春季繁殖期两茬贻贝苗的培育

七十年代以来,我国贻贝养殖如雨后春笋,蓬勃发展,针对苗源供应不足的情况,有关单位相继开展了开发自然苗场及人工育苗的研究。为了充分发挥育苗设施的作用,当前贻贝人工育苗一般是从三方面进行研究的:(1)提高单位育苗水体的产量;(2)增大海上养育幼苗的保苗效果;(3)争取一年培育多茬苗。对于培育多茬苗,过去我们已成功地培     

烟台沿岸贻贝的生长

像其他海洋生物的生长一样,贻贝(Mytilus edulis L.)也是因海区或生境不同,养殖方法不同,季节不同,生长状况也不同。研究殆贝的生长规律,无疑对判断养殖效果、确立养殖程序等是十分重要的;同时在生态学研究中,对分析种群结构及推断某些生物学特点等,也是不可缺少的。 关于贻贝的生长过去虽有一些记载,但是较系统的材料,现在还不多见。随着生产发展及调查研究的需要,对这个问题我们必须做到胸中有数。为此,我们于1972-1973年结合人工育苗工作,对烟台沿岸的贻贝,自受精卵开始至成贝收获的全部生长过程,进行了较系统的调查研究。除贝壳生长的材料外,还测定了养成时期的肉质部生长的材料。对自然苗的生长情况也作了一些记录。关于春苗的幼虫期及幼苗期的生长情况,我们过去已较详细地报告过[1],此处不再赘述;仅对生产意义更大的人工秋苗的生长状沉予以论述。     

广西沿海翡翠贻贝移殖试验

1964年至1974年在广西沿海进行野生翡翠贻贝移殖试验,其结果是种贝在试养海区能够正常生长和繁殖,半人工采苗和人工育苗均获成功,幼苗下海养殖生长情况正常。28年(1967-1995年)来,每年在部分海区的固形物上面都发现有相当数量附着生长的翡翠贻贝稚贝和成贝,已在海区形成自然种群,说明广西沿海的环境条件适合翡翠贻贝的生长繁殖。广西沿海东起合浦英罗港、西至防城珍珠港、南达北海涠洲岛的河口湾外的广阔潮下带海区是适宜进行翡翠贻贝人工增、养殖的。     

贻贝人工育苗的改进研究——Ⅰ.改进采苗器及抑制细菌

七十年代初期,我国开始发展贻贝(Mytilus edulis L.)的生产性养殖。当时苗源有限,苗种供应严重不足,人工培育贻贝苗遂成为着手解决缺苗的技术问题。经1972—1973年的研究,我们与烟台地区海水养殖试验场等提出了一套育苗工艺,育苗水体最高单产量达到137万/m~3。又经数年研究,最高单产量即达360万/m~3,平均单产量稳定在150—200万/m~3。再后几年的实验结果,使我们意识到:用原方法育苗要进一步大幅度提高单产量会有困难,特别是近几年来海水水质条件的恶化,有时会给育苗带来一些干     

花尾胡椒鲷的大规模生产性早繁育苗

2003年2月28日至4月15日于湛江东海岛进行了花尾胡椒鲷(Plectorhinchuscinctus)大规模生产性人工早繁育苗的研究。研究选取网箱养殖的成熟健壮亲鱼,强化培养一段时间后,采用LRH-A2,HCG进行人工催产,自然受精后放在30m3的育苗池中培养15d,再转移到室外高位池中培养。育苗获得平均体长40mm的鱼苗33.3万尾,育苗成活率为12.8%。     

滤食性贝类营养需求和代用饲料研究进展

NUTRITIONREQUIREMENTANDARTIFICIALDIETOFFILTER-FEEDINGBIVALIA：AREVIEW1997年我国海水养殖产量为7.91X106t,其中贝类为6.5X106t,占82.2％。目前,在海洋双壳贝类人工育苗过程中,使用的饵料主要是活的单胞藻,此间要涉及两个技术环节,即单胞藻的培养和亲贝的培育。对单胞藻的依赖所造成的技术困难和高成本早已引起了人们的重视。为解决这一问题,人们开始研究在育苗过程中使用代用饲料或配合饲料代替单胞藻。目前对于贝类代用饲料的研究主要集中于贻贝、扇贝和牡蛎等一些重要的经济贝类。1对主要营养物…     

褐藻酸降解菌的研究 Ⅱ.海带夏苗培育中褐藻酸降解菌与烂苗的关系

海带人工育苗是发展我国海带养殖事业的一个重要环节。在人工培育海带幼苗过程中,时常出现烂苗或掉苗现象。多年来,这个问题在南方或北方都存在,严重时甚至可以使整个育苗工作陷入困境,给育苗和供苗工作带来严重威胁。过去,有关育苗单位力图从管理措施上严加控制。但由于对烂苗或掉苗的基本原因缺乏认识,工作难免盲目,预防效果也极不显著,至今尚未获得妥善解决办法。烂苗或掉苗现象,是一个复杂的问题。但     

贻贝育苗中不同饵料的饲养效果比较

培育双壳类软体动物幼苗所需的饵料，是指池内培育阶段适合于幼虫和幼苗(壳长一般在1mm以下)的饵料。育苗成功的关键问题之一为是否已经选择到这样的饵料。自40年代找到适宜的饵料生物以后，双壳类幼虫的培养才取得较明显的成效。以往利用过的一些饵料生物巳有文献系统记载。我国贻贝人工育苗是在分离与培养出扁藻以后才获得成功的。随着研究工作的深入以及适应各种不同情况的需要，采用的饵料种类越来越多样化。从生产性育苗特别是多茬育苗考虑，必须因地制宜地筛选出一定种数的饵料，以便在不同培养条件下有机动选择的余地。同一时还应找出适宜的投饵数量，以求取得较好的育苗效果。为此目的，我们于1975-1978年结合生产性育苗的需要进行了一些饵料饲养实验。本文根据实验结果以及多年来生产性育苗的实践，对贻贝育苗的饵料问题进行总结，侧重于不同饵料的饲养效果比较。     

利用育苗余热肥水暂养早期虾苗

近几年,随着我国对虾人工养殖事业的迅速发展,对虾工厂化育苗规模不断扩大,技术不断提高。为了严格控制单位面积养殖对虾的尾数,以便合理投喂饵料,加速仔虾生长速度,降低养殖成本,提高仔虾的成活率,目前不少养殖单位进行中间培养,取得了良好的效果。为了使对虾育苗场能够及时提供大规格(平均1.5cm)苗种,减少养殖单位暂养的困难,1989年3月,我们在日照市科委实验场进行了对虾早期苗土池暂养实验研究。     

贻贝人工育苗高产问题的探讨

1972至1973年间,中国科学院海洋研究所贝类实验生态组,在烟台与有关单位对贻贝人工育苗向生产过渡问题作过探讨。实验结果显示了人工育苗在生产上应用的可能性,并指出在幼虫培养密度适当增加、饵料供应及换水量更加充分的情况下,育苗池的单位水体产量可能会有较大幅度的提高。1974至1975年间,在青岛进行了生产规模的育苗试验,在扩大培育水体、改进育苗技术、提高单位产量等方面取得了新进展。     

海湾扇贝大水体人工育苗的高产技术

本文论述了海湾扇贝大水体人工育苗的高产技术和亲贝暂养、幼体培育,海上育成等的有关技术环节。并提出在相同的管理条件下,采用网箱暂养亲贝比网笼成活率提高14％,产卵时间提前5天,孵化率提高15％,幼体选育应及时进行。且在相同的孵化条件下下,产卵后26小时倒池比30小时后倒池成活率可提高38％,饵料投喂应坚持勤投、少投和混合投喂原则。在一定量的投饵条件下,日投10次比日投3次成活率高70％以上。但海上疏苗密度不宜过大,以每袋1000～2000个稚贝为宜。     

杂色鲍种苗用试验配合饵料

随着鲍的人工育苗数量的不断增多,以及幼鲍从室内培养池移入海区的养殖阶段,直到成为种苗的规格(壳长1—1.5厘米),其饵料仍然是养殖成败的关键之一。福建南部海区杂色鲍(Haliotis diversicolor Reeve)的种苗培育阶段,正值夏季水温升高,采集天然海藻比较困难,鲍的饵料发生短缺;而且为了进一步弥补和提高鲍的饵料中所含蛋白质等营养成分,以提高幼鲍和种苗鲍存活率,加快生长速度,除积极开发利用天然海藻资源外,必须广开饵料新途径,因而研制种苗鲍用试验配合饵料,适当增加能促     

Notes on laboratory rearing of juvenile spiny lobsters,jasus edwardsii (hutton) (crustacea: Decapoda: Palinuridae)

Post‐puerulus specimens of Jasus edwardsii (Hutton) have been successfully reared in the laboratory from the puerulus stage for periods of up to 12 months. The spiny lobsters were reared in concrete‐asbestos tanks measuring 2.4m × 37cm × 23cm. The tanks were supplied with a continuous flow of sea water and provided with constant aeration. Empty shells of paua (Haliotis iris Martyn) and rocks from the intertidal zone provided cover within the tanks.

Fresh mussel (Mytilus sp.) was preferred to all other foods tried in feeding experiments. The animals were fed every second day on opened mussels, and occasionally on fresh fish. The juveniles “grazed” actively on the calcareous algae (Corallina officinalis L.) present on the rocks.

The animals were extremely sensitive to pollution. To reduce pollution risks all sediments were removed from each tank, as the interstices between them were found to harbour uneaten food particles. Any uneaten foods were siphoned out every second day and each tank was thoroughly cleaned every six to eight weeks.

From a total of over 3,300 animals collected since November 1965, over 800 are presently being reared in the laboratory and various aspects of their ecology studied. The first step in raising larger adult sizes from juvenile stages in the laboratory is clearly possible.     

光合细菌在对虾育苗生产中的应用

１９９５年４月２４日～５月８日，在文登高岛盐场育苗场５０ｍ３水体育苗池，进行了用几株光合细菌（ＲｈｏｄｏｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓＳ．Ｐ．）混合菌液作为中国对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）苗期水质净化剂及辅助饵料，取得了明显效果。育苗池水透明度提高约２０ｃｍ，幼体挂脏率下降５０％，变态提早１ｄ左右，且多产仔虾百万尾     

Detection of DNA damage in mussels and sea urchins exposed to crude oil using comet assay

The single-cell microgel electrophoresis assay or the comet assay was used to evaluate DNA damage of dispersed crude oil on sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) and mussels (Mytilus edulis L.). Sea urchins were exposed to 0.06 and 0.25 mg/L dispersed crude oil in a continuous flow system, while the mussels were exposed to 0.015, 0.06 and 0.25 mg/L dispersed crude oil. Sea urchin coelomocytes and mussel haemocytes were sampled after 4 and 5 weeks exposure, respectively. In the sea urchin coelomocytes, there was a significant concentration-related increase in the percentage of DNA in comet tail. In mussel haemocytes, there was a significantly higher percentage of DNA in comet tail for all treatments compared to the control. The responses were concentration-related up to 0.06 mg/L oil. The two highest exposure concentrations of mussels were not significantly different from each other. These results indicate that the comet assay can be used for biomonitoring of DNA damage in marine invertebrates following oil contamination.     

单体全三倍体太平洋牡蛎育苗技术的研究

本文利用四倍体太平洋牡蛎雄贝与二倍体雌贝杂交生产出的全三倍体牡蛎,幼虫经常规方法培育至60%出现眼点幼虫时,投放聚乙烯塑料纸、废旧筛绢网和聚乙烯波纹板作附着基,经过附着变态后,当达到2～3 mm时,可脱基生产单体牡蛎,也可中间培育至10 mm边脱基边出售到养殖单位进行养殖,采用此法生产的单体牡蛎方法简便,成本低,脱基致残率极低,是一种生产单体牡蛎好方法之一.2005-2006年在50m3水体中生产单体牡蛎1000万粒 (1cm),单位水体出苗量为20万粒/m3.     

Enteroviruses in mussels and marine sediments and depuration of naturally accumulated viruses by green lipped mussels (Perna canaliculus)

Surveys were carried out over 16 months to assess the distribution of enteroviruses of human origin in sediments and mussels near two sewage outfalls on the North Taranaki Coast, New Zealand. Enteroviruses were present in high numbers in both sediments and shellfish near the New Plymouth sewage outfall with maximum virus levels of 32 000 pfu 100 g^‐1 of wet mussel tissue and 59 pfu 100 g^‐1 of wet sediment material. Viruses were recovered occasionally from sediments and mussels near the Waitara Borough outfall. Coxsackievirus B4 was the predominant virus type isolated but CB5 and Poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 were also recovered. Attempts to depurate virus‐contaminated New Plymouth mussels, by keeping them in water for 8 days with daily water replacement, did not achieve a significant reduction in virus numbers.     

Lethal and sub-lethal effects of chlorination on green mussel Perna viridis in the context of biofouling control in a power plant cooling water system.

Continuous chlorination is a widely followed cooling water treatment practice used in the power industry to combat biofouling. The green mussel Perna viridis is one of the dominant fouling organisms ( > 70%) in the Madras Atomic Power Station. Mortality pattern as well as physiological responses such as oxygen consumption, filtration rate, byssus thread production and faecal matter production of three different size groups of this mussel were studied at different chlorination concentrations. At 0.7 mg l(-1) residual chlorine, 3-4 cm size mussels showed 100% mortality in 553.3 h while 8-9 cm size group mussels died within 588 h. At a relatively high level of residual chlorine (9.1 mg l(-1)), 100% mortality in 3-4 cm and 8-9 cm size groups took 94 and 114 h, respectively. All physiological activities studied showed a progressive reduction as chlorine residuals were increased from 0 to 0.55 mg l(-1). The data indicated that the green mussel can sense a residual chlorine level as low as < 0.15 mg l(-1) and complete valve closure occurs only at 0.55 mg l(-1). The paper also shows that the sub-lethal physiological responses are better indices than lethal responses in planning chlorination strategies.     

Interactions of cadmium with the reproductive cycle of Mytilus edulis L.

Sublethal effects of cadmium on reproduction can have detrimental consequences for the long-term survival, even of species with high LC₅₀ values. The sea mussel, Mytilus edulis, is well-known for its use in biomonitoring work due to its relatively low sensitivity towards many toxicants, including cadmium.¹ Because little is known on sublethal effects of this metal in invertebrates,^2–6 we have studied these effects, with emphasis on reproduction, by exposing mussels to 100 ppb cadmium in sea water. This concentration significantly inhibits follicle development in both male and female gonads, but has subsequently a stimulating effect on the spawning frequency. Due to these opposite effects the consequences of cadmium stress for gamete production are expected to be small, as the average number of gametes released by spawning animals was not significantly changed.     

栉孔扇贝大面积半人工采苗生产技术的研究

栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri(Jones et preston)肉细嫩鲜美,营养丰富,经济价值很高,在国外市场上深受欢迎,为海珍品之一。 我所在连续四年进行扇贝半人工采苗试验和两年半人工采苗生产的基础上,于1981年承担了山东省水产局下达的“扇贝大面积半人工采苗生产技术”的研究课题。通过不断的实践和改进,目前已系统地摸索出提高扇贝半人工采苗率的技术措施。