15×10~4m~3储罐的动特性分析

立式钢制圆柱形储罐向着大型化和浮放式发展,其动力特性参数,如结构的固有频率和固有振型,在地震工程中经常被使用,以15×104m3储罐为例,应用ADINA有限元程序,采用弹簧单元来模拟地基,考虑液固耦合效应对其进行了模态分析。结果表明:采用弹簧单元来模拟地基进行储罐的分析时,有限元与规范近似算法比较接近;15×104m3储罐液固耦合振动低频的振动形式比较丰富,以cosnθ、sinnθ型梁式振动为主,液体晃动低频的振动形式比较单一,即cosnθ、sinnθ型梁式振动;液固耦合振动频率对地基刚度最为敏感,储液高度与储罐高径比次之,受罐壁厚度的影响比较小;液体晃动频率对罐壁厚度和地基刚度不敏感,对储液高度与高径比则比较敏感。     

Chlorphenole und Nonylphenole in Klärschlämmen. Teil II: Hat die Belastung mit Pentachlorphenol und Nonylphenolen abgenommen?

Chlorophenols and Nonylphenols in Sewage Sludges. Part II: Did Contents of Pentachlorophenol and Nonylphenols Reduce? Sewage sludges were analyzed for pentachlorophenol and isomeric 4-nonylphenols. These environmental pollutants are not regulated by the German sewage sludge regulations (Klärschlammverordnung) but are subsequently controlled by the pentachlorophenol prohibition ordinance and the industry’s voluntary declaration of renouncing the use of alkylphenol ethoxylates. The samples analyzed originated from sewage treatment plants in the state Rheinland-Pfalz from 1994 till 1995. The analytical results are presented graphically by histograms and numerically by quantiles (median, 90%-percentile).The results are compared to those we formerly obtained from all West German states from 1987 till 1989. To verify the statistical significance of median differences, we used the Wilcoxon test suitable for non parametric data distributions. All histograms show non symmetrical frequency distributions. In almost all 101 analyzed samples, pentachlorophenol was found at a median of 19 μg/kg related to dry matter (d.m.) and a 90%-percentile of 86 μg/kg related to d.m. Compared with the past, there seems to be a tendency to lower values which, however, cannot be proved statistically. In almost all sewage sludge samples, nonylphenols could be found at a median of 4.6 mg/kg related to d.m. and a 90%-percentile of 24.8 mg/kg. In contrast to the past, these values are very low; nonylphenols in sewage sludges have significantly reduced. This may be a hint that the industry’s voluntary dec-laration has been taken seriously.     

大华北M≥4(3/4)地震阶段性相对同步活动特征及其意义

大华北M≥4(3/4)地震的纵向活动,除了活动期和活动幕以外,其间还存在一个特征活动时段--活动阶段。一个活动期由三个活动阶段组成:预释放（预破裂）、准释放（准破裂）和大释放（大破裂）阶段。一个活动阶段包括三个以上活动幕。对整个大华北来说,三者均有普遍意义;对大华北内分区分带来说,活动期和活动阶段较有普遍意义,活动幕不具普遍意义。我们称活动阶段的普遍意义为阶段性相对同步活动特征,即对每一活动阶段,各分区分带在此阶段内都将先后发生相应的破坏性地震活动,它对判断大华北地震活动趋势和主要危险区具有重要意义。     

全球Ms≥7￣3／4级地震的定向迁移

对全球尺度的６条大地震带内１９００～１９９０年中１８４次Ｍｓ≥７３／４级地震进行了沿地震带方向定向迁移的分析，获得了全球统一的地震定向迁移规律，总体是由西向东，迁移速度由７００ｋｍ／ａ变为１５０ｋｍ／ａ，此现象可以作多种暂态地球动力作用过程的推论，如以大西洋脊间歇式张裂引起上地幔软流物质自西向东运动，呈现纵波式的振荡传播；也可解释为非洲板块、阿拉伯板块和印度板块自西南向东北对欧亚地震带依次的推压引起向东的应变波的传播；太平洋脊两侧洋底板块向西北和东北两侧的斜向推压，可能是造成两侧地震带地震向北迁移的触发源     

“膨胀”磁效应

压磁效应不一定是震磁关系的唯一可能机制.本文认为,从我国邢台地震区地震与地磁变化观测的事实出发,用压磁效应很难解释震磁之间的关系.因此就提出震源区由于岩石介质的微破裂、膨胀的液体扩散引起地磁场变化的设想,并称此种设想为“‘膨胀’磁效应”. 在简化了的假定条件下,初步计算表明,用此假设讨论地震区地磁场变化的空间分布与实际观测的结果较为符合.有一些检验震例.     

论裸眼井中的“共振纵波”和“共振横波”

一、引言 文献[1]和[2]指出,充流体裸眼井中存在频率确定、波速恒定、且沿传播方向不衰减的“共振纵波”和“共振横波”。本文的目的在于论证并指出,这两种波是不存在的。 二、论证 设一点源位于z=0的井轴上,则井轴上z处的声波频率响应为     

Temporal and spatial variations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">δ</Emphasis><Superscript>15</Superscript>N and <Emphasis Type="Italic">δ</Emphasis><Superscript>18</Superscript>O for atmospheric N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O above the oceanic surface from Shanghai to Antarctica

During the 22nd Chinese Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE-22), the atmospheric gas samples above the oceanic surface and near the surface were collected on the track for the scientific ship “Xuelong” and on Millor Peninsula of eastern Antarctica, respectively, using the Tedlar gas bags. Every day the sampling times were 10:00 and 22:00 (local time), respectively. In the laboratory, high-precision measurement of the isotopic compositions for N₂O in these gas samples was conducted using Thermo Finnigan MAT-253 Isotopic Mass Spectrometer with a fully automated interface for the pre-GC concentration (PreCon) of trace gases. The temporal and spatial variations of δ ¹⁵N and δ ¹⁸O in atmospheric N₂O were analyzed. The mean δ ¹⁵N and δ ¹⁸O-N₂O values above the oceanic surface were (7.21±0.50)‰ and (44.52±0.52)‰, respectively. From 30°N to Antarctica, the δ ¹⁵N (6.05‰–7.88‰) linearly increased with the rate of about 0.01‰ with the latitude while the δ ¹⁸O (43.05‰–48.78‰) showed a large fluctuation. The δ ¹⁵N negatively correlated with air temperature and N₂O concentration, and slightly positively correlated with δ ¹⁸O. The summertime variations of δ ¹⁵N and δ ¹⁸O-N₂O appeared the same trend on Millor Peninsula of eastern Antarctica. They significantly positively correlated with each other and negatively with N₂O concentration. The δ ¹⁵N and δ ¹⁸O-N₂O at different sites averaged (7.42±0.35)‰ and (44.69±0.49)‰, respectively, slightly higher than those above the oceanic surface, significantly higher than those of atmospheric N₂O in the low-latitude regions of Northern Hemisphere. The predominant factors affecting the spatial variations of δ ¹⁵N and δ ¹⁸O values were also discussed. The isotopic data given in this study can help to investigate the global and regional N₂O budgets. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40676005 and 40406001)     

Simulating CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> transport into the ocean from a CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> lake at the seafloor using a <Emphasis Type="Italic">z</Emphasis>- and a <Emphasis Type="Italic">σ</Emphasis>-coordinate model

The ocean takes up approximately 2 GT carbon per year due to the enhanced CO₂ concentrations in the atmosphere. Several options have been suggested in order to reduce the emissions of CO₂ into the atmosphere, and among these are CO₂ storage in the deep ocean. Topographic effects of dissolution and transport from a CO₂ lake located at 3,000-m depth have been studied using the z-coordinate model Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm) and the σ-coordinate model Bergen ocean model (BOM). Both models have been coupled with the general ocean turbulence model (GOTM) in order to account for vertical subgrid processes. The chosen vertical turbulence mixing scheme includes the damping effect from stable stratification on the turbulence intensity. Three different topographic scenarios are presented: a flat bottom and the CO₂ lake placed within a trench with depths of 10 and 20 m. The flat case scenario gives good correlation with previous numerical studies of dissolution from a CO₂ lake. When topography is introduced, it is shown that the z-coordinate model and the σ-coordinate model give different circulation patterns in the trench. This leads to different dissolution rates, 0.1 μmol cm^− 2 s^− 1 for the scenario of a 20-m-deep trench using BOM and 0.005–0.02 μmol cm^− 2 s^− 1 for the same scenario using the MITgcm. The study is also relevant for leakages of CO₂ stored in geological formations and to the ocean.     

測量大气臭氧垂直分布的逆轉方法<C>——对逆轉方法<A><B>的改进

本文给出了1个新的测量大气臭氧垂直分布的逆转方法,该方法将臭氧层分为6层,各层的臭氧含量,前后两次用图解法由联立方程定量的解出。使用这个方法,我们对在北京观测的10条逆转曲线作了计算,并将这些计算结果作了讨论及初步的误差估计。     

Evaluation of the dynamic <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>–<Emphasis Type="Italic">y</Emphasis><Subscript>p</Subscript> loops of pile-supported structures on sloping ground

A key issue in the design of pile-supported structures on sloping ground is soil–pile interaction, which becomes more complicated in case of dynamic loading. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of slope on the dynamic behavior of pile-supported structures by performing a series of centrifuge tests. Three models were prepared by varying the slope and soil density of dry sand grounds. The mass supported on 3 by 3 group piles was shaken applying sinusoidal wave with various amplitudes. Test results showed that the location of maximum values and distribution shape of the bending moment below the ground surface varied noticeably with the pile position in the slope case. The relationship between the soil resistance and pile deflection (p–y_p loops) was carefully evaluated by applying the piecewise cubic spline method to fit the measured bending moment curves along piles. It was found that the shape of the p–y_p loops was irregular due to the effect of slope, and immensely influenced by the movement of the unstable zone. In addition, the effect of the pile group in the horizontal case was evaluated by comparing with the previously suggested curves that represent the relationship between the soil resistance and pile–soil relative displacement (p–y curves) to propose the multiplier coefficients.     

“喜马拉雅山区域的地震”

“喜马拉雅山区域的地震”,班那吉著.1957年3月印度科学促进会出版.共64页,价3卢比.本书刊印了班那吉教授在1953年所做的三个演讲:（1）造山运动所产生的应变;喜马拉雅山的重量对于地壳的影响;（2）喜马拉雅山区域的地震;浅震源和深震源;过去的地震和它们的分布、频率及能量;（3）喜马拉雅山区域的地震来源;将来发生地震的可能性.     

Atypical soil behavior during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake (<Emphasis Type="Italic">М</Emphasis><Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">w</Emphasis></Subscript> = 9)

To understand physical mechanisms of generation of abnormally high peak ground acceleration (PGA; >1g) during the Tohoku earthquake, models of nonlinear soil behavior in the strong motion were constructed for 27 KiK-net stations located in the near-fault zones to the south of FKSH17. The method of data processing used was developed by Pavlenko and Irikura, Pure Appl Geophys 160:2365–2379, 2003 and previously applied for studying soil behavior at vertical array sites during the 1995 Kobe (М _w ?=?6.8) and 2000 Tottori (М _w ?=?6.7) earthquakes. During the Tohoku earthquake, we did not observe a widespread nonlinearity of soft soils and reduction at the beginning of strong motion and recovery at the end of strong motion of shear moduli in soil layers, as usually observed during strong earthquakes. Manifestations of soil nonlinearity and reduction of shear moduli during strong motion were observed at sites located close to the source, in coastal areas. At remote sites, where abnormally high PGAs were recorded, shear moduli in soil layers increased and reached their maxima at the moments of the highest intensity of the strong motion, indicating soil hardening. Then, shear moduli reduced with decreasing the intensity of the strong motion. At soft-soil sites, the reduction of shear moduli was accompanied by a step-like decrease of the predominant frequencies of motion. Evidently, the observed soil hardening at the moments of the highest intensity of the strong motion contributed to the occurrence of abnormally high PGA, recorded during the Tohoku earthquake.     

Methods and technique of measurements of ρ<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">k</Emphasis></Subscript> variations by GEOMES-R6 device

Upgrading of the electrical resistance variometer GEOMES-R6 of the Institute of Geophysics of the Poland Academy of Sciences, with enhancement of functional capabilities of the GEOMES assemblage for its application in laboratory measurements on rock samples, has been carried out. The assemblage operation principle, specifications, and theory of operation are given. Results of the assemblage test at measurements on marble sample and concrete model are presented. It is shown that the installation allows long-duration registration of variations of the value ρ _k on high-ohmic samples.     

地震勘探中的“地形爆炸”

地震勘探中应用地面爆炸,往往产生严重的声波、地面波和浅层的干扰,而有效波能量的強度常比較微弱。“地形爆炸”就是鉴于以上情况而作出的某些改进。它的基本特点是利用地形特点而使干扰的能量减少到最低的水平,尽量提高有效波能量水平。     

Temporal variations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">δ</Emphasis><Superscript>18</Superscript>O of atmospheric water vapor at Delingha

Oxygen stable isotope of atmospheric water vapor is widely used to study the modern process of climate. Atmospheric water vapor samples were collected at Dlingha, northeast of Tibetan Plateau during the period from July 2005 to February 2006. The variation of δ ¹⁸O and the relationships between δ ¹⁸O and both the temperature and specific humidity are analyzed in this paper. Results show that the seasonal variation of δ ¹⁸O of atmospheric water vapor at Delingha is remarkable with higher δ ¹⁸O in summer and lower δ ¹⁸O in winter. The temporal variation of vapor δ ¹⁸O shows obvious fluctuations, with magnitude of over 37‰ The daily variation of the δ ¹⁸O is highly correlated with air temperature. The relationship between δ ¹⁸O and atmospheric water vapor content is complex. Study shows that δ ¹⁸O of atmospheric water vapor is positively correlated with specific humidity in winter in seasonal scale and inversely correlated with specific humidity in summer rainy period. The δ ¹⁸O values of atmospheric water vapor are lower than those of precipitation at Delingha, and the average difference is 10.7‰ Variations of δ ¹⁸O of atmospheric water vapor is also found to be affected by precipitation events, The model results show that the precipitation effect could have caused the vapor δ ¹⁸O in the raining season to lower by 7% in average in July and August. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40671043, 40571039 and 40771048) and National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2005CB422002)     

驳“九星成线”灾难说——兼批孔孟的反动“天命观”

最近,一些西方资产阶级学者提出“九星成线”灾难说:当太阳系九颗行星在太阳同侧排成一线时,将会骤然“刹住”地球自转,引起灾难性的大地震。本文对这种错误观点进行了批判。 根据中国二千七百多年历史地震的丰富记载,七级以上的大地震共发生过一百二十多次,同期“九星成线”有十五次,可这百余次大震没有一次发生在“九星成线”的年份上。迄今为止,世界上最大的一次地震,既与“九星成线”无关,也并未“摧毁地球”。对地球引力的主要影响来自太阳和月球,其他行星影响总和的最大值,不过是月球的万分之一而已。地震是地球内部的一种矛盾运动,不能把行星间引力对某些地震的影响片面夸大加以绝对化。“九星成线”灾难说,缺乏事实根据,在科学上是说不通的。 这种错误观点的提出并非偶然,科学技术的发展总是为一定的政治路线服务的。早在我国西汉末年（公元一世纪初年）,孔孟之徒曾对这同一种自然现象宣扬过“五星联珠”吉祥说,妄图挽救反动奴隶制的崩溃。同儒家曲解自然现象的下场一样,西方资产阶级宣扬灾难说,欺骗人民,以掩盖资本主义世界的政治经济危机,也必然是完全徒劳的。     

An ocean circulation model in <Emphasis Type="Italic">σ</Emphasis>S-<Emphasis Type="Italic">z</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">σ</Emphasis>B hybrid coordinate and its validation

A 3D, two-time-level, σS-z-σB hybrid-coordinate Marine Science and Numerical Modeling numerical ocean circulation model (HyMOM) is developed in this paper. In HyMOM, the σ coordinate is employed in the surface and bottom regions, and the z coordinate is used in the intermediate layers. This method can overcome problems with vanishing surface cells and minimize the unwanted deviation in representing bottom topography. The connection between the σ and z layers vertically includes an expanded “ghost” method and the linear interpolation. The governing equations in the σS-z-σB hybrid coordinate based on the complete Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are derived in detail. The two-level time staggered and Eulerian forward and backward schemes, which are of second-order of accuracy, are adopted for the temporal difference in internal and external mode, respectively. The computation of the baroclinic gradient force is tested in an analytic test problem; the errors for two methods in HyMOM, which are relatively large only in the bottom layers, are obviously smaller than those in the pure σ and z models in almost all of the vertical layers. A quasi-global climatologic numerical experiment is constructed to test the simulation performance of HyMOM. With the monthly mean Levitus climatology data as reference, the HyMOM can improve the simulating accuracy compared with its pure z or σ coordinate implementation.     

Ionospheric <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis><Subscript>e</Subscript> disturbances before 2007 Pu’er,Yunnan, China,earthquake

Selecting three half orbits near the epicenter of Pu’er earthquake, we analyzed the N_e data recorded in their revisited orbits during a year before this earthquake, and extracted N_e precursors. The results show that: ① There are significant seasonal variations of ionospheric N_e in night time, which exhibit different shapes respectively in four seasons; ② There are three main shapes of N_e: single-peak, saddle-shaped and even-shaped, all of which may occur in four seasons, but each season with its typical shape relatively; ③ Spatial images of N_e showed high values near the epicenter in 30 days before the earthquake, and there is a good correlation between anomaly and distribution of earthquake in space and time, which reflects that these spatial anomalies were indeed concerned with the earthquake; ④ There shows a certain similarity of the N_e curves among revisited orbits, which can provide background information for distinguishing and identification of seismic anomaly.