湘南郴州钨-锡-多金属矿集区的形成时限及其成矿地球动力学背景

湘南郴州地区钨、锡、铜、铋、铅、锌等金属矿床密集产出,很多矿床达到大型、超大型规模,且资源潜力巨大,构成世界级的钨锡多金属矿集区.研究表明,该矿集区中钨、锡等金属主要集中在150～60 Ma期间的大规模成矿,与该区主要花岗岩的成岩时间基本上吻合,两者具有明显的时、空联系.湘南郴州一带的花岗岩及其相关的钨、锡等金属的成矿与中生代华南地幔物质上涌、岩石圈的拉张、伸展作用密切相关,两者均为中生代华南岩石圈拉张、伸展作用的产物.     

赣南兴国县张家地钼钨矿床成岩成矿时代及地质意义

地处EW向南岭成矿带和NE向武夷山成矿带叠置部位的赣南兴国-宁都钨锡矿集区产有多处不同矿化类型的钨锡多金属矿床,但总体研究程度较低。本文基于详细野外地质调查,重点开展了张家地钼钨矿床的高精度成岩成矿年代学研究,并探讨了区域钨锡矿床成岩成矿时空分布及地球动力学背景。张家地钼钨矿化产于花岗岩与震旦纪浅变质细碎屑岩的内、外接触带,包括石英脉型(王泥排矿段)和云英岩型(刘家庄矿段)两种矿化类型。利用SHRIMP锆石U-Pb法,获得张家地钼钨矿区似斑状中细粒黑云母花岗岩的年龄为154.1±1.8Ma;利用辉钼矿Re-Os法,获得王泥排矿段石英脉型矿体的辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为158.4±3.1Ma、加权平均年龄为157.7±1.4Ma,刘家庄矿段云英岩型矿体的辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为161.9±3.2Ma、加权平均年龄为157.9±1.6Ma,厘定矿床成岩成矿时代为晚侏罗世,对应于华南中生代第二次大规模成矿作用。石英脉型和云英岩型矿体中辉钼矿的铼含量均较低(9.58×10-6~22.65×10-6),表明成矿物质以壳源为主;综合分析区域最新年代学数据资料,表明钨锡矿床成岩成矿具多期性,主要集中在240~210Ma、170~150Ma和130~90Ma,以赣南和湘南为中心,钨锡矿床向四周成矿年龄均呈变小趋势。燕山期钨锡大规模成岩成矿作用主要形成于华南中生代岩石圈伸展-减薄时期的侏罗纪板内拉张的地球动力学背景。     

南岭钨锡花岗岩的地质特征及成矿作用

南岭钨锡花岗岩按主要成矿金属可分为钨成矿花岗岩,钨锡铌钽成矿花岗岩,钨锡多金属成矿花岗岩和锡成矿花岗岩。中生代是本区钨锡花岗岩的主要成矿时代。各类钨锡花岗岩的地质、地球化学特性反映了它们相互之间成因上的区别和联系。本区钨锡花岗岩的成岩成矿作用特征是:①复式岩体分异完善多期多阶段成岩晚期成矿型,②复式岩株活动频繁多阶段成岩多阶段成矿型,岩浆杂岩组合酸性花岗岩成矿型,④火山—侵入作用的次火山—斑岩成矿型,⑤深成混合岩化花岗岩化超变质岩区花岗岩浆高侵位斑岩成矿型,⑥古老花岗岩体成矿型。钨锡花岗岩的地质和成矿作用特征是与其所处的大地构造环境的区域地质构造性质息息相关。     

湖南芙蓉锡矿床锡矿石和有关花岗岩的40Ar-39Ar年龄及其地球动力学意义

在研究和介绍湖南芙蓉锡矿矿床地质特征的基础上,对云英岩型锡矿石中的白云母和与成矿有关的骑田岭角闪黑云花岗岩中的黑云母进行了40Ar-39Ar年龄测定,获得角闪黑云花岗岩的坪年龄为(157.5±0.3)Ma;三门云英岩锡矿石的坪年龄为(156.1±0.4)Ma;淘洗窝云英岩锡矿石的坪年龄(160.1±0.9)Ma.这3组测年数据很一致,不仅精确地反应出成岩成矿的时间限制,而且表明了花岗岩成岩与锡矿成矿的密切关系.此外,三组数据坪年龄一致显示出,在成岩成矿之后矿体未受到后期热事件的扰动.芙蓉锡矿床是湘南大型钨锡多金属矿集区的组成部分,也是华南地区中生代钨锡成矿两大高峰期之一的160～135 Ma期间形成的代表性矿床,可能为中国东部地球动力学体制调整时晚期岩石圈减薄过程中的产物.     

粤西大金山钨锡多金属矿床地质特征及成岩成矿年代学研究

粤西大金山钨锡多金属矿是一个近年新发现的与花岗岩有关的石英脉型钨锡多金属矿,目前估算的资源量已达中型,并具有大型矿床的找矿潜力。矿体形态简单,主要以石英脉的形式产出,由石英脉、云英岩脉和多金属硫化物石英脉等组成。钨锡多金属矿化的主要类型为细脉状和网脉状,围岩蚀变主要有硅化、云英岩化和绿泥石化等。本文在详细介绍矿床地质特征的基础上,对矿床进行了成岩成矿年代学研究。采用LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年技术,得到了花岗岩的成岩年龄:中细粒黑云母花岗岩形成于82.89±0.35Ma~85.6±0.52Ma,似斑状黑云母花岗岩形成于75.01±0.16Ma~84.17±0.34Ma。通过对与中细粒黑云母花岗岩有关的5件石英脉型辉钼矿进行Re-Os同位素分析,获得其模式年龄为80.07±1.19Ma~84.93±1.42Ma。以上年代学测试结果说明大金山钨锡多金属矿成岩成矿时代为晚白垩世,成岩成矿作用基本同时。本文认为大金山钨锡多金属矿成岩成矿作用发生在华南晚中生代岩石圈拉张-伸展的构造背景下,是华南晚中生代大规模成岩成矿作用的产物。     

南岭钨锡成矿作用几个关键科学问题及其对区域找矿勘查的启示

南岭地区中生代多期次、大规模的钨锡多金属成矿作用造就了全球最为重要的钨锡成矿带。本文结合最新的相关研究成果及找矿突破,系统综述了南岭地区成岩成矿作用时空分布格局、成矿花岗岩的矿物学、地球化学特征和矿床模型的研究进展及存在问题,并在此基础上初步提出了该区深部找矿方向,以期推动区域找矿勘查取得新突破。     

花岗岩与金铜及钨锡成矿的关系

文章从对国内外若干与金铜钨锡矿床有关的花岗岩Sr、Yb含量的统计出发,按照花岗岩新的分类,归纳了花岗岩与成矿的关系。指出金铜成矿与埃达克型和喜马拉雅型花岗岩有关,钨锡成矿与南岭型花岗岩有关。其原因主要取决于成岩和成矿的深度以及氧逸度条件。金铜和钨锡成矿的深度不同,因此,金铜和钨锡不可能在同时同地出现,但可以叠加在一起。作者认为,成岩和成矿是两回事,成岩基本上是一个物理过程,而成矿主要体现为化学反应;成岩需要热,而成矿需要热、流体以及合适的矿源3个条件,缺一不可。在一个地区,成岩作用可以很普遍,但是,成矿可能很局限。成岩与成矿有关不是成因有关而是时空有关。成矿与成岩同时、或成矿早于成岩、或晚于成岩,都是合理的,而区分含矿岩体和不含矿岩体可能是没有意义的。文中还讨论了金能否来源于围岩的问题及找矿思路的问题,指出就矿找矿仍然是行之有效的找矿方法。     

广东阳春锡山钨锡矿床成岩成矿年代学研究

为了精确厘定锡山钨锡矿床成岩成矿时代,本文分别对锡山岩体斑状二长花岗岩和矿体开展了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb和石英Rb-Sr年代学研究,获得的锆石U-Pb年龄为103±3Ma,石英矿物Rb-Sr等时线年龄为94±12Ma,两者在测定误差内一致,表明锡山岩体晚阶段形成的花岗岩在时间和空间上与成矿作用有明显的耦合关系,其成岩成矿作用发生在早白垩世晚期。锡山成岩成矿的动力学背景应与早白垩世晚期南岭地区的岩石圈伸展拉张引发的大规模岩浆活动有关。     

湘南九嶷山大坳钨锡矿的Re-Os同位素定年研究

湘南九嶷山大坳钨锡矿床与具有铝质A型花岗岩特征的金鸡岭复式花岗岩关系密切。矿床类型包括云英岩体型、破碎带蚀变岩型、变花岗岩型和云英岩-石英脉型等4类。通过对云英岩-石英脉型钨锡矿中辉钼矿Re-Os同位素测年,获得辉钼矿的等时线年龄为(151.3±2.4)Ma,与花岗岩成岩年龄(151～156Ma)一致,显示成矿与成岩是同时的。通过对区域上获得的高精度成矿年龄综合分析对比,认为150～160Ma为南岭地区中生代大规模成矿作用的高峰期,九嶷山大坳钨锡矿床正是这一高峰期的产物。这为进一步研究区域成矿规律,指导区域找矿提供了重要同位素年代学依据。     

广东始兴南山坑钨锡矿床地质特征分析

正南山坑钨锡矿床位于广东省始兴县罗坝镇境内,是近年来南京地质调查中心实施中国地质调查局大调查项目中找到的具有大型远景的钨锡多金属矿床(肖惠良等,2008)。该矿床是以矽卡岩型钨锡矿为主,兼有石英脉型钨多金属矿和花岗岩型钨钼多金属矿的复合型矿床(肖惠良等,2010),其中以矽卡岩型钨锡多金属矿体规模最大,花岗岩型钨钼多金属矿体最具潜力(陈乐柱等,2014)。1区域地质背景南山坑钨锡多金属矿床位于南岭多金属成矿     

南岭地区中生代主要成锡花岗岩地质地球化学特征与锡矿成矿规律

南岭中生代成锡花岗岩系花岗质岩浆多期或多阶段侵位和结晶的产物。空间上往往集中成群成带分布,构成多个复式岩基,明显受华夏和扬子两大地块接合部NE向深大断裂及NW向隐伏深大断裂的控制;中生代成锡花岗岩主要侵位于燕山期,成矿作用主要有两期,一是早期矽卡岩化导致锡的初步富集,二是晚期岩浆热液叠加形成了工业锡矿床。锡成矿作用与燕山期伸展背景下的大规模花岗岩浆活动密切相关。     

粤北诸广南铀矿聚集区岩浆、构造与铀成矿活动

粤北诸广南铀矿聚集区位于南岭诸广山岩体中东部,区内铀矿资源丰富,是中国重要的铀矿产基地。区内以发育花岗岩型铀矿化为主,整体上受中生代区域性岩浆—构造—热液活动"三位一体"联合控制。区域性花岗质岩浆活动对铀矿化有着预富集作用,断裂构造活动为成矿提供了有利空间,热液活动促使了花岗岩中铀的活化迁移和富集成矿。研究区的铀成矿作用具有同时性和多期性特征,形成于华南白垩纪—古近纪岩石圈伸展动力学背景下,统一受制于地壳的强烈拉张作用。由诸广山岩体与南雄盆地组成的盆山体系的白垩纪—古近纪构造演化可能是导致诸广南铀矿聚集区形成的重要因素之一。     

Molybdenite Re–Os and muscovite 40Ar/39Ar dating of quartz vein-type W–Sn polymetallic deposits in Northern Guangdong, South China

Northern Guangdong is an important part of Nanling tungsten–tin metallogenic belt, South China. The tungsten mineralization in this area consists of mainly quartz–wolframite vein-type mineralization, with W–Sn polymetallic deposits mostly distributed at the outer contact zone between concealed Late Jurassic granitic stocks and Cambrian–Ordovician low-metamorphosed sandstones and shales. Molybdenite Re–Os and muscovite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar isotopic dating of three typical tungsten vein-type deposits (Yaoling, Meiziwo, and Jubankeng) in northern Guangdong, show that two episodes of Late Jurassic W–Sn polymetallic mineralization occurred in this area: an early episode during the Late Jurassic (158–159?Ma) represented by the Yaoling, Hongling, and Meiziwo tungsten deposits, and a younger event during the Early Cretaceous (138?Ma) represented by the Jubankeng deposit. Analysis of available radiometric ages of several W–Sn deposits in the Nanling region indicate that these deposits formed at several intervals during the Mesozoic at 90–100, 134–140, 144–162, and 210–235?Ma, and that large-scale W–Sn mineralization in this region occurred mainly between 150 and 160?Ma.     

The Mesozoic granitoid magmatism and metallogeny of the Central Asian and Pacific Belts junction area

Materials pertaining to Mesozoic granitoids in the Central Asian and Pacific Belts junction area and the adjacent platforms are summarized. Maps of the location of massifs, the extensiveness of granitoid magmatism, the manifestations of Mesozoic plumes, and the relief of the asthenosphere surface have been compiled. The locations of the major ore deposits are plotted on the maps. The distribution chart has been constructed for these deposits in the coordinates of the crust and lithosphere. The depth of the occurrence of the sources for large and superlarge gold, tin, polymetallic, molybdenum, tungsten, and uranium deposits has been estimated. Areas showing promise for the discovery of large deposits are defined.     

Geological Setting and Origin of Mo–W–Cu Deposits in the Honggor–Shamai District,Inner Mongolia,North China

Twenty‐one Mo–W–Cu deposits and prospects have been discovered in the Honggor–Shamai district, Inner Mongolia, north China during past 5 years. This district is located in the central and western parts of the Chagan Obo–Aoyoute–Chaobulen tectono‐magmatic belt, which is part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The Mo–W–Cu deposits in the district are associated with Mesozoic granitoid intrusions and occur as veins, stockwork, and dissemination. The geological features of these newly discovered deposits are similar to porphyry‐type deposits worldwide. Two mineralization events have been identified: Indosinian (235–224 Ma) and Yanshanian (137–131 Ma). It is proposed that these deposits and prospects in the Honggor–Shamai district were related to the post‐collisional extension linked to the Indosinian orogeny during the Middle–Late Triassic period, but some of those deposits were overprinted by mineralization associated with the Cretaceous magmatic‐hydrothermal (Yanshanian) event.     

北祁连西段加里东期花岗岩类与钨成矿作用的关系浅议

概述了北祁连西段加里东期花岗岩类的特征,结合钨矿化的特征集中讨论了花岗岩类与钨矿的关系,运用本区花岗岩类岩石化学分析得出：Cu,Mo,W,Sn等与本区花岗岩类密切相关,而钨是最有潜力的矿种,北祁连西段应成为继南岭之后我国又一钨矿化集中区。     

南岭与中生代花岗岩类有关的成矿作用及其大地构造背景

由于受到来自印支半岛的挤压,在华南内部发生了以碰撞-挤压-推覆-隆升为主的印支造山运动。南岭地区印支期花岗岩（240～205Ma）主要形成于碰撞及“后碰撞”（post-collision）的动力学环境,但没有造成大规模的金属成矿作用。南岭地区从燕山期进入后造山（post-orogeny）地球动力学环境。从花岗岩类的成矿学特征及其大陆动力学背景出发,尝试把燕山期划分为早、中,晚三期。南岭地区燕山早期（185～170Ma）出现了玄武质岩浆活动、双峰式岩浆活动、A型花岗岩及板内高钾钙碱性岩浆活动,反映了岩石圈的局部“伸展一裂解”和地幔物质的上涌,伴随Pb,Zn,Cu,Au成矿作用。燕山中期南岭地区岩石圈全面拉张一减薄,地幔上涌一玄武质岩浆底侵引发大规模的地壳熔融,导致大范围陆壳重熔型花岗岩的生成。该期的第一阶段（170～150Ma）以大规模花岗岩类侵位为主,第二阶段（150～140Ma）花岗岩类活动很少,却发生了W,Sn及其他稀有金属的大规模成矿作用。燕山晚期虽然是华南地区岩石圈全面发生裂解的时期,但由于受太平洋构造体系的影响,在南岭东端至东南沿海广大地区,燕山晚期（140～65Ma）出现了先挤压、后拉张的动力学背景,在100Ma前形成的钙碱性和橄榄安粗两个系列的岩浆活动,伴随Au,Ag,Pb—Zn,Cu,（Mo,Sn）等成矿作用。而在南岭地区,该时期花岗质火山-侵入杂岩及基性岩脉等广泛发育,有关的成矿作用以火山岩型U矿、斑岩型Sn矿,以及印支期花岗岩中的铀活化成矿作用为特征。     

A Preliminary Review of Metallogenic Regularity of Tungsten Deposits in China

Tungsten ore resources are abundant in China with relatively complete types of deposits. Skarn type and quartz vein type deposits are dominated in the tungsten resources, whereas quartz vein type wolframite deposits are most important in terms of exploitation and utilization. Skarn type tungsten deposits are concentratedly distributed in the central Nanling region, such as South Hunan, South Anhui and the eastern Qinling region, while quartz vein type tungsten deposits occur mainly in South China, such as West Fujian, South Jiangxi, North Guangdong and South Hunan. The most important metallogenic epoch of tungsten is the Mesozoic, while the metallogenic tectonic setting is featured by an intracontinental environment after orogeny with sever tectonic movements, deep-seated faults and frequent magmatic activities, especially Mesozoic granitoids closely related to tungsten-tin mineralization. 22 metallogenic series of ore deposits characterized by or significantly related to tungsten were defined based on precise statistic information of 1199 tungsten mining areas and thorough the summary of metallogenic regularities. Based on studies of the metallogenic regularity of tungsten deposits, skarn type (or greisen type), quartz vein type and massif-type of tungsten deposits are thought to be the key prediction types. 65 tungsten-forming belts and 22 key ore concentration areas were ascertained and a distribution map of tungsten-forming belts of China was compiled, which provided a theoretical basis for evaluation and prediction of potential tungsten resources.     

大东山锡矿田矿床地质特征及矿床成因

大东山锡矿田矿化类型复杂,其中矽卡岩型锡矿规模大,可分含锡矽卡岩型和硫化物矽卡岩型。岩体区有脉状和面状云英岩产出,前者多具锡矿化,后者具钨矿化。燕山第四期花岗岩是锡(钨)成矿母岩,含SiO274.96%~75.28%,K2O+Na2O7.37%~8.54%,K2O>Na2O,与南岭地区钨锡成矿岩体具有相似的岩石化学特征。锡矿成因类型可划分为接触交代型、侵入岩浆热液型和风化矿床。根据成矿地质条件,认为在接触带寻找硫化物矽卡岩、硫化物型锡矿有较大前景,而在岩体区具有寻找云英岩型钨矿的潜力。     

Genetic relationship between silver–lead–zinc mineralization in the Wutong deposit,Guangxi Province and Mesozoic granitic magmatism in the Nanling belt,southeast China

More than 50 % of the world's total reserves of tungsten are in China and most tungsten deposits are located in the Nanling range in southeast China. This study explores the potential genetic relationship between tungsten–tin (W–Sn) mineralization and shallower Ag–Pb–Zn deposits in the Nanling range based on data from the Wutong deposit, Guangxi Province. The lead, oxygen, carbon, sulfur, and strontium isotopic compositions of minerals at Wutong indicate that a single crustal-derived fluid was responsible for mineralization. Wutong likely formed at relatively low temperatures (～200–300 °C) and low pressures, as indicated by the similarity between homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions and those estimated from S isotopic compositions of minerals. The hübnerite age (92.3–104.4 Ma) indicates that the Wutong mineralization is likely related to nearby Late Yanshanian (Cretaceous) S-type granites derived from Proterozoic crust. This mineralization event coincides with the last W–Sn mineralization event and the Cretaceous peak of mineralization in the Nanling range.