雷达入射角、方位角和雷达空间分辨率等因素对反演结果的影响。通过将反演结果与浮标测量数据相比较,发现雷达空间分辨率起到了类似低通滤波的作用,该作用对短重力波谱影响显著。同时,还应用加拿大麦克马斯特大学的IPIX雷达数据对海表轮廓进行了反演,并将反演所得有效波高、海浪周期与现场测量数据进行了比较,反演结果与现场测量结果吻合较好。     

A Spectral Approach for Determining Altimeter Wind Speed Model Functions

We propose a new analytical algorithm for the estimation of wind speeds from altimeter data using the mean square slope of the ocean surface, which is obtained by integration of a widely accepted wind-wave spectrum including the gravity-capillary wave range. It indicates that the normalized radar cross section depends not only on the wind speed but also on the wave age. The wave state effect on the altimeter radar return becomes remarkable with increasing wind speed and cannot be neglected at high wind speeds. A relationship between wave age and nondimensional wave height based on buoy observational data is applied to compute the wave age using the significant wave height of ocean waves, which could be simultaneously obtained from altimeter data. Comparison with actual data shows that this new algorithm produces more reliable wind speeds than do empirical algorithms. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

世界大洋长历时局地风速和有效波高的统计与分析

本文基于美国海军测地卫星高度计提供的全球范围长历时局地平均风速和有效波高资料进行统计分析,结果表明,世界大洋长历时局地平均风速和有效波高有明显的相关性,其散布点系统地位于Wilson提出的深水充分成长风浪平均风速和有效波高经验曲线之上;并从能量叠加平衡方程,近似定量估计出大洋中长历时涌浪有效波高与局地平均风速的关系。     

基于SAR图像雨团足印的海面风向提取方法

利用地球物理模式函数进行SAR海面风速反演时,需以风向作为地球物理模式函数的输入。本文应用了一种利用SAR图像上雨团足印顺风一侧比逆风一侧明亮的图像特征的海面风向提取方法,以进行海面风速反演。4景RADARSAT-2卫星SAR示例数据风向提取结果相对于ASCAT散射计的风向均方根误差满足不大于16°。分别以本文方法提取的风向和ASCAT散射计风向作为输入,利用地球物理模式函数CMOD5进行海面风速的SAR反演,两者的风速反演结果基本一致,其均方根误差差值不超过0.3 m/s。本文利用SAR图像雨团足印信息的风向提取方法准确可靠,可应用于SAR海面风速反演。     

Measurement of ocean surface winds using synthetic aperture radars

A methodology for retrieving high-resolution ocean surface wind fields from satellite-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data is introduced and validated. The algorithms developed are suited for ocean SAR data, which were acquired at the C band of either vertical (VV) or horizontal (HH) polarization in transmission and reception. Wind directions are extracted from wind-induced streaks that are visible in SAR images of the ocean at horizontal scales greater than 200 m. These wind streaks are very well aligned with the mean surface wind direction. To extract the orientation of these streaks, two algorithms are introduced, which are applied either in the spatial or spectral domain. Ocean surface wind speeds are derived from the normalized radar cross section (NRCS) and image geometry of the calibrated SAR images, together with the local SAR-retrieved wind direction. Therefore, several C-band models (CMOD IFR2, CMOD4, and CMODS) are available, which were developed for VV polarization, and have to be extended for HH polarization. To compare the different algorithms and C-band models as well as demonstrate their applicability, SAR-retrieved wind fields are compared to numerical-model results considering advanced SAR (ASAR) data from Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT), a European satellite.     

星载激光雷达卫星海面风场反演算法研究

The principal purpose of this paper is to extract entire sea surface wind＇s information from spaceborne lidar, and particularly to utilize a appropriate algorithm for removing the interference information due to white caps and subsurface water. Wind speeds are obtained through empirical relationship with sea surface mean square slopes. Wind directions are derived from relationship between wind speeds and wind directions im plied in CMOD5n geophysical models function （GMF）. Whitecaps backscattering signals were distinguished with the help of lidar depolarization ratio measurements and rectified by whitecaps coverage equation. Subsurface water backscattering signals were corrected by means of inverse distance weighted （IDW） from neighborhood non-singular data with optimal subsurface water backscattering calibration parameters. To verify the algorithm reliably, it selected NDBC＇s TAO buoy-laying area as survey region in camparison with buoys＇ wind field data and METOP satellite ASCAT of 25 km single orbit wind field data after temporal-spa tial matching. Validation results showed that the retrieval algorithm works well in terms of root mean square error （RMSE） less than 2m/s and wind direction＇s RMSE less than 21 degree.     

Measuring surface wind direction by monostatic HF ground-wave radar at the eastern China Sea

The extraction of full wind vectors from data obtained by single-site (monostatic) high-frequency ground-wave radar (HFGWR) is an ongoing challenge because of the inherent directional ambiguities. Here, a new algorithm for resolving the ambiguity of wind direction from monostatic data is presented. The true wind direction is determined by minimizing the sum of the difference among three wind directions derived from three different radar look angles. The wind directions estimated by applying the algorithm to data obtained from the OSMAR2000 HFGWR situated at the Eastern China Sea are compared with values obtained from ship-borne instrumentation. The mean difference between the ground-truthed values and those obtained from the radar data is approximately 20/spl deg/. The distance limit for wind direction sensing using the OSMAR2000 is about 200 km, which is the range for which signal-to-noise ratios typically exceed about 23 dB in the relevant first-order portions of the backscatter spectra.     

Evaluation of ENVISAT ASAR data for sea surface wind retrieval in Hong Kong coastal waters of China

The C-band wind speed retrieval models, CMOD4, CMOD - IFR2, and CMOD5 were applied to retrieval of sea surface wind speeds from ENVISAT （European environmental satellite） ASAR （advanced synthetic aperture radar） data in the coastal waters near Hong Kong during a period from October 2005 to July 2007. The retrieved wind speeds are evaluated by comparing with buoy measurements and the QuikSCAT （quick scatterometer） wind products. The results show that the CMOD4 model gives the best performance at wind speeds lower than 15 m/s. The correlation coefficients with buoy and QuikSCAT winds are 0.781 and 0.896, respectively. The root mean square errors are the same 1.74 m/s. Namely, the CMOD4 model is the best one for sea surface wind speed retrieval from ASAR data in the coastal waters near Hong Kong.     

Use of nautical radar as a wave monitoring instrument

Common marine X-Band radars can be used as a sensor to survey ocean wave fields. The wave field images provided by the radars are sampled and analysed by a wave monitoring system (called WaMoS II) developed by the German research institute GKSS. This measuring system can be mounted on a ship, on offshore stations or at coastal locations. The measurement is based on the backscatter of microwaves from the ocean surface, which is visible as ‘sea clutter' on the radar screen. From this observable sea clutter, a numerical analysis is carried out. The unambiguous directional wave spectrum, the surface currents and sea state parameters such as wave periods, wave lengths, and wave directions can be derived. To provide absolute wave heights, the response of the nautical radar must be calibrated. Similar to the wave height estimations for Synthetic Aperture Radars, the so-called ‘Signal to Noise Ratio' leads to the determination of the significant wave height (H_S). In this paper, WaMoS II results are compared with directional buoy data to show the capabilities of nautical microwave radars for sea state measurements.     

Influence of the type of sea waves on the backscattered radar cross section at medium incidence angles

We consider the influence of the sea surface state on the backscattered radar cross section and the accuracy of the wind speed retrieval from the scatterometer data. We used a joint set of radars and buoys to determine the type of sea waves. Three types of sea waves were distinguished: developing wind waves, fully developed wind waves, and mixed sea. It is shown that the retrieval error of the near surface wind speed using a one-parameter algorithm is minimal in the case of fully developed wind waves. We compared these data with the results of radio-altimeter data analysis and showed that in both cases underestimation of the retrieval wind speed exists for developing wind waves and overestimation occurs for mixed sea. A variety of swell parameters (length of the dominating wave, swell height, swell age) significantly influence the backscattered radar cross section, leading to a growth in the mean square error of the retrieved wind speed during vertical sounding (radio-altimeter data), and only slightly influence the mean square error of the scatterometer data (medium incidence angles). It is necessary to include the information about the parameters of sea waves in the algorithms and take into account the regional wave properties to increase the accuracy of wind speed retrieval.     

Calibration/Validation of an Altimeter Wave Period Model and Application to TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 Altimeters

The altimeter radar backscatter cross-section is known to be related to the ocean surface wave mean square slope statistics, linked to the mean surface acceleration variance according to the surface wave dispersion relationship. Since altimeter measurements also provide significant wave height estimates, the precedent reasoning was used to derive empirical altimeter wave period models by combining both significant wave height and radar backscatter cross-section measurements. This article follows such attempts to propose new algorithms to derive an altimeter mean wave period parameter using neural networks method. Two versions depending on the required inputs are presented. The first one makes use of Ku-band measurements only as done in previous studies, and the second one exploits the dual-frequency capability of modern altimeters to better account for local environmental conditions. Comparison with in situ measurements show high correlations which give confidence in the derived altimeter wave period parameter. It is further shown that improved mean wave characteristics can be obtained at global and local scales by using an objective interpolation scheme to handle relatively coarse altimeter sampling and that TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 altimeters can be merged to provide altimeter mean wave period fields with a better resolution. Finally, altimeter mean wave period estimates are compared with the WaveWatch-III numerical wave model to illustrate their usefulness for wave models tuning and validation.     

Evaluation of the relationship between parameters of the radar signal backscattered by the sea surface at grazing angles and the wind wave breaking characteristics

The results of investigations of the statistical characteristics of spikes of radar signals scattered by the sea surface at grazing angles and borizontally polarized radiation are reported. The measurements were conducted at wind speeds ranging from 2.8 to 9 m s^–1 and at various azimuthal directions relative to the general sense of wind wave propagation. The relationship between the theoretically and experimentally derived distribution parameters allows a conclusion about the linear dependence of spike amplitudes on the extent of instable areas. The theoretical model provides a qualitatively authentic azimuthal nature of the variation of the mean radar signal.Translated by V. Puchkin.     

Wave height forecasting in Dayyer, the Persian Gulf

Forecasting of wave parameters is necessary for many marine and coastal operations. Different forecasting methodologies have been developed using the wind and wave characteristics. In this paper, artificial neural network (ANN) as a robust data learning method is used to forecast the wave height for the next 3, 6, 12 and 24 h in the Persian Gulf. To determine the effective parameters, different models with various combinations of input parameters were considered. Parameters such as wind speed, direction and wave height of the previous 3 h, were found to be the best inputs. Furthermore, using the difference between wave and wind directions showed better performance. The results also indicated that if only the wind parameters are used as model inputs the accuracy of the forecasting increases as the time horizon increases up to 6 h. This can be due to the lower influence of previous wave heights on larger lead time forecasting and the existing lag between the wind and wave growth. It was also found that in short lead times, the forecasted wave heights primarily depend on the previous wave heights, while in larger lead times there is a greater dependence on previous wind speeds.     

利用南海石油平台的卫星雷达高度计定标与检验

在对南海石油平台所处的南海北部海域海底地形、平均海平面、风浪时空分布等进行分析基础上,利用南海石油平台水位计对Jason-2卫星高度计进行了测高绝对定标,定标结果为30.9 cm±7.8 cm,分析发现南海北部中尺度涡可能对定标结果产生影响;利用南海石油平台测波雷达对Jason-1高度计有效波高进行了精度检验,Jason-1高度计Ku波段和C波段有效波高测量的均方根误差分别为0.43 m和0.45 m。分析和检验结果表明,南海石油平台所处海洋环境条件、平台上装载的水位计和测波雷达均满足卫星雷达高度计定标与检验要求。南海石油平台定标场预期可用于中国海洋二号卫星和其他卫星高度计的定标与检验。     

基于多致灾因子相似的热带气旋检索方法研究:以风暴潮-海浪灾害预评估为例

热带气旋引起的风暴潮-海浪灾害成灾频率高、致灾强度大,对我国沿海地区造成的人员和经济损失惨重。预评估阶段需要在灾前对研究区可能造成的损失等进行快速的综合判定。从历史热带气旋中检索出与目标热带气旋位置及各种致灾因子强度相似的热带气旋是快速、准确地预评估风暴潮-海浪灾害的重要方法。面向风暴潮-海浪灾害预评估,提出了一种基于多致灾因子的相似热带气旋检索方法。用于相似检索的致灾因子数据包括:从中国气象局西北太平洋热带气旋最佳路径数据集中提取并经处理得到的1949~2013年影响湛江市的112场热带气旋的路径中心点位置、中心气压、最大风速、最大风速半径及移动速度数据,112场热带气旋的模拟风场、风暴潮及海浪数据。首先,利用相似离度方法对热带气旋进行路径相似性检索;其次,利用最优相似系数方法计算中心气压、最大风速半径、最大风速、移动速度、风场、风暴潮及海浪强度指标的相似系数进行一次检索;然后,根据风场、风暴潮及海浪模拟数据的获取情况,分别基于路径-强度及风场-风暴潮-海浪综合相似性指标进行二次检索;最终给出历史热带气旋的综合相似排序。以2013年尤特热带气旋为例,利用上述方法检索了与其最为相似的5场历史热带气旋。该方法综合考虑了热带气旋路径及多种致灾因子的相似,兼顾了检索的速度及质量,是进行快速、准确的风暴潮-海浪灾害预评估的重要基础。     

The wind-speed measurement capability of spaceborne radar altimeters

This study represents an attempt to quantitatively assess the capability of a spaceborne radar altimeter to infer ocean surface wind speeds from a measurement of the backscattered power at vertical incidence. The study uses data acquired during 184 near overflights of NOAA data buoys with the GEOS-3 satellite radar altimeter and encompasses a wind-speed range from less than 1 to 18 m/s. An algorithm is derived from the data comparison for converting measurements of the normalized scattering cross section of the ocean surface at 13.9 GHz into estimates of the surface wind speed at the standard anemometer height of 10 m. The algorithm is straightforward and potentially useful for on-board processing of raw altimeter data for the purpose of providing real-time estimates of surface wind speed. For winds in the range of 1 to 18 m/s, the mean difference between the altimeter-inferred winds and the buoy measurements is negligible while the standard deviation of the difference is 1.74 m/s.     

Statistics of Wind and Waves off Tsuyazaki, Fukuoka, in the Eastern Tsushima Strait

The variability of the sea surface wind and wind waves in the coastal area of the Eastern Tsushima Strait was investigated based on the hourly data from 1990 to 1997 obtained at a station 2 km off Tsuyazaki, Fukuoka. The annual mean wind speed was 4.84 m s⁻¹, with strong northwesterly monsoon in winter and weak southwesterly wind in summer. Significant wave heights and wave periods showed similar sinusoidal seasonal cycles around their annual means of 0.608 m and 4.77 s, respectively. The seasonal variability relative to the annual mean is maximum for wave heights, medium for wind speeds, and minimum for wave periods. Significant wave heights off Tsuyazaki turned out to be bounded by a criterion, which is proportional to the square of the significant wave period corresponding to a constant steepness, irrespective of the season or the wind speed. For terms shorter than a month, the significant wave height and the wave period were found to have the same spectral form as the inshore wind velocity: white for frequencies less than 0.2 day⁻¹ and proportional to the frequency to the −5/3 power for higher frequencies, where the latter corresponds to the inertial subrange of turbulence. The spectral levels of wave heights and wave periods in that inertial range were also correlated with those of the inshore wind velocity, though the scatter was large. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.