自然伽玛及自然伽玛能谱测井在沉积盆地古环境反演中的应用

对山东东营凹陷牛38井古近系沙河街组三段的自然伽玛和自然伽玛能谱测井的初步实验研究表明,在比较稳定的还原性古环境中,能谱测井中的铀（U）含量和钍、铀含量比(Th/U),能作为古环境研究的重要指示参数,而伽玛总量则不然．U及Th/U与有机碳含量（co）存在良好相关性,在比较安静、还原性的古环境中（有机碳含量大于4．0%时）,两参数具有较强的应用性,而随着古环境的开放性及动荡性增强,其应用能力减弱．     

西藏羌塘盆地侏罗系基准面变化及沉积充填响应

羌塘盆地侏罗系地层基准面变化表现为从上升到下降的一个完整过程,基准面的升降变化与盆地构造演化密切相关,特别是受盆地形成演化过程中班公湖-怒江洋演化过程的控制,而且受气候变化的影响.侏罗系相当于一个长期基准面旋回层序,表现为由上升半旋回和下降半旋回组成的不完全对称旋回,其间可进一步划分为6个中期基准面旋回层序,包括2个由碳酸盐岩沉积组成的层序,3个碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩混合沉积组成的层序,一个由碎屑岩组成的层序.基准面变化过程中沉积充填特点表明,侏罗纪土阿辛期-巴柔期班怒洋已经开始扩张,巴通期-牛津期为洋盆扩张的鼎盛时期,其间由于气候干燥而影响海域面积减小,其后由于班公湖-怒江洋俯冲消减及碰撞,结束了海相沉积充填历史.     

柴达木盆地东部三湖地区四系米兰柯维奇旋回分析

自然伽马曲线包含丰富的地质信息,能够很好地反映由气候变化引起的地层旋回.本文采用频谱分析对柴达木盆地三湖地区第四系自然伽马测井曲线进行了系统分析.作为频谱分析方法之一的快速傅里叶变换能够将自然伽马曲线从时间（深度）域转换为频率域,然后分析每一个峰值频率的波长及其相互之间的比率关系,寻找那些波长比率与米兰柯维奇周期比率相同或相似的频率,从而捕获高频旋回信息.研究结果表明第四系地层中很好地保存了高频的米兰柯维奇旋回,这样的沉积旋回主要由地球轨道的周期性变化而导致的古气候变化引起的.偏心率周期引起的地层旋回厚度变化范围在92.00~115.00 m之间,黄赤交角引起的地层旋回厚度变化范围在24.55~63.43 m之间,岁差引起的地层旋回厚度变化范围在16.8~26.35 m之间.黄赤交角和岁差是影响该区米兰柯维奇旋回的主要因素,其中岁差的影响最大,而偏心率的影响最小.     

高频感应测井仪器的响应特性及其应用研究

本文从高频感应测井仪器(VIKIZ)的线圈系结构及其工作原理出发,研究了仪器响应中井眼和偶极子模型的影响,获得了井眼校正方法和偶极子校正方法.同时提出了从高频测量信号中提取介电常数方法.研究表明,在盐水泥浆情况下,井眼因素对测井响应的影响不能忽略,要进行井眼校正.研究成果针对理想地层模型进行了验证,所开发处理软件已经成功用于处理实际测井资料中.     

南盘江盆地古油藏沥青、天然气的地球化学特征及成因

南盘江地区的沥青主要分布在中泥盆统和上二叠统的礁灰岩古油藏中, 储集空间以洞、缝为主, 其次为基质孔隙和生物体腔内; 天然气显示则主要为高N₂天然气为主, 常与古油藏焦沥青伴生. 研究认为南盘江地区古油藏沥青主要源自中泥盆统泥质烃源岩, 为油藏深埋时的高温、高压作用下原油裂解成气后的焦沥青; 而该地区高N₂天然气不是原油裂解气, 也不是源自上二叠统龙潭组的煤成气, 而主要是源自中泥盆统泥质烃源岩晚期阶段的干酪根裂解气. 三叠纪的巨厚沉积使古油藏中的原油彻底裂解成焦沥青和甲烷气, 之后的2000~4500 m的地层剥蚀破坏了气藏的压力系统, 从而造成“异常高压”甲烷气藏的彻底破坏, 反而使常压的干酪根裂解气在相对局部封闭的条件下得以保存, 构成了气显示天然气的主体.     

海拉尔盆地火山碎屑岩的测井响应与应用

海拉尔盆地中生界为熔岩-火山碎屑岩-沉积岩系列岩性组合,是测井解释层位.但是精细的岩心岩石类型描述与测井识别岩性的精度不匹配,岩心精细分层厚度往往小于测井分层的最小厚度0.6 m.研究显示,安山岩、熔结凝灰岩、凝灰岩、沉凝灰岩、凝灰质砾岩、凝灰质砂岩和沉积岩等主要岩性具有各自的测井响应,即有特定的岩-电关系模式.交会图可以区分岩性,TH-AC交会图至少可区分出砾岩;PE-RD交会图可把凝灰质砾岩和凝灰质砂岩区分开;K-U交会图可把凝灰质砾岩、粗砂岩和凝灰质粗砂岩区分开.根据岩心岩性特征及其测井响应建立的测井岩石分类可以满足测井解释的精度.按照测井岩石分类进行的岩心分层与测井分层吻合程度达80%以上.测井岩性分层是利用自然伽玛(GR)、补偿密度(DEN)、补偿中子(CNL)和微球形聚焦测井(MSFL)四条曲线进行的.本项研究提出的GDCM法是综合测井岩性分层的一种方法,适合于海拉尔盆地以火山碎屑岩为主岩性的测井解释.     

华南古生代海平面变化与大型-超大型热水沉积矿床的形成

在华南震旦系至三叠系地层中,有与热水沉积作用有关的层状、似层状和脉状金属矿床,主要集中于4个时期:(ⅰ)震旦纪大塘坡期,(ⅱ)早寒武世早期,(ⅲ)中泥盆世晚期和晚泥盆世早期,(ⅳ)早二叠世晚期。4个成矿时期均发生在一级海平面变化旋回的上升过程中的三级海平面变化旋回的最大海泛期前后,一级海平面下降过程的三级旋回的最大海泛期成矿作用微弱。最大海泛期深的海水层和非补偿性饥饿状态的悬浮、低速沉积和低能及缺氧环境为大型和超大型热水沉积矿床的形成和保存提供了有利的沉积环境;最大海泛期也是区域张裂构造活动、深部岩浆和热水作用的强烈活动期,为大型和超大型热水沉积矿床的形成提供了动力和成矿物质来源及有利的热水流体进入海底的通道,并通过热水沉积的快速堆积形成大型和超大型热水沉积矿床。     

华南古生代海平面变化与大型-超大型热水沉积矿床的形成

在华南震旦系至三叠系地层中,有与热水沉积作用有关的层状、似层状和脉状金属矿床,主要集中于4个时期:(ⅰ)震旦纪大塘坡期,(ⅱ)早寒武世早期,(ⅲ)中泥盆世晚期和晚泥盆世早期,(ⅳ)早二叠世晚期.4个成矿时期均发生在一级海平面变化旋回的上升过程中的三级海平面变化旋回的最大海泛期前后,一级海平面下降过程的三级旋回的最大海泛期成矿作用微弱.最大海泛期深的海水层和非补偿性饥饿状态的悬浮、低速沉积和低能及缺氧环境为大型和超大型热水沉积矿床的形成和保存提供了有利的沉积环境;最大海泛期也是区域张裂构造活动、深部岩浆和热水作用的强烈活动期,为大型和超大型热水沉积矿床的形成提供了动力和成矿物质来源及有利的热水流体进入海底的通道,并通过热水沉积的快速堆积形成大型和超大型热水沉积矿床.     

鄂尔多斯盆地白垩纪沙漠旋回、风向和水循环变化--白垩纪气候非均一性的证据

温室效应下的气候状态是当前的研究热点.地史中的温室气候尤其是白垩纪气候究竟是均一还是非均一的问题曾引起了广泛的讨论.通过对中国鄂尔多斯盆地白垩纪沙漠的旋回性、古风向转换和水循环变化的分析,认为白垩纪气候具有极强的周期性,不仅具有中长周期的变化,而且还有极强的季节变化,甚至还有瞬间的变化.研究表明,白垩纪气候并非均一.     

秦岭造山带与沉积盆地和结晶基底地震波场及动力学响应

秦岭—大别造山带横贯中国大陆中部,并将我国东部分为南北两部;即华北克拉通和扬子克拉通.在南、北相向运动力系驱动下构成了一个极为复杂的复合、叠加构造带、成矿带和地震活动带.同时导致了该地域异常变化的沉积建造和强烈起伏的结晶基底.然而对它们形成的地球物理边界场响应,岩相和结构的异常变化尚不清晰,特别对盆山之间的耦合响应更缺乏深层动力过程的理解.为此本文通过该区榆林—铜川—涪陵长1000 km剖面的地震探测和研究结果提出：（1）沉积建造厚度变化为4~10 km,结晶基底起伏强烈,幅度可达4~6 km;（2）一系列基底断裂将该区切割为南鄂尔多斯盆地和秦岭北缘前陆盆地、秦岭—大巴造山带和南缘前陆盆地与东北四川盆地,其中前陆盆地为秦岭北渭河盆地和秦岭南通江—万源盆地;（3）秦岭造山带是北部华北克拉通向南推挤、南部扬子克拉通向北推挤下隆升的陆内山体,并构筑了其南、北前陆盆地;（4）秦岭造山带的南、北边界并非是一条边界断层,而应是包括前陆盆地在内的组合界带;（5）秦岭与大巴弧形山系源于同一深部结晶基底,即同根生.这一系列的新认识对深化理解秦岭—大巴造山带形成的深层动力过程和演化机理及厘定扬子克拉通的真实北界具有极为重要的意义.     

Base level change and depositional filling response of Jurassic in the Qiangtang Basin of Tibet

The base level during the deposition of Jurassic in the Qiangtang Basin shows a complete cycle from rising to falling. The base level change is closely connected with tectonic evolution of the basin, especially connected with Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean evolution process in the formation and evolution of the basin. It is also affected by climate. The Jurassic strata correspond to a long-term base level cycle sequence. The sequence is in fact a non-complete symmetrical cycle, consisting of rising hemicycle and falling hemicycle. It can be divided into 6 intermediate-term base level cycle sequences, including 2 carbonate sequences, 3 mixture sedimentary sequences of carbonate and clastic rocks and one clastic sedimentary sequence. Depositional filling characteristics during base level change show that Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean spreads in Toarcian-Bajocian ages, and is at the height of spreading of Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean in Bathonian-Oxfordian ages. In that process, sea area became smaller because of the dry climate. Eventually, marine depositional filling is ended with the subduction and collision of Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean.

     

Base level change and depositional filling response of Jurassic in the Qiangtang Basin of Tibet

The base level during the deposition of Jurassic in the Qiangtang Basin shows a complete cycle from rising to falling. The base level change is closely connected with tectonic evolution of the basin, especially connected with Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean evolution process in the formation and evolution of the basin. It is also affected by climate. The Jurassic strata correspond to a long-term base level cycle sequence. The sequence is in fact a non-complete symmetrical cycle, consisting of rising hemicycle and falling hemicycle. It can be divided into 6 intermediate-term base level cycle sequences, including 2 carbonate sequences, 3 mixture sedimentary sequences of carbonate and clastic rocks and one clastic sedimentary sequence. Depositional filling characteristics during base level change show that Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean spreads in Toarcian-Bajocian ages, and is at the height of spreading of Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean in Bathonian-Oxfordian ages. In that process, sea area became smaller because of the dry climate. Eventually, marine depositional filling is ended with the subduction and collision of Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean.     

基于SVM测井数据的火山岩岩性识别——以辽河盆地东部坳陷为例

辽河盆地东部坳陷储集层由火山多期喷发形成,岩相岩性复杂,岩性以中、基性火山岩为主.本文将火山岩的岩心及岩矿鉴定资料与测井数据进行整合,应用测井数据建立支持向量机(SVM)两分类和多分类岩性识别模式.首先,深入研究支持向量机二分类及"一对一"、"一对多"和有向无环图三种经典多分类算法的基本原理及结构;然后,总结研究区域火山岩岩石特征,分析测井数据的测井响应组合特征,选择40口井中岩心分析和薄片鉴定资料完整、常规五种测井曲线(RLLD,CNL,DEN,AC,GR)齐全的1200个测井数据作为训练样本,构造三种支持向量机岩性识别模式;最后,对4测试井中800个测井数据进行岩性识别,识别结果与取心段岩心描述和岩心/岩屑薄片鉴定资料对比,实验结果表明有向无环图更适合辽河盆地火山岩的识别,识别正确率达到82.3%.     

Carbon and strontium isotope variations and responses to sea-level fluctuations in the Ordovician of the Tarim Basin

In the Ordovician, a carbonate platform system grading from the platformal interior eastwards to basin was developed in the Tazhong area of the Tarim Basin, and the study column is located in the place where the paleoslope occurred. The isotope compositions of the carbonates there are thus considered as having reflected those of simultaneous sea waters in view of its good connection with the open seas. The carbon and strontium isotope compositions of the Ordovician carbonates in the Tazhong area are analyzed, and their relationships to the sea-level fluctuations are discussed as well. Studies have revealed that the carbon isotope composition is related positively with the sea-level fluctuations, whereas an opposing situation occurs to the strontium isotope variation. Similar responses of carbon and strontium isotope compositions to the sea-level fluctuations are reported elsewhere in the world, suggesting that the Ordovician sea-level fluctuations of the Tarim Basin were of eustatic implication.     

Mechanisms of carbon storage and the coupled carbon,nitrogen and sulfur cycles in regional seas in response to global change

正1.Great challenges in scientific frontiers of marine carbon storage in the scenario of global change The marine carbon cycle is influenced by anthropogenic activities,affecting global climate change and casting a significant impact on ecosystems.However,the complex spatiotemporal process of the marine carbon cycle results in the uncertainty in the estimation of marine carbon budget,either     

Potentialities,uncertainties and complexities in the response of coral reefs to future sea-level rise

Coral islands formed of largely unconsolidated sands only a few metres above sea level are thought to be particularly vulnerable to sea-level rise consequent upon global warming. However, scenarios which predict catastrophic flooding and loss of island area need reassessment, particularly in the light of the continued downwards revision of projected rates of future sea-level rise. Revised questions concern the interactions between reef growth and sea-level change, biophysical constraints on coral growth, and the importance to reef systems of potential changes in the magnitude, frequency and location of tropical cyclones and hurricanes. It is clear that most reefs have the growth potential to meet even the highest of future sea-level rise scenarios, but too little is known about physiological and physical constraints to reef growth to adequately evaluate the importance of these two factors in constraining this potential at the present time. Future sea-level rise in the tropical oceans, and coral reef responses, will take place against a backdrop of inter-regional differences in Holocene sea levels, resulting from the varying interaction of eustatic and hydro-isostatic processes. These differences have generated varying constraints on the development of modern reefs and varying inherited topographies upon which future sea-level changes will be superimposed. These controls are particularly important in assessing differences in vulnerability to future sea-level rise for reef islands in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.     

全新世以来东北地区沼泽湿地发育过程及其对气候变化的响应

沼泽湿地是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,在维护区域环境稳定中起着重要作用.随着社会经济的发展,人类活动导致湿地大面积退化和消失,严重影响了区域生态安全;恢复退化湿地已成为各国政府和学者关注的焦点.而了解历史时期沼泽湿地发育过程及影响因素则是建立合理湿地恢复目标的重要前提.东北地区是我国最大的沼泽湿地集中分布区,其中70%的湿地面临不同程度的退化威胁;但由于数据的缺乏,东北地区沼泽湿地发育过程及其与气候变化的关系仍不清楚.基于此,本研究系统分析了全新世以来东北地区沼泽湿地形成发育的动态变化过程,并探讨了东北地区不同区域沼泽湿地的发育规律及其对气候变化的响应机理.研究发现东北地区沼泽湿地约从12 ka（1 ka=1000 cal.）开始发育,在距今8.6 ka以后开始广泛形成,约有35%的沼泽湿地形成于全新世暖湿期（8.0-4.0 ka）;而沼泽湿地发育的高峰期则集中在全新世晚期.这种发育趋势与全球北方主要区域沼泽湿地大规模发育趋势显著不同.古气候重建表明,全新世早期东北地区气候温暖湿润,处在有利于沼泽发育的时期,促进了沼泽湿地的形成;而在全新世晚期,东北地区呈现冷湿的气候组合特征,冷湿的气候条件不利于有机质的分解,进而促进了沼泽湿地的大规模形成和发育.此外,研究结果也表明全新世以来东北地区不同区域沼泽湿地发育的时间和规模呈现显著的空间差异,而温度和降水则是影响不同区域沼泽湿地发育的最重要因素.本研究将为我国东北地区沼泽湿地的保护和恢复提供一定的理论和数据支持.     

Paleostructural geomorphology of the Paleozoic central uplift belt and its constraint on the development of depositional facies in the Tarim Basin

Inclined eastward and consisting of the Hetianhe, Hetianhedong, Tazhong paleouplifts and Bachu paleoslope, the central paleouplift belt in the Tarim Basin was a large composite paleouplift and paleoslope belt with complicated palaeogeomorphic features during the Middle to early Late Ordovician. A number of paleostructural geomorphic elements have been identified in the paleouplift belt and surrounding areas, such as the high uplift belts, the faulted uplift platforms, the marginal slopes and slope break zones flanking the paleouplift belt, the surrounding shelf slopes or low relief ramps, the shelf slope break zones and deep basin plains. They exerted great influence on the development of paleogeography of the basin. The marginal slopes and slope break zones flanking the uplift belt constrained the formation and deposition of the high-energy facies including reefal and shoal deposits during the Late Ordovician, which comprise the major reservoirs of the Lower Paleozoic in the basin. Toward the end of the Ordovician, the Tazhong paleouplift hinged westward and became a westward-dipped nose as the southeastern margin of the basin was strongly compressed and uplifted. The tectono-paleogeomorphic framework of the central northern basin during the Early Silurian and the Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous changed remarkably in topography from the initial low in east and high in west to high in northeast and low in southwest. The major paleogeomorphic elements developed in these periods included the strong eroded uplift high, the uplift marginal slope, the gentle ramp of the depression margin and the depression belt. The sandstones of the lowstand and the early transgressive systems tracts were deposited along the uplift marginal slopes and the gentle ramps of the depressions comprise the prolific reservoirs in the basin. The study indicates that the distribution patterns of the unconformities within the basin are closely related to the paleogeomorphic features and evolution of the paleouplift belt. From the high uplift belt to the depression, we found the composed unconformity belts at the high uplift, the truncated and onlap triangular unconformity belts along the uplift marginal slopes, the minor angular unconformity or discontinuity belts along the transitional zones from the uplift marginal slopes to depression and the conformity belt in the central depression. The truncated and the onlap triangular unconformity belts are the favorable zones for the formation of stratigraphic trap reservoirs. Supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB202302), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40372056) and Frontier Research Project of Marine Facies     

Earthquake-controlled event deposits and its tectonic significance from the Middle Permian Wandrawandian Siltstone in the Sydney Basin,Australia

Earthquake is a disaster event resulting from rapid and intensive crustal vibration caused by fault activity, volcanic eruption, or block dilapidation. Heezen and Ewing[1] and Heezen and Dyke[2] were the first to note earthquake-related mass movement and associated deposits in connection to the turbidity currents and submarine slumps triggered by the Grand Bank Earthquake in 1929. Seilacher[3] defined redeposited sedimentary beds, disturbed and modified by earth- quakes, as seismite. Since t…     

青藏高原东南部巴松措现代沉积过程及其对气候变化的响应

湖泊沉积物是记录气候演化信息的重要载体之一,在探讨过去气候变化过程研究中发挥重要作用.然而,沉积物中的许多代用指标对气候的指示意义存在多解性,不同指标所反映的环境信息相互之间有时会存在矛盾.为了能够更准确地解读湖泊沉积物中指标所记录的环境变化信息,开展现代湖泊沉积物指标与环境之间的关系研究,深入探讨各指标对环境变化的响应机制尤为关键.本文选取青藏高原东南部巴松措湖泊表层沉积物作为研究对象,利用²¹⁰Pb与¹³⁷Cs比活度检测结果建立年代序列,对沉积物中粒度、磁化率、有机质含量等指标进行分析,揭示巴松措现代沉积过程.结合沉积物粒度端元组分分析结果,并将不同指标变化与林芝气象站所记录的数据资料进行对比,得出以下主要结论：该地区沉积物来源主要包括径流搬运的冰川碎屑物质和来自青藏高原南部、西南部上空悬浮于大气中的风成物质两部分;其中,通过风力搬运的物质输入主要集中在冬半年,受季节性风向及风速变化影响明显;径流受到冰雪融水与夏季降水的补给,因此通过径流搬运的物质输入量受到温度与降水综合影响;湖泊中磁性矿物碎屑的产生和输入主要受区域降水量影响的流域侵蚀速率变化控制,该湖泊沉积物磁化率波动可以有效的指示该地区降水量变化;沉积物中总有机碳含量和总氮含量变化主要反映湖泊自身初级生产力的变化,对区域温度变化的响应显著.