太湖渔业资源现状(2009-2010年)及与水体富营养化关系浅析

根据2009-2010年的太湖鱼类资源调查,结合历年渔业资料和水环境监测数据,分析太湖渔业资源的发展趋势和结构特征.结果表明:本次调查共采集到鱼类47种,隶属10目14科37属,原常见鱼类种类数明显减少,鲤科等定居性鱼类成为主体;同时,太湖渔业产量近年来增长迅速,渔获物中湖鲚等小型鱼类比重增加,渔业资源的单一化和小型化趋势加剧.根据湖泊水体环境特征的空间差异,对太湖东部湖区、北部湖区和湖心区3个不同类型湖区间的渔业资源特征进行比较.其中在北部湖区和湖心区,浮游食性的湖鲚成为绝对优势种,2008年其产量分别占湖区总产量的70.7％和80.4％,其他主要鱼类所占比重仅为0.2％ -3.0％;而东部湖区草食性和肉食性鱼类的比例较高,鱼类结构相对合理,不同湖区间渔获物的组成差别反映出湖区鱼类组成与环境特征相适应的特点.针对太湖渔业资源与水体富营养化关系进行探讨,提出需加强渔业与湖泊环境功能之间关系的研究,重视水生植被在太湖渔业可持续发展中作用的建议.     

太湖鱼类区系变化和渔获物分析

20世纪80年代之前,太湖有鱼类107种、25科,属4个生态类型:洄游型、江湖洄游型、河流型和湖沼型.自2002年9月至2006年1月进行了太湖鱼类采集,共采得鱼类60种、18科.其中,除放流的鱼类外,都能在封闭的湖泊环境中完成生命周期(湖沼生态型);团头鲂、鲮、银鲫和尼罗罗非鱼属移植种类.团头鲂、鳙、鲢、草鱼和青鱼是从20世纪60年代起每年向湖中放流的鱼类;鳗鲡则是自1976年起放流从长江采捕的鳗苗.20世纪50年末至1985年,长江和太湖之间人为隔断,不能在静水中繁殖的鱼类在湖中消失,自然鱼类资源下降;加上过度捕捞和对繁殖群体缺少保护,导致鱼类群体小型化.最后,对太湖渔业资源的优化进行了讨论,并进一步提出对策.     

Zooplankton response to the lake restoration in the drinking-water source in Meiliang Bay of subtropical eutrophic Lake Taihu, China

A 3-year ecological engineering project was carried out from 2003 to 2005 in the drinking water source in Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu, China. The project area was divided into three zones: Zone C (outside the area), Zone B (pelagic part within the area) and Zone A (littoral part within the area). The community composition, density and biomass of zooplankton were studied as a part in the lake restoration study. Also, the abundance, biomass and composition of fish in the engineering area were annually analyzed in the littoral zone (Zone A). The average density of cladocerans decreased from the outer part to the inner part of the lake, i.e., from Zone C to Zone A, while the average density of copepod did not significantly vary among the 3 zones. The average densities of rotifer and ciliate increased from Zone C to Zone A. RDA analysis indicated that Microcystis biomass more impacted the zooplankton compositions after temperature. In Zone A, many planktivorous fishes, e.g., Coilia nasus, Hemiculter leucisculus, Pseudorasbora parva, dominated the fish community, which caused a marked decrease in the abundance of cladocerans, especially large-sized cladoceran Daphnia galeata and Daphnia obtusa. Our results suggested that both fish predation and other environmental factors such as the Microcystis bloom greatly affected the zooplankton community during the restoration of subtropical eutrophic lakes.     

Characterizing replenishment water,lake water and groundwater interactions by numerical modelling in arid regions: a case study of Shahu Lake

In order to maintain the scenic and eco-environmental values of a lake, we need to characterize its water interactions. Shahu Lake was used as a case study to show the interactions among replenishment water, lake water and groundwater in an arid region. Shahu Lake is located in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of northwest China and has an area of 13.96 km² and an average depth of 2.2 m. The groundwater modelling software MODFLOW was used. The analysis results show that hydraulic connectivity among replenishment water, lake water and groundwater is the crucial driving factor that affects the water level in Shahu Lake. The lake water level is highly sensitive to the volume of replenishment water. The groundwater is of great importance in balancing the water level in the lake and preventing it from drying up. It was determined that 13.8 × 10⁶ m³/yr is the optimal volume of replenishment water for Shahu Lake in order to maintain the lake level at its normal state and also to make the best use of available water resources on a long-term basis. Understanding of the water interactions can promote effective management of water resources in Shahu Lake.

EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis

ASSOCIATE EDITOR D. Hughes     

Food web manipulation by extreme enhancement of piscivory: an invertebrate predator compensates for the effects of planktivorous fish on a plankton community

By enhancing the stock of piscivorous fish in a whole-lake experiment in Gräfenhain (Germany) since 1981 to such an extent that almost all planktivorous fish were exterminated, we examined the concept of “over-biomanipulation”. This hypothesis predicts that (a) extremely strong piscivory will allow uncontrolled development of large invertebrate predators and (b) these invertebrates can exert the same strong predation pressure on large herbivorous zooplankton as planktivorous fish. The hypothesis is tested the first time by a cross-comparison of the long-term response of the plankton community structure in the experimental lake (Piscivore L.) with (1) the intermediate response in the same lake and with (2) that of the long-term state in a nearby reference lake (Planktivore L.) densely inhabited by planktivorous fish (Leucaspius delineatus, a small cyprinid). The intermediate (1989–1992) response in Piscivore L. revealed a strong increase of the abundance of the invertebrate predator Chaoborus flavicans. Large daphnids were able to coexist with C. flavicans so that edible phytoplankton were suppressed and water transparency increased.As part (a) of the hypothesis predicts, the long-term response in Piscivore L. was characterized by the immigration of the larger predator Chaoborus obscuripes which displaced the smaller C. flavicans completely. The results support also part (b) of the hypothesis of “over-biomanipulation”: C. obscuripes-dominated Piscivore L. showed not much difference in biomasses of daphnids and total and edible phytoplankton as well as Secchi depth compared with fish-dominated Planktivore Lake. On the other hand, C. obscuripes-dominated Piscivore L. was characterized by distinctly lower biomass of daphnids, mean body volume of all crustaceans and Secchi depth as well as by higher biomass of edible phytoplankton compared with C. flavicans-dominated Piscivore Lake. We conclude that long-lasting success of biomanipulation cannot be achieved by extremely high piscivory leading to the almost complete extermination of planktivorous fish.     

环境因子对乌梁素海水体营养状态的影响:基于2013-2018年监测数据的分析

为探明寒旱区浅水型湖泊乌梁素海水环境因子对水体营养状态的影响程度,以2013—2018年1月和7月湖泊水环境监测数据为基础,对具有典型代表性监测点的水体营养状态与水环境因子（盐度、pH值和水深）之间建立向量自回归模型（VAR）模型,通过方差分解方法分析水环境因子对水体营养状态的贡献水平,同时界定出水体营养状态处于最佳水平条件下的水环境因子的适宜范围.结果表明：水环境因子对水体营养状态的方差贡献初期表现显著而后趋于稳定,且盐度、pH值和水深指标的综合方差贡献率最高可达66.62%;并以全湖94.4%的水体面积不呈现富营养化状态作为标准界定出乌梁素海水体处于最佳营养状态水平条件下盐度、pH值和水深指标的适宜范围,分别为0.06~2.68 g/L、7.50~8.63和1.76~3.50 m,且湖泊在此营养水平条件下全湖盐度、pH值和水深指标的均值分别为1.55 g/L、8.15和2.33 m.因此,可以通过人类活动调控湖泊水环境因子值,并实施以水养湖的策略来推动湖泊水体营养状态向良性发展.     

The 1996 subaqueous eruption at Academii Nauk volcano (Kamchatka) and its effects on Karymsky lake

A subaqueous eruption in Karymsky lake in the Academii Nauk caldera dramatically changed its water column structure, water chemistry and biological system in less than 24 h, sending major floodwaves down the discharging river and eruption plumes with ash and gases high into the atmosphere. Prior to the eruption, the lake had a pH of about 7, was dominated by bicarbonate, and well stocked with fish, but turned in early 1996 into a stratified, initially steaming waterbody, dominated by sulfate with high Na and K levels, and devoid of fish. Blockage of the outlet led to rising waterlevels, followed by dam breakage and catastrophic water discharge. The total energy input during the eruption is estimated at about 10¹⁶ J. The stable isotope composition of the lake water remained dominated by the meteoric meltwaters after the eruption.     

保安湖沉水植被恢复及其渔业效益

通过消除对沉水植物生长有破坏作用的草食性鱼类和杂食性鱼类,在低水位的早春选择无风浪的天气移栽水草,于１９９年保安湖一个面积为３．３ｈｍ＾２网栏湖汊成功地恢复了绝迹８个月的水草群落,秋季水草覆盖盖达５０％,同时研究了在无鱼类摄食破坏的条件下苦草和黄丝草的生长动态。     

西洞庭湖沉水植物分布格局对环境因子及水文情势差异的响应

沉水植物是湖泊生态系统的重要组成部分,其生产力和分布格局受环境因子特别是水文情势决定.洞庭湖是长江流域重要的大型通江湖泊,近年来受人为干扰和气候变化影响,水文节律与水质等环境因子发生改变,导致沉水植物出现衰退现象,急需开展科学恢复,因此有必要对洞庭湖沉水植物深入研究.本研究选取西洞庭湖为研究区域,于2018年和2019年夏季调查了12处典型生境、98个样点的沉水植物与水深、透明度等11个环境因子,采用独立样本T检验和冗余分析方法对沉水植物与环境因子的关系进行分析,对比年际水文情势变化的影响.结果表明：1）西洞庭湖沉水植物主要在水深较浅、水质更优、水体更为稳定的半阻隔子湖和自由连通的湖湾区分布,在河道及水位波动较大的区域分布较少,有、无沉水植物分布样点间存在显著差异的环境因子为水深、透明度、底泥总磷和pH;2）在有沉水植物分布的样点,沉水植物生物量与pH、水深和水体总磷呈显著相关关系;3）自然连通的季节性淹没湖泊沉水植物生物量在2018年高于2019年,可能与2019年5—8月沉水植物关键生长期出现的涨水过程有关,持续的高水位对沉水植物的生长产生了不利影响.维持自然水文节律、湖泊生境异质性与自由连通性、健康的水质等是恢复西洞庭沉水植物的关键,建议在水深低于3 m、营养盐浓度适中、流速及风浪较小的湖湾区或半阻隔湖泊开展沉水植物恢复.     

2002-2003年太湖鱼类学调查

2002-2003年对太湖鱼类学进行了调查,共采集鱼类48种(和亚种),隶属于15科、18目。比上世纪50至70年代调查的103种减少了55种。分析了鱼类种类减少的原因,主要是上世纪60年代环湖大堤和闸坝建设,阻隔了太湖和长江间的交通,以及水草湖区面积的萎缩和沉水植物的急剧减少。     

The interaction between a manmade lake and groundwater: an example site in the Aurku area,Chiayi County,Taiwan

The objectives of this study are (1) to understand the subsurface hydrology in the Aurku area, Chiayi County, southern Taiwan, and (2) to determine the interaction between the manmade lake and groundwater level through the recharge produced by infiltration by on‐site investigation and laboratory sand tank simulation. The manmade lake was selected as the field site for groundwater recharge effect so as to assess the role of infiltration from the aquaculture ponds in this area. These results can be used as reference for future application of constructing a series of manmade lakes. The field experiment was performed to measure the infiltration rate of the manmade lake by using the water balance method and double‐ring infiltration test. The results demonstrated that the manmade lake had helped the recharge of the groundwater. Raising or maintaining a higher water level of the manmade lake can promote higher infiltration. When the groundwater level is equal to or higher than the bottom of the manmade lake, infiltration will slow or cease. The field experiment and laboratory sand tank simulation demonstrated that the infiltration rate increased with the higher storage depth of the manmade lake. The laboratory simulation also indicated that while the groundwater level was lower than the bottom of manmade lake (i.e. the reference level) and the initial water depth (3 cm) was equal to or greater than 50% of the full water storage depth, the infiltration depth increased with time. However, the infiltration depth would be very small or nearly zero when the groundwater level was higher than the bottom of the manmade lake. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中华绒螯蟹病原鳗利斯顿氏菌生物学特性

2004年3月-2005年7月对抚仙湖鱼类资源进行了调查,共采集到鱼类33种,隶属于13科30属,其中土著鱼类14种,特有鱼类4种．渔获物种类主要为:太湖新银鱼、云南倒刺鲃、抚仙鲇、黄颡鱼和鲫等．抚仙湖鱼类群落结构发生了显著变化,鱇浪白鱼等土著鱼类资源严重衰竭．与1995年相比,11种土著鱼类未采到,其他鱼类增加5种．     

Stratigraphy and otolith microchemistry of the naked carp Gymnocypris przewalskii (Kessler) and their indication for water level of Lake Qinghai during the Ming Dynasty of China

Otoliths are biogenic carbonate minerals in the inner ear of teleost fish, whose compositions can record the physical and chemical conditions of the ambient water environment inhabited by individual fish. In this research, the fishbones and otoliths of naked carp sampled near the Bird Island, offshore Lake Qinghai, were dated and analyzed for mineralogy and microchemical compositions. Comparing the microchemical compositions of ancient otoliths with those of modern otoliths, we conclude that the ancient naked carps inhabited a relict lake formed when the lake shrank from a high lake level, by combining with the AMS-14 C ages of fishbones and otoliths, the stratigraphy and surrounding topography of the sample site. AMS-14 C dating results of ancient fishbones and otoliths show that these naked carps lived from 680 to 300 years ago, i.e. during the Ming Dynasty of China. The X-ray diffraction(XRD) patterns demonstrate that the ancient lapillus is composed of pure aragonite, identical to modern one, indicating that the mineral of lapillus didn't change after a long time burial and that the ancient lapillus is suitable for comparative analysis thereafter. Microchemical results show that both ratios of Mg/Ca((70.12±18.50)×10?5) and ? 18O((1.76±1.03)‰) of ancient lapilli are significantly higher than those of modern lapilli(average Mg/Ca=(3.11±0.41)× 10?5 and ? 18O=(?4.82±0.96)‰). This reflects that the relict water body in which the ancient naked carp lived during the Ming Dynasty was characterized by higher Mg/Ca and ? 18 O ratios than modern Lake Qinghai, resulting from strong evaporation after being isolated from the main lake, similar to today's Lake Gahai. Based upon the stratigraphy and altitude of naked carp remains, it can be inferred that the altitude of lake level of Lake Qinghai reached at least 3202 m with a lake area of 4480 km2 during the Ming Dynasty, approximately ~5% larger than it is today.     

云南腾冲青海——酸性湖泊的环境特征

火山口湖成因和持续酸性地下水补给是腾冲青海呈现酸性湖泊环境的地质基础,通过对青海环境的实际调查和水、土、生物样品的分析、鉴定,结果表明：湖水具较低pH值、极低的阳离子组成和矿化度;沉积物中Ca、Mg、Al、Fe等元素有明显流失;湖泊生物种群少且生物量低,缺失蓝藻和腹足类、瓣鳃类、甲壳类动物等为区别于一般中、碱性湖泊最显著的特点,酸性水介质湖泊系统元素地球化学行为的变化及其对生物的影响－－生物贫化和耐酸种扩张,既是腾冲青海的基本特点,也是酸性湖泊环境形成的动力机制。     

Interaction of groundwater with Lake Urmia in Iran

Being a large hyper‐saline water body, Lake Urmia in north‐western Iran deals with a gradual decline in its water level. Most of the studies on Lake Urmia have neglected the groundwater issue. In this study, as a direct approach, the interaction between the groundwater level and the lake water level is investigated both in time and space by analysing the groundwater data compiled from observation wells surrounding the lake. Baseflow separation is considered as an indirect approach to understand the groundwater contribution to the river network flowing into the lake. It is determined that about 70% of run‐off in the rivers draining into the lake is born in the form of baseflow. An interaction between the lake and the groundwater storage is clearly seen from the analysis to conclude that groundwater has a potential to recharge the lake. Thus, the shrinkage of water level in Lake Urmia could be expected to accelerate with the drastic use of groundwater, which will be a disaster with no return.     

基于氡同位素的平原湖荡枯水期湖水地下水补排通量

水是人类生存之源,而湖荡被称为地球之“肾”,是河湖水系连接的关键缓冲节点,与人类生存和发展息息相关。长三角平原水系众多,河流纵横,天然湖泊与人工沟渠遍布,平原湖荡湖水与周边地下水的水力联系较为频繁,而地下水对湖泊水均衡贡献尚不明确,对平原湖荡地下水赋存和运移规律的认识不足。本研究以苏州吴江区元荡湖为研究对象,选取氡同位素作为湖水和地下水水力交换过程的示踪剂,建立氡箱模型,揭示元荡湖不同区段与地下水的水力联系过程和补给关系,并通过水位动态验证分析湖水—地下水交互关系。枯水期元荡湖水位和氡浓度空间分布特征指示研究区内地下水向湖水排泄,其中以湖泊西侧较为明显,地下水入流补给的氡为7.137×10⁶ Bq/d,输入量源项占比为90%,地下水流入量为4540.801 m³/d,地下水每日流入量对元荡湖水量的贡献率为2.551%。参数敏感性分析结果表明,风速与地下水²²²Rn活度为特别敏感参数,取值差异较大时会导致计算误差急剧增大,改善测点布置和提高模型参数精度能有效提高模型计算结果的准确性和可靠程度。借助氡同位素示踪方法,建立湖泊...     

On the Limnology of Deep and Saline Lake Burdur in Turkey

Limnological characteristics of Lake Burdur in Lake District in south‐western Turkey are presented. It is a deep, tectonic (estimated max. depth 100 m), athalassic, highly alkaline, and saline lake. A set of physical and chemical variables was monitored, phyto‐ and zooplankton was sampled from surface layer of the lake during 1997. Physico‐chemical variables indicated that the lake is hyposaline and composed of some hydrochemically different water layers formed by groundwater sources located on the bottom of the lake. The phytoplankton composition of Lake Burdur consisted of Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, Dinophyta, and Chrysophyta. The abundance and number of species of Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta were higher than the other taxa. The zooplankton composition of the Lake consisted of Rhizopoda, Rotifera, and Crustacea. Number of species of Rotifera was higher than the other taxa. The diversities of the phyto‐ and zooplankton were calculated according to the Shannon‐Weaver diversity index. The diversity of each group was found to be low in the lake.     

鄱阳湖典型洪泛区地下水数值模拟研究

受地表河湖系统水情变化干扰,高度动态和异质性的洪泛区地下水文对河湖水资源、水污染以及生态环境功能等方面具有重要影响和贡献。鄱阳湖洪泛区湿地在长江中下游具有重要区位优势和研究特色,但变化环境下其水动力特征和水量交换情况等仍存在许多不确定性。本文以鄱阳湖典型洪泛区为研究区,采用地下水流二维数值模型,开展了洪泛区地表地下水转化作用与水量变化的模拟研究。结果表明,鄱阳湖季节性水位变化很大程度上决定了主湖区与周边地下水之间的动态补排模式,即洪泛区地下水补给湖泊主要发生在枯水和退水时期,而湖泊补给地下水主要发生在涨水和高洪水位时期。一般情况下,整个洪泛区地下水位与湖水位的年内变化态势基本一致,主湖区附近的地下水位年内变幅较大,而大部分洪泛区的地下水位变幅相对较小。北部地下水流速明显大于南部,主湖区附近地下水流速明显大于洪泛区,地下水流速基本小于1～2 m/d。水均衡分析发现,洪泛区地下水系统以接受降雨输入（52%）和主湖区补给（39%）为主,以地下水蒸发输出（72%）和向湖排泄（24%）为主,但补给主要发生在春、夏季,而排泄则发生在秋、冬季。地形地貌对洪泛区地下水位分布以及流速场演化具有主控作用,...     

淀山湖水生维管束植物群落研究

论述了淀山湖水生维管束植物的种类组成、分布、群落类型、群落的数量特征及演替。结果是:（1）湖中分布有26种水生维管束植物,隶属16科,21属;其优势种为苦草、菹草、马来眼子菜、芦苇等。（2）湖中水生植被呈不规则环带状分布,并可划分为挺水、浮叶、沉水三个植物带,12个主要水生维管束植物群落。（3）水生维管束植物的重要值以苦草最大,茨藻属植物最小。（4）淀山湖水生维管束植物群落有由沉水型向浮叶型、挺水型或漂浮型过渡的趋势。     

Missing role of groundwater in water and nutrient cycles in the shallow eutrophic lake Kasumigaura,Japan

A process‐based model was developed, NICE‐LAKE (NIES (National Institute for Environmental Studies) Integrated Catchment‐based Ecohydrology), which includes interactions between surface water, canopy, unsaturated water, aquifer, lake and rivers, and used it to model the shallow eutrophic Lake Kasumigaura in Japan. By estimating the spatial distribution of the hydrological cycle, the model shows that groundwater withdrawal greatly affects groundwater distribution and seepage and indirectly influences lake water level. The simulated seepage agrees excellently with the budget‐derived value calculated from the observed groundwater level, lake level and isotope analyses. The model showed that groundwater seepage and groundwater concentrations are important contributors to the eutrophication of Lake Kasumigaura, an important contribution not recognized in previous studies of the lake. Groundwater entering the lake from the north side is contaminated with high concentrations of nitrate and ammonia from intensive pig and cattle raising and cultivated fields. The simulation showed that this high nitrogen load plays an important role in the eutrophication of the lake (the nitrogen load in inflowing groundwater is 30% of river inflow and 4 times that from wastewater treatment plants) in spite of government policies to prevent overland flow of nutrients into the lake. Our results show that NICE‐LAKE is a powerful tool for forecasting how the water quality of the lake will be affected by the (illegal) disposal of animal excreta in the surrounding open fields. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.