地形对重力惯性波传播与发展的影响

本文用ＷＫＫＢＪ方法研究了地形对重力惯性波传播与发展的影响，得到了地形影响下重力惯性波的波作用量守恒方程。结果表明：重力惯性波能量有向地形较高的区域传播的趋势，并且波包振幅上坡时加大，下坡时减小。     

对流和加热对重力惯性波的激发

用线性模型讨论了对流和加热对重力惯性波的激发，分别讨论了初始垂直速度扰动和初始位温扰动及大气内部加热在静态层结大气中激发的重力惯性波，及重力惯性波过程引起的大气温压场的变化。得到的结果可以帮助理解中小尺度系统的发生发展、对流过程与环境大气的相互作用。     

INFLUENCES OF NONUNIFORM STRATIFICATION ON WAVE RAYS OF INTERNAL GRAVITY WAVE

In this paper the influences of nonuniform stratification on the propagating paths of internal inertial-gravity andpure gravity wave energy are discussed by using the WKB approximation method.The conditions for conservation ofwave energy,generalized wave action and wave enstrophy are obtained.The necessary condition of instability for inter-nal gravity waves and the equation governing the refraction of wave rays are derived.Two types of critical levels are giv-en.Finally,the wave rays for different distributions of stratification are calculated by using the fourth-orderRunge-Kutta method.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAVITY WAVE PROPAGATION AND ENERGY CONVERSION IN A SUDDEN HEAVY RAINFALL EVENT

In this paper, a sudden heavy rainfall event is analyzed, which occurred over the Yellow River midstream during 5–6 August 2014. We used observational, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, high-resolution satellite, and numerical simulation data. The main results are as follows. Under an unfavorable environmental circulation, inadequate water vapor and unfavorable dynamic conditions but sufficient energy, a local sudden heavy rainfall was caused by the release of strong unstable energy that was triggered by cold air transport into middle and lower layers and the propagation of gravity waves. The distributions of rain area, rain clusters, and 10-minute rainfall showed typical mesoscale and microscale fluctuation characteristics. In the mesoscale rain area or upstream, there was a quasi-stationary wave of mesoscale gravity waves with their propagation downstream. In the course of propagation from southwest to northeast, the wavelength became longer and the amplitude attenuated. In the various phases of gravity wave development, there were evident differences in the direction of the wave front. Wave energy was mainly in the lower layers. Unstable vertical wind shear at heights of 1–6 km provided fluctuation energy for the gravity waves. The mechanisms of heavy rainfall formation were different at Linyou and Hancheng stations. Diabatic heating was the main source of disturbed effective potential energy at Linyou. The explosive short-period strong precipitation was caused by the release of strong effective potential energy triggered by the gravity waves, and its development and propagation after that energy maximized. In contrast, the latent heat release of upstream precipitation was the main source of disturbed effective potential energy at Hancheng. This formed a positive feedback mechanism that produced continuous precipitation. In the studied event, the development of westerly belt systems had disturbed the wind field. The contribution of kinetic energy generated by this disturbance could not be ignored. The Froude number, mountain shape parameter, and ratio between mountain height and temperature inversion layer thickness had various effects of atmosphere and terrain on mesoscale and microscale mountain waves. In upper and lower layers, there were five airflows that were strengthened by the terrain. All these had important influences on local heavy rainfall at Linyou and Hancheng stations.     

垂直切变和地形影响下惯性重力波的发展

采用分层浅水波方程和ＷＫＢ方法，分别讨论了在基流垂直切变和地形的影响下，二维惯性重力波的稳定性及其发展，并根据理论结果试图解释１９９２年６月２１日发生在京津冀的一次飑线演变与惯性重力波之间的关系，这可能为飑线预报提供一种思路     

对流和加热对重力惯性波的激发

用线性模型讨论了对流和加热对重力惯性波的激发，分别讨论了初始垂直速度扰动和初始位温扰动及大气内部加热在静态层结大气中激发的重力惯性波，及重力惯性波过程引起的大气温压场的变化。得到的结果可以帮助理解中小尺度系统的发生发展，对流过程与环境大气的相互作用。     

ANALYSIS ON CHARACTERISTICS OF ATMOSPHERIC DUCT AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE

On the basis of introducing the basic categories of atmospheric refraction and their existingconditions,the forming processes of three kinds of atmospheric ducts are expounded.Several maincharacteristics of atmospheric duct are summarized and analyzed,and field sounding data from theWEstern North-Pacific cloud-radiation EXperiment(WENPEX)and meteorological data aroundthe Xisha sea area are used to validate these characteristics.Meanwhile the sensitivities of theevaporation duct height to the variations of atmospheric humidity.the air-sea temperaturedifference.and horizontal wind speed are examined.With the analysis of the effect of atmosphericduct on the propagation of electromagnetic wave.the maximum trapped-wavelength and the criticalemitting angle of elevation for electromagnetic wave which can form duct propagation are derived.At the same time the four kinds of necessary conditions for electromagnetic wave to form ductpropagation are brought forward.The effects of atmospheric duct on ultrashort wave propagation,radar observation.short wave communication etc.are also discussed.     

INFLUENCES OF NONUNIFORM STRATIFICATION ON WAVE RAYS OF INTERNAL GRAVITY WAVE*

In this paper the influences of nonuniform stratification on the propagating paths of internal inertial-gravity and pure gravity wave energy are discussed by using the WKB approximation method.The conditions for conservation of wave energy,generalized wave action and wave enstrophy are obtained.The necessary condition of instability for internal gravity waves and the equation governing the refraction of wave rays are derived.Two types of critical levels are given.Finally,the wave rays for different distributions of stratification are calculated by using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method.     

大气波导特征分析及其对电磁波传播的影响

文中在介绍大气折射的基本类型及其存在条件的基础上 ,阐述了三种类型的大气波导的形成机制 ,总结并分析了大气波导的几个主要特征 ,并用西北太平洋云辐射实验的实测资料和西沙海域的气象资料进行了验证 ,同时试验了蒸发波导高度对大气湿度、气海温差、水平风速变化的敏感性 .在分析大气波导对电磁波传播的影响时 ,推导了可形成波导传播的电磁波最大陷获波长和临界发射仰角 ,提出了电磁波形成波导传播的 4个必要条件 ,并讨论了大气波导对超短波传播、雷达探测、短波通信等方面的影响 .     

青藏高原大地形作用下的Rossby波

在对青藏高原大地形的动力和热力作用物理分析的基础上,着重分析了青藏高原地形坡度和非绝热和非绝热加热对二维Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波的影响。研究指出：高原地开坡度对Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波的作用与Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ参数的作用相当,而且其相速度和群速度之间存在一个圆的关系：（ｃｇｘ－ｃｘ）＾２＋ｃｇｙ＾２＝Ｒ＾２;高原加热作用与水平辐合作用相当。地形坡度和非绝热加热都有使二维Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波向低频发展的的趋向。     

低纬与中纬重力惯性波在非均匀场中发展和传播的比较分析

本文用WKBJ方法得到了低纬重力惯性波的方程组,讨论了它的发展和传播,并与中纬的重力惯性波作了比较,给出了低纬与中纬环境场对各自的重力惯性波影响的差异。     

大气层结的非均匀性对重力内波波射线的影响

文中利用ＷＫＢ近似，讨论了非均匀层结对惯性重力内波和纯重力内波能量传播路径的影响，得到了波的能量密度，广义波作用密度，和广义拟能密度守恒的条件，导得了重力内波不稳定的必要条件，给出了在波的传播过程中控制波射线折射的方程，得到了两类不同的临界层，最后还利用四阶Ｒｕｎｇｅ－Ｋｕｔｔａ方法计算了不同层结分布下的波射线。     

复杂地形与锋面系统共同作用对台湾岛暴雨影响的数值分析

应用MM5V2数值模式输出的高分辨率资料对在复杂地形和锋面系统共同作用下台湾暴雨发生的水汽、垂直速度、低空急流等物理量场的中尺度特征进行了分析。表明地形是使锋面降水加强．最终形成暴雨的主要原因。在地形作用下，速度场、湿度场都具有比较稳定的局地特征，台湾岛迎风区保持着比背风区大的湿度场，流场表现为一个地形性中尺度环流。随着锋面系统的不断靠近，局地特征表现为加强和减弱两个阶段。发现迎风坡的低空急流主要是由地形引起的，它的南北向分布不均使空气发生了辐合上升运动，与地形和锋面引起的上升运动叠加，在地形迎风坡形成了一个垂直速度的大值区。有地形比无地形的降水明显加强。     

A FLUID EXPERIMENT OF GRAVITY INTERNAL WAVE INDUCED BY TERRAIN

The mountain wave induced by a ridge in two-layer stratified fluid has been successfullysimulated in a tank.The wave pattern is qualitatively similar to that calculated with linear theory.     

DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL INERTIAL GRAVITY WAVES IN THE ATMOSPHERE WITH HETEROGENEOUS STRATIFICATION

In this paper,by the WKB method the relation between the energy increase of internal inertial gravity waves andheterogeneous atmospheric stratification is derived,and a new generalized wave action is defined and its conservation isproved.     

大地形对Rossby波波射线的影响

本文利用Ｒｕｎｇｅ－Ｋｕｔｔａ方法计算了大地形对定常、非定常低频Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波波射线的影响，计算结果显示，地形对Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波波射线有重要影响。对位于地形上游的波源，定常波波射线在传播过程中，遇到地形时，会绕过地形偏向高纬度传播并加密波射线，地形起阻挡屏障作用；波源位于地形中心时，东西走向的地形使波射线发生分支现象，南北走向地形没有这种现象产生。文中还计算了地形存在下，周期为５０ｄ的低频Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波波射线。结果显示，地形对低频波波射线的影响似乎更复杂。     

EFFECTS OF WIND SHEAR ON ATMOSPHERIC GRAVITY WAVE SPECTRUM

The effects of constant wind shear on atmospheric gravity wave spectrum are examined.At first a three-dimensional equilibrium spectral model of gravity waves is established in which wind shear rate β is implicit.Based on this model,the expressions for one-dimensional frequency spectrum of atmospheric gravity waves arederived in which β is explicit.Numerical results show that (1) if we assume that mean wind U(z)=βz(z represents the altitude) and the internal gravity wave spectrum at the altitude of U=0 (that is,z=0) isVanZandt one,then the effect of Doppler shifting due to mean wind may be ignored;(2) when Richardson numberJ(J=N~2/β~2,N is Brunt-V(?)is(?)l(?) frequency,and is equal to 10~(-2)s~(-1) in this paper) satisfies J≥10.0,theeffects ofwind shear arealso ignored;(3)for f~2(?)ω~2(?)N~2 (f is the inertia frequency,and f=10~(-4)s~(-1)in this paper,and co is the observed frequency),the wind shear only affects the spectral amplitude,and does notalter the spectral shape;and (4) as wind shear becomes strong,a part of wave potential energy turns into wavekinetic one,and a part of the vertical kinetic energy further turns into the horizontal one.     

Rossby波的发展与结构变化

本文采用ＷＫＢ方法,讨论了地形正压Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波的发展与结构变化问题。指出波动的发展和衰减不仅与波幅和波长的增减有关,还与波的结构状态有关。     

INFLUENCES OF TOPOGRAPHY ON BAROCLINIC SOLITARY ROSSBY WAVES IN A MULTILEVEL MODEL

The KdV equation with topography included in an N-level model is derived. It is shown that if the topography ex-ists. the KdV equation may describe the solitary Rossby waves in the case of basic current without vertical shear, and itis no necessary to introduce the MKdV equation. The results of calculations show that the change of horizontal shearpattern of basic flow may cause an important change of the streamline pattern of the solitary waves with the oddmeridional wavenumber m, and has no effect for the even meridional wavenumber m. The vertical shear increases thesteepness of the barotropic solitary modes, and it has a complicated effect on the baroclinic modes. The influences oftopographic slope on the solitary waves are very great. The southern and northern slopes of topography may cause dif-ferent solitary wave patterns, with the effect of northern slope greater. The effect of Froude number on the solitarywaves is generally to steepen the solitary waves, however, the effect also depends on the meridional wavenumber m andthe modes of solitary wave.     

A FLUID EXPERIMENT OF GRAVITY INTERNAL WAVE INDUCED BY TERRAIN*

The mountain wave induced by a ridge in two-layer stratified fluid has been successfull ysimulated in a tank.The wave pattern is qualitatively similar to that calculated with linear theory.