Constant-ductility inelastic displacement ratios for displacement-based seismic design of self-centering structures

This paper focuses on constant-ductility inelastic displacement ratios of self-centering single-degree-of-freedom (SDF) systems with two different levels of energy dissipation capacity, in the presence of 5% viscous damping ratio. A statistical analysis is developed considering an earthquake database composed of 228 ground motions recorded in California with magnitudes greater than six and organized for NEHRP soil class, ground motion duration, and peak ground acceleration. The response of self-centering SDF systems with large variability of initial periods, ductility levels, and postyield stiffness ratios is investigated and compared with the responses of SDF systems with bilinear plastic, Clough, and Takeda hysteresis. The inelastic demand variation with soil class, initial period, postyield stiffness ratio, unloading stiffness degradation, ductility level, and hysteretic behavior is highlighted. Simple and conservative analytical estimates of constant-ductility inelastic displacement ratios for mean and 90th percentile values in terms of initial period, ductility level, and postyield stiffness ratio are proposed to allow the extension of the Displacement-Based Design via Inelastic Displacement Ratio (C_μDBD) to self-centering structural systems.     

直接基于位移的结构抗震设计理论研究进展

直接基于位移的抗震设计是实现基于性能抗震设计思想的一条有效途径,其理论主要包括三方面的内容,即直接基于位移的抗震设计方法、位移需求估计方法和目标位移的确定。本文在阅读了大量文献的基础上,对国内外在这三方面的研究进行了介绍,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

钢框架结构直接基于位移抗震性能设计的非迭代法

为使直接基于位移的抗震性能设计方法更加简便准确,本文采用一种直接基于位移的非迭代抗震设计方法对钢框架结构进行设计。该方法首先考虑结构的非弹性反应确定等效弹性反应谱和弹塑性反应谱,并建立了使用Newmark-Hall变形折减系数的能力谱的明确表达式。采用能力-需求图方法,确定了结构需要的目标位移与延性、谱位移和谱加速度之间关系的明确表示式,得到结构的刚度和设计基底剪力,进而确定构件截面,完成结构设计。对五层两跨平面钢框架结构进行了直接基于位移的抗震性能设计,设计过程简便,无需迭代程序,不需画出反应谱,通过时程分析验证了设计结果的精确性。本文研究表明:直接基于位移的非迭代抗震设计方法是一种简便、高效、精确的抗震性能设计方法。     

钢筋混凝土框架结构直接基于位移的抗震设计

直接基于位移的抗震设计方法是对基于力的抗震设计方法的重大改进。按此方法进行设计时,需要解决的关键问题是确定结构的目标位移和相应的侧移模式。提出用框架梁节点截面屈服时的位移作为目标位移,并推导了层间屈服位移的计算公式;然后用结构近似的第一振型曲线作勾其侧移模式,对层间屈服位移进行修正。算例表明,本方法计算结果合理。     

结构抗震设计中的强度折减系数研究

借助于单自由度弹塑性动力时程分析程序，对延性结构的强度折减系数进行了研究，在统计平均和回归分析的基础上，建立了平均强度折系数的函数形式，本文所建立的平强度折减系数函数，从理论上明确了结构具有延性对弹性地震力的折减关系，研究成果可供结构抗震设计规范采纳应用。     

Performance spectra based method for the seismic design of structures equipped with passive supplemental damping systems

A new direct performance‐based design method utilizing design tools called performance‐spectra (P‐Spectra) for low‐rise to medium‐rise frame structures incorporating supplemental damping devices is presented. P‐Spectra are graphic tools that relate the responses of nonlinear SDOF systems with supplemental dampers to various damping parameters and dynamic system properties that structural designers can control. These tools integrate multiple response quantities that are important to the performance of a structure into a single compact graphical format to facilitate direct comparison of different potential solutions that satisfy a set of predetermined performance objectives under various levels of seismic hazard. An SDOF to MDOF transformation procedure that defines the required supplemental damping properties for the MDOF structure to achieve the response defined by the target SDOF system is also presented for hysteretic, linear viscous and viscoelastic damping devices. Using nonlinear time‐history analyses of idealized shear structures, the accuracy of the transformation procedure is verified. A seismic performance upgrade design example is presented to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed method for achieving design performance goals using supplemental damping devices. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

延性需求谱在基于性能的抗震设计中的应用

基于性能的抗震设计理论涉及如何简便而合理地确定结构在指定强度地震下的弹塑性位移需求。本文给出了利用延性需求谱求解结构位移需求的一般步骤:借助模态Pushover分析将多自由度体系分解为几个非线性单自由度体系,以考虑各阶振型的影响;利用延性需求谱计算对应模态的等效单自由度体系的延性及位移需求,并以一定方式组合转化为多自由度体系位移需求。最后,通过算例分析表明:利用延性需求谱求解结构位移需求是一种具有一定精度可为工程接受的简便方法,在基于性能的抗震设计中具有较好的应用前景。     

Simplified seismic performance assessment and implications for seismic design

The last decade or so has seen the development of refined performance-based earthquake engineering(PBEE) approaches that now provide a framework for estimation of a range of important decision variables,such as repair costs,repair time and number of casualties. This paper reviews current tools for PBEE,including the PACT software,and examines the possibility of extending the innovative displacement-based assessment approach as a simplified structural analysis option for performance assessment. Details of the displacement-based s+eismic assessment method are reviewed and a simple means of quickly assessing multiple hazard levels is proposed. Furthermore,proposals for a simple definition of collapse fragility and relations between equivalent single-degree-of-freedom characteristics and multi-degree-of-freedom story drift and floor acceleration demands are discussed,highlighting needs for future research. To illustrate the potential of the methodology,performance measures obtained from the simplified method are compared with those computed using the results of incremental dynamic analyses within the PEER performance-based earthquake engineering framework,applied to a benchmark building. The comparison illustrates that the simplified method could be a very effective conceptual seismic design tool. The advantages and disadvantages of the simplified approach are discussed and potential implications of advanced seismic performance assessments for conceptual seismic design are highlighted through examination of different case study scenarios including different structural configurations.     

改进直接基于位移的钢筋混凝土框架结构抗震设计研究

直接基于位移法进行抗震设计时,最初结构的刚度和承载力均是未知的,设计中需假定预期设计结构的振型模式和由此得到的结构侧向地震力分布,这样的设计结果会产生一定的偏差.针对此问题,提出了改进直接基于位移的抗震设计方法,即首先初步设计结构,根据初设结构的振型模式等效单自由度体系,结合目标位移反向设计结构刚度,将设计结构的刚度与初设结构刚度比较,进行调整设计,最后进行承载力设计.程序中为减少迭代次数,定义了结构竖向刚度调整系数,用以简化结构弹性刚度的确定过程,从而实现设计结构在相应地震设防水准下满足预期位移的控制要求.最后通过算例证明了该方法具有一定的准确性.     

一种直接基于位移的抗震设计方法

与传统基于力的抗震设计方法相比,基于位移的抗震设计方法更适合实现基于性能抗震设计。本文在若干文献的基础上,提出了一种直接基于位移的抗震设计方法。该方法建立在结构屈服位移可由几何尺寸确定的基础上,根据不同水平地震作用下的目标设计位移,计算相应的延性系数,采用一定的Rμ-μ-Tn关系建立相应的非线性反应谱,以二折线模型模拟结构的性能曲线,然后根据结构不同的目标位移以及对应的非线性反应谱确定相应的有效周期,从中选择最小值作为设计结构的有效周期,根据有效周期计算结构的刚度,然后乘以屈服位移得到结构的屈服强度。根据结构屈服强度以及结构的超强系数,得到结构的设计基底剪力。该方法避免了设计中采用迭代计算,且一次设计就可以完成多水平设防的目的。     

一种直接基于位移的结构抗震设计方法

利用我国现行抗震规范,直接根据结构的底层层间目标位移反向求取结构的底层层间屈服剪力;给出了该屈服剪力与结构基底剪力之比的数学表达式,初步分析了影响该比值的主要因素及其影响规律。在此基础上,提出了一种新的直接基于位移的结构抗震设计方法。最后,通过算例分析初步考察了该方法的可行性。     

Effect of viscous,viscoplastic and friction damping on the response of seismic isolated structures

In this paper the efficiency of various dissipative mechanisms to protect structures from pulse‐type and near‐source ground motions is examined. Physically realizable cycloidal pulses are introduced, and their resemblance to recorded near‐source ground motions is illustrated. The study uncovers the coherent component of some near‐source acceleration records, and the shaking potential of these records is examined. It is found that the response of structures with relatively low isolation periods is substantially affected by the high‐frequency fluctuations that override the long duration pulse. Therefore, the concept of seismic isolation is beneficial even for motions that contain a long duration pulse which generates most of the unusually large recorded displacements and velocities. Dissipation forces of the plastic (friction) type are very efficient in reducing displacement demands although occasionally they are responsible for substantial permanent displacements. It is found that the benefits by hysteretic dissipation are nearly indifferent to the level of the yield displacement of the hysteretic mechanism and that they depend primarily on the level of the plastic (friction) force. The study concludes that a combination of relatively low friction and viscous forces is attractive since base displacements are substantially reduced without appreciably increasing base shears and superstructure accelerations. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Formulation of risk-targeted seismic action for the force-based seismic design of structures

A risk-targeted design spectral acceleration and the corresponding seismic design action for the force-based design of structures is introduced by means of two formulations. The first one called direct formulation utilizes the seismic hazard function at the site of the structure. Because the seismic action defined in the codes is often associated with a designated return period, an indirect formulation is also introduced. It incorporates a risk-targeted safety factor that can be used to define a risk-targeted reduction factor. It is shown that the proposed formulations give analogical results and provide an insight into the concept of the reduction of seismic forces for the force-based seismic design of structures if the objective is defined by a target collapse risk. The introduced closed-form solution for the risk-targeted reduction factor can be used to investigate how the target collapse risk, the seismic hazard parameters, the randomness of the seismic action, and the conventional parameters (ie, the overstrength factor and the deformation and energy dissipation capacity) affect the seismic design forces in the case of force-based design. However, collaborative research is needed in order to develop appropriate models of these parameters. In the second part of the paper, the proposed formulations are demonstrated by estimating the risk-targeted seismic design action for a six-storey reinforced concrete building. By verifying the collapse risk of the designed structure, it is demonstrated that the risk-targeted seismic action, in conjunction with a conventional force-based design, provided structure with acceptable performance when measured in terms of collapse risk.     

An alternative construction of normalized seismic design spectra for near-fault regions

This paper presents a methodology for constructing seismic design spectra in near-fault regions.By analyzing the characteristics of near-fault pulse-type ground motions,an equivalent pulse model is proposed,which can well represent the characteristics of the near-fault forward-directivity and fling-step pulse-type ground motions.The normalized horizontal seismic design spectra for near-fault regions are presented using recorded near-fault pulse-type ground motions and equivalent pulse-type ground motions,which are derived based on the equivalent pulse model coupled with ground motion parameter attenuation relations.The normalized vertical seismic design spectra for near-fault regions are obtained by scaling the corresponding horizontal spectra with the vertical-to-horizontal acceleration spectral ratios of near-fault pulse-type ground motions.The proposed seismic design spectra appear to have relatively small dispersion in a statistical sense.The seismic design spectra for both horizontal and vertical directions can provide alternative spectral shapes for seismic design codes.     

Uniform fragility spectra for the performance‐based seismic design of structures considering variabilities in structural properties

This paper presents a new methodology based on structural performance to determine uniform fragility design spectra, i.e., spectra with the same probability of exceedance of a performance level for a given seismic intensity. The design spectra calculated with this methodology provide directly the lateral strength, in terms of yield‐ pseudo‐accelerations, associated with the rate of exceedance of a specific ductility characterizing the performance level for which the structures will be designed. This procedure involves the assessment of the seismic hazard using a large enough number of seismic records of several magnitudes; these records are simulated with an improved empirical Green function method. The statistics of the performance of a single degree of freedom system are obtained using Monte Carlo simulation considering the seismic demand, the fundamental period, and the strength of the structure as uncertain variables. With these results, the conditional probability that a structure exceeds a specific performance level is obtained. The authors consider that the proposed procedure is a significant improvement to others considered in the literature and a useful research tool for the further development of uniform fragility spectra that can be used for the performance‐based seismic design and retrofit of structures.     

工程结构等延性地震抗力谱研究

研究结构的非弹性反应谱对改进现有的结构抗震设计、发展基于性态的抗震设计以及了解复杂地面运动特性与结构动力特性之间的关系具有重要的意义。利用大量的单自由度在强震记录作用下的弹塑性动力时程分析,对等延性地震抗力谱这一重要的非弹性反应谱进行了较为详尽的研究,给出了四类场地条件(基岩、硬土、一般土和软土)下的平均等延性地震抗力谱,总结了对工程结构的抗震设计和研究具有实际意义的规律和特征,并分析了场地条件、结构的延性系数以及周期等对等延性地震抗力谱的影响,提出了新的拟合公式,其成果可供抗震研究和设计直接应用。     

基于性能的结构抗震设计研究

介绍了结构抗震性能水准的划分、抗震性能目标的确定以及常用的基于性能的抗震设计方法。文中着重探讨了按延性系数进行结构性能抗震设计的方法和步骤，最后指出性能抗震设计方法今后的发展趋势。     

Optimal design and seismic performance of tuned mass damper inerter (TMDI) for structures with nonlinear base isolation systems

The tuned mass damper inerter (TMDI) couples the classical tuned mass damper (TMD) with an inerter, a mechanical device whose generated force is proportional to the relative acceleration between its terminals, thus providing beneficial mass‐amplification effects. This paper deals with a dynamic layout in which the TMDI is installed below the isolation floor of base‐isolated structures in order to enhance the earthquake resilience and reduce the displacement demand. Unlike most of the literature studies that assumed a linearized behavior of the isolators, the aim of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of the TMDI while accounting for the nonlinearity of the isolators. Two nonlinear constitutive behaviors are considered, a Coulomb friction model and a Bouc‐Wen hysteretic model, representative of friction pendulum and of lead‐rubber‐bearing isolators, respectively. Optimal design is based on the stochastic dynamic analysis of the system, by modeling the base acceleration as a Kanai‐Tajimi filtered stationary random process and resorting to the stochastic linearization technique to handle the nonlinear terms. Different tuning criteria based on displacement, acceleration, and energy‐based performance indices are defined, and their implications in a design process are discussed. It is proven that the improved robustness of the TMDI reduces its performance sensitivity to the tuning frequency and to the earthquake frequency content, which are well‐known shortcomings of TMD‐like systems. This important feature makes the TMDI particularly suitable for nonlinear base‐isolated structures that are affected by unavoidable uncertainties in the isolators' properties and that may experience changes of isolators effective stiffness depending on the excitation level.     

多点地震激励对大跨度结构抗震设计的影响

以上海浦东机场(二期)候机楼为例,讨论了大跨结构多点激励效应对结构抗震设计值的影响。文中首先进行了结构静力荷载作用下的反应分析,并与上海浦东机场(二期)候机楼在一致激励下的地震反应相组合,得到一致地震作用下结构抗震设计值;然后根据工程场地二维地震动场反应分析结果,进行了上海浦东机场多点输入下的地震反应分析,将其与静力反应组合得到多点地震激励下结构抗震设计值。考察在一致输入和多点输入下得出的抗震设计值之间的差异,分析了不同的地震激励方式对控制结构抗震设计值以及结构动力位移和加速度值的影响。研究结果表明:多点地震输入对浦东机场二期工程候机楼的抗震设计影响较大,特别是对承力柱的影响最大,可以使一些柱的控制截面内力的抗震设计值比一致地震输入时的数值增大10～50%,同时使另外一些柱的控制截面内力的抗震设计值减小40%左右。因此,为合理地进行这类结构的抗震设计,在结构抗震分析中考虑地震动的多点输入的影响是非常必要的。     

结构分灾抗震设计:概念和应用

详细论述了结构分灾抗震设计的产生背景、设计思想、优化模型和基本原则,指出结构分灾设计是在分析基于投资—效益准则的结构抗震设计模型的基础上,对工程实践中一些成功经验的提炼和概括而形成的设计方法,工程领域中一些现行设计方法和措施就是分灾设计的具体应用。当工程师们待处理的问题必须考虑高度不确定性因素时,将分灾设计作为一种可能选用的设计理念,将有助于工程师们实现设计创新。分灾设计符合基于性能的抗震设计思想,可以方便地实现基于性能的设计。