Paragenesis of upper cretaceous titanium-zirconium placers and phosphate mineralization in the southern East European Platform

Association of titanium-zirconium placers and phosphate mineralization in Upper Cretaceous rocks of the East European Platform is shown with the Tsentral’noe (Central) and Unecha deposits as example. This paragenesis is caused by interaction between the multicomponent placer ore (phosphate-rare metal) concentrations and mechanical-chemical differentiation that shows up periodically during the sub-aerial migration of sedimentary material. Clastic ore components were mainly derived from intermediate collectors, while the phosphate material was delivered by the phosphate-containing solutions and particulates in the chemical weathering crust. Such phosphorite-titanium-zirconium occurrences can also be detected in other regions, including areas with rare metal placers.     

湖南省成矿地质事件纲要

[研究目的]湖南省矿产资源丰富,矿种及成因类型繁多,但对各类矿产形成的时代和构造背景尚缺乏系统归纳和总结.[研究方法]本文在既有区域矿产资料基础上,结合近些年区域构造演化、成岩成矿年龄、矿床成因机制等研究成果,对湖南省成矿地质事件及各期成矿事件的构造背景、矿床成因、矿产发育和分布特征等进行了系统探讨和总结.[研究结果]...     

Geology and Hydrothermal Alteration of the Duobuza Gold‐Rich Porphyry Copper District in the Bangongco Metallogenetic Belt,Northwestern Tibet

The Duobuza gold‐rich porphyry copper district is located in the Bangongco metallogenetic belt in the Bangongco‐Nujiang suture zone south of the Qiangtang terrane. Two main gold‐rich porphyry copper deposits (Duobuza and Bolong) and an occurrence (135 Line) were discovered in the district. The porphyry‐type mineralization is associated with three Early Cretaceous ore‐bearing granodiorite porphyries at Duobuza, 135 Line and Bolong, and is hosted by volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Middle Jurassic Yanshiping Formation and intermediate‐acidic volcanic rocks of the Early Cretaceous Meiriqie Group. Simultaneous emplacement and isometric distribution of three ore‐forming porphyries is explained as multi‐centered mineralization generated from the same magma chamber. Intense hydrothermal alteration occurs in the porphyries and at the contact zone with wall rocks. Four main hypogene alteration zones are distinguished at Duobuza. Early‐stage alteration is dominated by potassic alteration with extensive secondary biotite, K‐feldspar and magnetite. The alteration zone includes dense magnetite and quartz‐magnetite veinlets, in which Cu‐Fe‐bearing sulfides are present. Propylitic alteration occurs in the host basic volcanic rocks. Extensive chloritization‐silicification with quartz‐chalcopyrite or quartz‐molybdenite veinlets superimposes on the potassic alteration. Final‐stage argillic alteration overlaps on all the earlier alteration. This alteration stage is characterized by destruction of feldspar to form illite, dickite and kaolinite, with accompanying veinlets of quartz + chalcopyrite + pyrite and quartz + pyrite assemblages. Cu coexists with Au, which indicates their simultaneous precipitation. Mass balance calculations show that ore‐forming elements are strongly enriched during the above‐mentioned three alteration stages.     

Geological development and mineralization in the Atacama segment of the South American Andes,northern Chile (26°15′–27°25′S)

Between the Late Jurassic and the Middle Miocene, widespread magmatism, tectonic events and hydrothermal mineralization characterized the geological evolution of the Atacama segment of the South American Andes. A characteristic feature of this zone is the coincidence in time and space between subduction-generated igneous activity, crustal deformation and mineralization in the magmatic arcs, which formed longitudinal belts migrating eastward.Mineralization in the last 140 Ma is generally restricted to four longitudinal metallogenic belts, in which hydrothermal activity was channelled along crustal-scale faults (1) the Atacama Fault System, along which Early Cretaceous Cu-Au-bearing breccia pipes, veins and stockwork were formed; (2) the Inca do Oro Belt, which contains Upper Cretaceous low sulphur precious metal epithermal mineralization, and Middle Eocene Cu-Mo-Au-bearing breccia pipes; (3) the West Fissure System, which hosts Upper Eocene to Early Oligocene porphyry copper deposits and high sulphur precious metal epithermal mineralization; and (4) the Maricunga Belt, when contains Upper Oligocene to Middle Miocene high sulphur precious metal epithermal deposits and Au-rich porphyry mineralization.     

沉积特征对砂岩型铀成矿类型的制约——以松辽盆地南部姚家组为例

不同沉积体系砂体的特征不同,在后生铀成矿过程中所起的作用也不同。通过对松辽盆地南部姚家组地层沉积特征的研究,提出沉积特征对铀成矿类型有制约作用;上白垩统姚家组沉积体系以冲积平原、辫状河、三角洲和湖泊等为主,形成了稳定的泥-砂-泥地层结构,受沉积体系的控制,该区砂体厚度稳定、分布范围广,是松辽盆地南部寻找层间氧化带型铀矿的找矿有利目的层。     

Distribution and formation conditions of noble metal mineralization in coal-bearing basins

Original data and a survey of the literature indicate that Au and Au-PGE mineralization are abundant in coal measures. Anomalous contents of noble metals have been established in basins with various types of basement, composed of granite, volcanic rocks, schist, and limestone. These basins are located in Au-and PGE-bearing ore districts, as well as at a considerable distance from known ore deposits and occurrences. Ore formation in coal-bearing basins may occur during sedimentation, peat accumulation, and diagenesis of organic matter or may be epigenetic. Noble metals are supplied to sedimentary basins as minerals that are transported by water and air and as ion species migrating along with surface and subsurface in-and exfiltration solutions of various chemical and genetic types. Ore mineralization concentrates in coal seams and host sedimentary beds of various grain size, including conglomerate, sand, and clay, as well as in zones of hydrothermal alteration superimposed on basement rocks and the sedimentary cover. The mode of occurrence of noble metals in coal basins is diverse as well (noble metal minerals, isomorphic admixtures in sulfides, and organic compounds). The data presented allow coal-bearing basins to be regarded as promising for economic noble metal mineralization fit for recovery as by-products in the course of coal mining.     

Structural Control to the Genesis of Sediment-hosted Disseminated Jinlongshan Gold Orebelt, China

Abstract. Jinlongshan gold orebelt is a newly discovered sediment-hosted gold orebelt in Southeastern Qinling Mountains hosted by Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous sedimentary rocks. The location of the belt is regionally controlled by E-W striking Zhenan-Banyan and Ningshan Faults, which were formed during the Indo-Sinian Orogeny. Circular patterns on TM images indicate that intrusive rocks occur at shallow depths in the Jinlongshan orebelt. Two basic types of disseminated and vein-type mineralization have been recognized. Calcareous siltstone is the most favorable host for disseminated mineralization. Vein-type mineralization is mostly hosted by limestone. Locally vein-type mineralization has envelop of disseminated mineralization.
Gold deposits are distributed north and south of the Zhenan-Banyan Fault zone, and the zone is considered to be the feeder zone and pathway for mineralizing fluids. During the Indo-Sinian Orogeny, magmatic and orogenic fluids may have extracted gold and other elements from underlying Proterozoic rocks and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. The ore solutions evolved continuously with sedimentary rocks until gold was precipitated in appropriate structural sites. Exploration needs to be expanded along the Jinlongshan gold orebelt, focusing on inferred concealed intrusions and calcareous host rocks close to the Zhenan-Banyan Fault.     

楚雄盆地北部桂花铜矿区晚白垩世含矿岩系沉积环境

楚雄盆地是青藏高原东缘“三江”构造带与扬子地台西缘结合部重要的含矿沉积盆地之一,以白垩纪地层赋存多个层位的砂岩型铜矿床为特征而不同于其他沉积盆地,长期备受关注。前人曾从矿床学角度进行砂岩铜矿床成矿作用相关研究,相对缺乏沉积学方面工作,进而导致对含矿岩系沉积环境及盆地属性和矿床成因认识的分歧。对楚雄盆地北部包括大村铜矿区在内的桂花地区晚白垩世含矿岩系进行了系统的地表调查、坑道及钻孔观测和沉积环境研究,认为该区上白垩统马头山组和江底河组是一套连续沉积组合,由河道亚相和边滩亚相沉积共同组成,形成于相对干旱的气候环境;沉积物源区位于盆地的北侧,曾出露有基性火山岩、花岗质岩石、碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩以及少量的变质岩等;晚白垩世时期,楚雄盆地具有北高南低的古地理格局,且在江底河组沉积成岩过程中,盆地总体曾经历了区域挤压作用引起的隆升破坏,也是区内砂岩型铜矿床的主要成矿时期。     

Silver-cobalt mineralization in the Upper Seymchan ore cluster,Northeastern Russia

This paper is focused on the Early Cretaceous Ag-Bi-Co-sulfoarsenide mineralization atypical of northeastern Asia, which contains diverse Co-Ni sulfoarsenides, Se-bearing Bi sulfotellurites, and Ag-Bi-Pb sulfosalts. The Upper Seymchan ore cluster is located at the boundary between the Paleozoic Omulevka Terrane of carbonate platform and the In’yali-Debin Synclinorium of the Kular-Nera Terrane. These ore-bearing sequences are represented by the Middle Jurassic terrigenous rocks that rest upon the Upper Triassic sandshale rocks of the upper structural stage. The sedimentary rocks are cut through by high-Al granitic plutons and younger granite-porphyry dikes. The orebodies that are superposed on igneous rocks were formed during (1) the quartz-chlorite-tourmaline stage of metasomatic alteration, (2) the main economic tourmaline-chlorite-quartz-sulfoarsenide vein stage, (3) the polysulfide-quartz stage with Ag, Se, Bi minerals, and (4) the postore quartz-calcite stage with fluorite. The epithermal veins of festoon chalcedony-like quartz with Sb-bearing arsenopyrite occupy a special position. In particular orebodies, the chlorite-quartz ore veins dominate at the upper levels, whereas the quartz-tourmaline veins occur at the lower levels. Wall-rock alteration is represented by metasomatic chloritization and tourmalinization up to the formation of monomineralic metasomatic zones. Sulfides and sulfoarsenides are distinguished by anomalous enrichment of sulfur in the light isotope (δ³⁴S = ?12.8 to ?16.7‰) in contrast to the sulfur isotopic composition of Sb-asenopyrite (?1.7‰) from the genetically different epithermal veins. The oxygen isotopic composition of calcite (the third stage) is uniform at all studied deposits and reveals a tendency to updip enrichment in δ¹⁸O within a vertical interval of 200 m. Quartz from ore-bearing and epithermal veins has an almost identical δ¹⁸O value (±2‰) but differs from quartz at the tin deposits related to granites of the Canyon Complex and enriched in the light isotope in its oxygen isotopic composition. The mineralization in the Upper Seymchan ore cluster, which is genetically linked to the Early Cretaceous calc-alkaline dike suite pertaining to the period of postcollision late orogenic extension, is formed from magmatic fluids diluted with meteoric water (salinity reaches 20 wt % NaCl equiv) at temperatures varying from 400-380°C to 220-150°C and under a pressure of 970 to 60 bar. The direct vertical mineral zoning is expressed in the change of mineral species with depth and in variable compositions and properties of particular minerals.     

西秦岭地区的硅质岩及其成矿

西秦岭地区广泛分布与硅质岩有关的有色和贵金属矿床,特别是一些大型、超大型铅锌（铜）金矿床,这些矿床的容矿岩石为硅质岩,长期以来大多数学者都认为该类矿床是同生热水沉积矿床。基于前人研究成果．本文重,点研究了西成铅锌金矿集区、风太铅锌（铜）金矿集区和大水金矿集区的成矿地质背景、硅质岩与矿化的关系、硅质岩及成矿物质来源、成岩成矿时代、花岗岩与成矿关系、控矿构造和赋矿构造、围岩蚀变等7个方面的地质地球化学特征。认为该类矿床应属后生构造-岩浆-热液矿床。     

承德地区烟筒山-磴西锌多金属矿床地质特征及找矿方向

河北承德地区丰宁-隆化断裂带周边已发现了多个金属矿床。近年来,通过矿产地质勘查在烟筒山-磴西矿区发现了18个锌矿体、5个金矿体、2个银矿体。为明确该区找矿方向,提高找矿效果,文章通过分析烟筒山-磴西锌多金属矿床的区域地质特征、控矿地质因素、矿床特征、矿床成因及期次等,总结了矿床分布规律,提出了对矿床成因与找矿方向的认识。研究认为这些金属矿床与构造运动尤其是断裂带发育密切相关,岩浆活动是成矿作用的动力源,区内热液、蚀变与矿化是同一过程。自太古代到中生代,经过早白垩世的逆冲推覆、中白垩世的伸展变形等多期次的地质作用,形成了性质、规模不等的近EW向、NE向、NW向3组断裂构造,为Zn、Pb等提供了良好的成矿条件。中生界白垩系下统滦平群大北沟组（K1d）出露于丰宁-隆化断裂带及以南,岩性为中酸性及偏碱性陆相火山碎屑岩-角砾岩、凝灰岩等,其地层间的薄弱带是重要的成矿空间。区内主断裂F2属于温家沟-东山断裂带,是本区铅多金属矿的主要控矿构造,为主要找矿方向。元古界长城系高于庄组（Chg）是以富镁碳酸盐为主的滨海相沉积地层,主要有硅质白云岩、含碳泥质白云岩,是主要控矿围岩。白云岩中Ag的变异系数大于6.0,是银矿体的主要找矿方向。在今后找矿工作中,要重点发现构造标志,以断层作为主要的找矿方向。同时,要注意发现岩浆岩、蚀变带标志及地球化学异常,以更好地提高找矿效果。     

基于Vulcan软件的山东莱州留村金矿区三维建模及资源量估值北大核心CSCD

留村金矿位于山东莱州市城区西南12 km的留村断裂带上,是发育于古老变质岩中的小型石英脉型金矿。为深入研究该矿区地层、构造与矿体在地下的延伸分布情况,加快后续数字化矿山建设,山东黄金集团应用Vulcan矿业软件对矿区开展三维地质建模。在收集相关地质实物资料的基础上,通过建立地质数据库、数据转换、地质解译等系列功能操作建立了矿区地表、岩体、构造及矿体模型,并对其进行任意剖割划分,实现了矿区地层岩性、地质构造、矿体的三维可视化,促进了本区矿体赋存规律的研究以及三维空间的成矿预测。同时利用软件强大的数据处理功能对资源量进行估值,本次估值的金资源量为1984.18 kg,与原详查报告中提交的金资源量2009.34 kg误差仅为1.25%。经估值后的每个矿块段都被赋予了精确的资源量数据,为后续矿山采矿设计与排产计划提供了准确的数据支撑,助力实现数字化、智能化矿山建设。     

陕西安康—石泉北部金矿成矿地质背景浅析

安康—石泉北部金成矿带位于南秦岭早古生代裂谷盆地次级单元牛山—赤岩地垒,南北两侧分别以安康断裂和麻坪河断裂为界,典型金矿床有羊坪湾、黄龙、鹿鸣等.早古生代裂谷盆地以发育黑色岩系为特征,普遍沉积碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩夹火山岩,特别是浅变质志留系砂泥质岩和印支—燕山期脆韧性剪切带控制着金矿床的形成,前者提供金矿源层,后者促使含金热液运移富集成矿.该地区是金矿成矿带有利区段.     

秦岭山阳-柞水矿集区150~140Ma斑岩-矽卡岩型CuMoFe(Au)矿床成矿作用研究

秦岭造山带内的山阳-柞水古生代弧前盆地中出露有池沟、小河口、冷水沟、园子街、下官坊及双元沟等CuMo、CuFe(Au)矿床,与这些矿床具有成因联系的岩体为形成于150~140Ma的高钾钙碱性和钾玄岩系列花岗岩,为华北和扬子大陆碰撞后伸展阶段壳、幔混合岩浆的产物。矿化主要发生在岩体与泥盆、石炭纪地层中碳酸盐岩的接触带附近,主要类型为矽卡岩型,少量为斑岩型,部分矿床具有统一的矽卡岩-斑岩型成矿系统,矿化组合主要为CuMo、CuFe(Au)和Cu矿化。外接触带主要发育有矽卡岩和角岩化蚀变,内接触带主要为岩体内部的硅化、钾化、绢云母化、绿泥石化及粘土化,内矽卡岩不发育。矽卡岩矿物主要有石榴石、透辉石、绿帘石、透闪石,阳起石等,其中石榴子石主要为钙铁榴石和钙铝榴石,透辉石是辉石的主体,早期形成的石榴石和透辉石等无水矿物组合常被后期的绿帘石、透闪石和阳起石等含水矿物及石英、方解石等所交代。金属矿物比较简单,最主要的含铜矿物为黄铜矿和斑铜矿,铁矿化主要为磁铁矿和镜铁矿。尽管这些矿床以矽卡岩型矿化为主,但部分矿床中已发现有斑岩型矿化和蚀变特征,这可能暗示了该区可能具有统一的矽卡岩-斑岩型成矿系统,进而表明山阳-柞水矿集区深部具有寻找斑岩型矿床的巨大潜力。     

Peculiar features of ore composition of the Upper Kingash PGE-Co-Cu-Ni deposit (Krasnoyarsk Territory)

Copper-nickel deposits are abundant sources of cobalt and noble metal mineralization and there-fore attract great attention from both scientists and manufacturers. This investigation is concerned with the new Upper Kingash copper-nickel deposit. This article discusses the results of the examination of ore compositions and the interrelation of ore minerals and the distribution of platinum group elements, cobalt, and nickel in the ores of the Upper Kingash deposit.     

额尔古纳地区有色、贵金属成矿特征

额尔古纳地区是一个重要的有色、贵金属成矿省.区内金、银、铅、锌、铜等矿产具明显分带性,可划分为耳布尔、上护林及恩和3个成矿小区,分别以银铅锌、铜多金属、金为主.该区在J₃-K₁时期发生了强烈的构造-岩浆活动,这些矿产在成因上均与J₃-K₁时期酸性岩浆侵入作用密切相关,成矿热液主要来源于岩浆热液.矿体主要受次级张性裂隙控制,以NW向为主.成矿时代主要为J₃-K₁.     

Origin of the Kupferschiefer polymetallic mineralization in Poland

The Kupferschiefer ore series, between the Lower Permian (Rotliegendes) terrestrial redbeds/volcanics and the Upper Permian (Zechstein) marine sequence, is developed as dark-grey organic matter-rich and metal sulphide-containing deposits (reduced zone) and as red-stained organic matter-depleted and iron oxide-bearing sediments (oxidized zone?=?Rote Fäule). The transition zone from oxidized to reduced rocks occurs both vertically and horizontally. This zone is characterized by sparsely disseminated remnant copper sulphides within hematite-bearing sediments, replacements of copper sulphides by iron oxides and covellite, and oxide pseudomorphs after framboidal pyrite. These textural features and copper sulphide replacements after pyrite in reduced sediments imply that the main oxide/sulphide mineralization postdated formation of an early-diagenetic pyrite. Hematite-dominated sediments locally contain enrichments of gold and PGE. The Kupferschiefer mineralization resulted from upward and laterally flowing fluids which oxidized originally pyritiferous organic matter-rich sediments to form hematitic Rote Fäule areas, and which emplaced base and noble metals into reduced sediments. It is argued that long-lived and large-scale lateral fluid flow caused the cross-cutting relationships, expansion of the hematitic alteration front, redistribution of noble metals at the outer parts of oxidized areas, and the location of copper orebodies directly above and around oxidized and gold-bearing areas. The Rote Fäule may be a guide to favourable areas for both the Cu-Ag and new Au-Pt-Pd Kupferschiefer-type deposits.     

尼雄地区早白垩世磁铁矿伸展成矿地质背景及成矿模型

尼雄地区早白垩世磁铁矿以成矿岩体及矿床研究偏多,忽略围岩时代及其成矿地质背景分析。尼雄早白垩世磁铁矿可分为矽卡岩型和热液脉型,而达及藏布地区热液脉型磁铁矿与基性岩脉密切相关,通过共生辉长岩岩脉锆石U-Pb年龄(120.1±1.7 Ma)限定热液脉型磁铁矿成矿时代约120 Ma,与已经确定成矿时代的矽卡岩型铁矿成矿时代一致,指示尼雄矿田两种类型磁铁矿受控于相同的地质背景。通过尼雄岩体碎屑岩围岩(原上二叠统敌布错组)碎屑锆石测年,获得其沉积时代介于130～120 Ma之间,故将上二叠统敌布错组重新厘定为下白垩统则弄群。结合区域地层及岩浆岩新资料,认为冈底斯中部则弄群火山岩与侵位于其中的岩体构成一个早白垩世火山-侵入杂岩体系,其与尼雄矿田早白垩世磁铁矿密切相关。该早白垩世火山-侵入杂岩地球化学特征及尼雄附近浅表层次构造共同指示冈底斯中部在早白垩世处于伸展构造背景。最后,依据伸展构造背景新认识建立了尼雄地区早白垩世磁铁矿成矿地质模型。     

华南稀有金属矿床:类型、特点、时空分布与背景

华南地区是我国重要的战略矿产资源基地,以发育大规模多时代、多旋回花岗岩和独特的中生代铜钼钨锡铌钽铍铀等大规模稀有金属和有色金属成矿作用而闻名于世。华南地区稀有金属（W-Sn-Nb-Ta-Li-Be）成矿作用主要与高度分异演化的花岗岩密切相关。稀有金属矿床的分布受区域性断裂控制,主要集中于南岭地区和钦-杭大断裂两侧。成矿类型主要有花岗岩型、伟晶岩型、云英岩型、石英脉型、火山岩型、接触交代岩型（包括矽卡岩型和条纹岩型）。花岗岩型稀有金属矿床主要沿钦-杭大断裂两侧分布;伟晶岩型矿床主要分布在钦-杭大断裂花岗岩型矿床的外侧,以及邵武-河源断裂和政和-大埔断裂之间;接触交代型（含条纹岩型）稀有金属主要呈东西向分布于南岭地区,石英脉型和云英岩型稀有金属矿床主要与该地区的石英脉型钨矿有成因联系;火山岩型稀有金属矿床主要分布于政和-大埔断裂以东的东南沿海火山岩地区。华南稀有金属成矿可以分为7个阶段,分别是志留纪（424~420Ma）、早三叠世（248~244Ma）、晚三叠世（220~214Ma）、晚侏罗世（160~150Ma）、晚侏罗世-早白垩世（150~140Ma）、早白垩世（135~125Ma）和早白垩世-晚白垩世（105~90Ma）等。在每个时间段内,成矿时间相对集中。大规模稀有金属成矿主要集中于早白垩世。在不同成矿尺度,稀有金属矿化具有明显金属分带特征,且与有色金属矿化具有明显的成因关系;不同金属组合的稀有金属矿床具有不同的岩浆热液演化历史。地壳物质的部分熔融、持续能量供给,以及有利于岩浆高度分异演化的大型伸展构造是形成稀有金属矿床的重要条件。本文认为早白垩世（135~125Ma）是华南地区稀有金属大规模成矿的时期,该时期不仅成矿强度大,而且成矿类型多样,代表了华南中生代岩石圈大规模减薄或者全面裂解的峰期。     

张八岭隆起早白垩世变质核杂岩的厘定——对郯庐断裂带的制约及其与成矿作用关系

张八岭隆起广泛分布的平缓韧性剪切带与郯庐断裂带平移作用形成的陡立韧性剪切带明显不同。通过对平缓韧性剪切带的几何学、运动学分析,结合早白垩世盆地特征、中国东部变质核杂岩伸展拆离断层和同构造岩浆岩同位素定年结果,厘定出张八岭隆起早白垩世变质核杂岩。该变质核杂岩上盘由南华纪-奥陶纪沉积地层和早白垩世盆地组成,下盘为新元古代浅变质碎屑沉积岩、变海相火山岩（基底）以及早白垩世侵入岩,上下盘之间被一条主伸展拆离断层所分隔。变质核杂岩长轴为NE-SW向,指示构造反映上盘向SE剪切滑动,与中国东部变质核杂岩的伸展方向完全一致。通过本次变质核杂岩的厘定,结合野外地质事实,笔者认为管店-马厂断裂是郯庐断裂带的次级断裂,是对郯庐断裂带早白垩世末第三次左行平移的响应。在综合研究的基础上,建立了区域构造-岩浆-成矿关系模型,揭示了张八岭隆起早白垩世经历了早期伸展（变质核杂岩阶段）-挤压走滑（管店-马厂断裂形成阶段）-晚期伸展（闪长质脉岩侵位阶段）3个构造阶段,多期构造、岩浆的叠加作用下,形成了本区的金多金属矿产。