中国东部岩石圈根／去根作用与大陆“活化”──东亚型大陆动力学模式研究计划

本文提出东亚大陆动力学研究中的主要科学问题──为什么东部大陆会“活化”？基于近１０多年来研究获得的一个重要地质事实：印支期东部诸陆块拼合成统一大陆时岩石圈巨厚（≥１５０～２００ｋｍ），新生代以来岩石圈厚度只有６０～８０ｋｍ，指出岩石圈根与去根作用是东部大陆“活化”的根本原因，并提出５组具体的科学问题需要探索与研究。     

五台山晚太古代碰撞造山带构造演化

应用构造—岩性—事件法将五台山碰撞造山带划分为３个构造片体：弧前混杂岩带、古岛弧系和弧后混杂岩带。提出该造山带构造演化５个阶段：洋盆扩张阶段（＞２６００Ｍａ）;南部洋盆向微陆块下俯冲—微陆块转化为岛弧阶段（２６００～２５００Ｍａ）;弧前碰撞—弧后消减阶段（２５５０～２５００Ｍａ）;陆—陆碰撞阶段（２５５０～２４５０Ｍａ）;伸展作用阶段（２５００～２４００Ｍａ）。     

华北地台金伯利岩岩浆活动时代讨论

华北地台金伯利岩岩浆活动可分为三个时期：（１）中元古代金伯利岩和钾镁煌斑岩岩浆活动期，以鄂尔多斯陆核边缘山西阳高岩区为代表（１６４９～１８１１Ｍａ）；（２）古生代金伯利岩岩浆活动，以冀鲁辽陆核边缘的铁岭岩区、中部的复县和蒙阴岩区为代表（含矿金伯利岩，４５７～４６２Ｍａ）；（３）中～新生代金伯利岩岩浆活动时期，以鹤壁和涉县岩区为代表（１１７～５２Ｍａ）。含矿金伯利岩岩浆活动与华北地台中奥陶世晚期的造陆抬升作用有关。这类岩浆形成时必须处于克拉通岩石圈底部有小的热扰动以及流体作用的条件，而过高的地温梯度反而起到破坏金刚石保存的作用。     

大别造山带中生代花岗岩类成分的时空分布与造山带演化的关系

长江中下游及两侧的大别隆起带、扬子隆起带都是华北、扬子陆块中生代碰撞造山涉及的区域，它们可分成４个地块．对４个地块中中生代花岗岩类的区域地球化学研究，并结合其他方面资料的共同限定，证明它们都是两个陆块碰撞后（ｐｏｓｔｃｏｌｉｓｉｏｎ）区域岩石圈物质调整阶段的产物．各岩带的花岗岩类可归入早、晚两个阶段，分别具有１３７Ｍａ和１２３Ｍａ的峰值侵位年龄．早、晚阶段花岗岩类都具有Ｉ型花岗岩类的成分特征，晚阶段花岗岩类还具有Ａ型花岗岩类的成分性质；早、晚阶段花岗岩类之间具有不连续的成分演化关系．它们指示，本区早、晚阶段花岗岩类的形成是两陆块中生代碰撞后发生的两次有一定联系但又独立的岩石圈热－构造事件的产物．     

五台山晚太古代碰撞造山带构造演化

应用构造－岩性－事件法将五台山碰撞造山带划分为３个构造片体;弧前混杂岩带,古岛弧系和弧后混杂岩带。提出该造山带构造演化５个阶段：洋盆扩张阶段（〉２６００Ｍａ）;南部洋盆向微陆块下俯冲－－微陆块转化为岛弧阶段（２６００￣２５００Ｍａ）;弧前碰撞－弧后消减阶段（２５５０￣２５００Ｍａ）;陆一陆碰撞阶段,伸展作用阶段（２５０￣２４００Ｍａ）。     

成矿演化的几个构造问题

成矿演化可以分成５个时期（Ｍａ）：（１）小岩石圈板块，褶皱作用期并发育绿岩带（３８００～３０００）；（２）陆壳主块的形成（３０００～２７００）；（３）初始超大陆，开始板块构造作用的影响（２７００～１８００）；（４）原生陆壳的多重作用（１８００～６００）；（５）深部地幔分异，以构造岩浆分异作用为主（６００～０）。     

中国侏罗纪构造变革与燕山运动新诠释

随着一系列新构造观察资料和高精度同位素测年数据的累积,加深了对发生在中国东部晚侏罗世—早白垩世时期构造变革事件的认识,对燕山运动的性质、时限和动力学内涵有了新的诠释。中—晚侏罗世初期(165±5Ma)东亚多板块拼贴运动学发生重大调整,构造体制发生重大转换,启动了以中朝地块为中心、来自北、东、南西不同板块向东亚大陆"多向汇聚"的构造新体制,形成以陆内俯冲和陆内造山为特征的东亚汇聚构造体系。同时大陆地壳岩石圈发生显著增厚,并紧随早白垩世以剧烈的大陆岩石圈伸展和火山—岩浆活动为特征的岩石圈巨量减薄和克拉通破坏,导致燕辽生物群灭绝和热河生物群兴盛的重大生物群更替,成为中国大陆和东亚重大构造变革事件,这是燕山运动的基本内涵。本文依据燕山运动构造变形型式、动力学背景以及产生的深部过程,将"燕山运动"定义为起始于165±5Ma的"东亚多向汇聚"构造体制及其形成的广泛陆内造山和构造变革,并将中国东部岩石圈巨量减薄视作燕山期陆内造山和陆内变形的后效。     

中国三条高温高压变质带及其地质意义

高温高压变质岩是指高温（热）榴辉岩－高压麻粒岩－石榴角闪岩的变质序列。其形成的大地构造环境为陆－陆碰撞或陆－弧碰撞带,而不形成于与洋壳有关的汇聚性板块边缘。中国境内有三条典型的高温高压变质带,它们是桑干－承德变质带,大别山－苏鲁变质带和南迦巴瓦变质带。变质时代分别是２５００Ｍａ,２１０～２４０Ｍａ和１７～１４Ｍａ。大别山－苏鲁变质带是中生代陆－陆碰撞带根部变质杂岩,代表了华北与扬子两个陆块拼合的界限。年轻的南迦巴瓦变质带是陆－弧碰撞带变质岩系,高压麻粒岩除了在冈第斯岩浆弧的根部以透镜体出露外,主要代表了被掀斜抬升的印度陆块的基底下地壳岩石。桑干－承德变质带是华北克拉通内的高压麻粒岩－榴辉岩转换相的变质带,表明在晚太古代已有与显生宙相似的形成高压变质带的大地构造机制。     

青藏东昆仑晚古生代末—中生代中酸性火成岩与陆内造山过程

利用岩石大地构造学的研究方法回溯了东昆仑晚古生代末—中生代构造岩浆演化历史。研究表明,东昆仑晚海西期—早燕山期构造演化分为３个阶段：（１）洋脊形成与扩张阶段（３０９～２６０Ｍａ）;（２）大洋板块大规模俯冲阶段（２６０～２３０Ｍａ）,火成岩具安第斯型活动大陆边缘构造属性;（３）陆内造山阶段（２３０～１９０Ｍａ）,陆壳的厚度相当于２６０～２３０Ｍａ期间的两倍,南、北边缘构造性质与深部过程具较明显差异与不对称性。南缘深部总体特征是“壳热而幔冷”,暗示着陆壳与壳下岩石圈之间可能沿莫霍面有较大的构造拆离;北缘在壳底具岩浆底侵作用,其深部特征为“壳冷幔热”。自晚海西期—早燕山期东昆仑岩石圈缩短总量（平均值）约为１４６３ｋｍ。     

中国东部中一新生代活动大陆边缘构造—岩浆作用演化和发展

本文论述中国东部中－新生代由科迪勒拉型转变为西太平洋活动大陆边缘过程中的构造－岩浆作用及其演化。在印支旋回（２５０～１８５Ｍａ），初始欧亚板块与古太平洋板块强烈挤压俯冲，并伴随大范围改造型花岗岩类的发育。在燕山早期（１８５～１４０Ｍａ），继续俯冲，改造型花岗岩进一步发育，并开始有同熔型花岗岩类的形成。在约１４０Ｍａ两类花岗岩的形成达到高潮。在１４０～１００Ｍａ广泛发育安山－流纹岩系。燕山晚期（１００～７０Ｍａ）由于弧后扩张，配合红色盆地的广泛形成，发育碱性火山岩和碱性花岗岩带．新生代中国东部大陆花岗岩和中－酸性火山岩活动消失，代之以玄武岩活动；边缘海和岛弧逐渐形成，钙碱性火山岩系转入岛弧地带。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the