坪北油田延长组储层岩石物理相分类研究

鄂尔多斯盆地坪北油田延长组广泛发育一套低孔特低渗透储层。各小层渗透率差异性较小,均在1×10-3μm2左右,开发上却表现出了强烈的平面、纵向非均质性特征。目前行业内并没有形成成熟的方法对该类储层进一步细分来体现这种特征。基于岩心、薄片、X射线衍射、压汞等各类分析测试资料,针对研究区强非均质性特征,从储层岩石物理相的角度开展了储层分类方法的研究,得到了几项重要成果:①经典岩石物理相概念中的裂缝相描述在坪北油田受到资料情况限制较难实现,可以扩展为孔隙结构相的概念加以描述分析;②该区域特低渗透储层沉积相可分为水下分流河道、河口坝、分支间湾3种;成岩相可分为碳酸盐胶结相、强压实致密相、弱压实-弱溶蚀相、不稳定组分强溶蚀相4类;孔隙结构相可分为小孔微喉相、中孔细喉相、中孔中喉相3类;③结合沉积相、成岩相与孔隙结构相,可将研究区岩石物理相划分为4类, 对应储层级别为非-差、较差、中等、好。采用改进的岩石物理相划分方法能够有效地将低孔特低渗透油藏进一步细分,该成果对油田当前的滚动勘探油藏评价及老区细分开发调整具有较大的现实意义,同时对于相似油藏的储层分类研究提供了一种有效方法。      

东海盆地西湖凹陷深部储层“相-岩-温”三元分级评价原则与效果

西湖凹陷是东海盆地最有油气潜力、最有勘探难度的沉积盆地，储层类型多样且致密化严重是目前制约资源评价的重点难题之一。现有的储层评价标准并没有充分考虑到多样性储层并存的特征，对于储层的评价依然依托的是常规储层评价标准，并没有系统开展过多类型储层的分类、分级评价。在充分讨论西湖凹陷储层控制因素的基础上，遴选出储层发育的主要控制要素，建立了"微相-成岩-温度"三要素联控下的储层三元分级方案，并在此基础上，对主要目的段储层开展了分级评价，认为花港组储层以低渗特低渗储层为主，占总储层的35%以上，是未来主要的勘探类型。平湖组以常规和低渗储层为主。研究成果为后期资源量分级评价奠定了基础，也为国内外同类型盆地储层评价提供了借鉴。      

特低渗透储层微观孔隙结构和可动流体饱和度特征

鄂尔多斯盆地镇北地区延长组长4+5特低渗透储层微观孔隙结构复杂,应用常规方法较难对其品质进行合理评价。在利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜和物性分析等常规方法定性研究储层岩石学、孔隙类型的基础上,结合恒速压汞、核磁共振等非常规方法定量研究了其微观孔隙结构和可动流体特征。研究结果表明,沉积、成岩作用共同造成了储层微观孔隙结构和物性的差异,表现为平均喉道半径越大,特低渗透储层渗透率和可动流体饱度越大,储层品质越好,尤其当平均喉道半径小于1.26μm,气测渗透率小于1.0×10-3μm2时。综合研究表明,喉道是影响特低渗透储层微观孔隙结构和开发效果的主控因素。      

伦坡拉盆地始新统牛堡组湖相白云岩储层特征及主控因素

西藏伦坡拉盆地中北部始新统牛堡组发现湖相白云岩,具有良好的油气勘探潜力,但勘探程度相对较低,白云岩储层特征研究薄弱。基于野外剖面和岩心观察、普通薄片和铸体薄片鉴定,采用物性及X线衍射等测试方法,分析伦坡拉盆地始新统牛堡组湖相白云岩储层特征和主控因素,结合沉积相展布进行白云岩储层分布预测。结果表明:研究区牛堡组白云岩中白云石质量分数差异明显,整体不纯,岩石类型包括凝灰质白云岩、含铁质泥晶白云岩、泥质白云岩、白云质泥岩和含陆源碎屑白云岩等;储集空间类型主要为晶间孔、溶蚀孔和裂缝等;储层以低孔低渗(孔隙度为10.00%～15.00%,渗透率为(0.1～1.564 6)×10~(-3)μm~2)和特低孔特低渗(孔隙度为0.73%～10.00%,渗透率为(0.001 9～0.1)×10~(-3)μm~2)为主,少量中孔低渗(孔隙度为15.00%～16.72%,渗透率为(0.1～1.564 6)×10~(-3)μm~2)。白云岩储层受岩性和沉积微相控制明显,白云石质量分数越高,储层物性越好,中低能云质滩和泥云坪物性较好。研究区白云岩储层主要发育于牛二段中亚段和牛三段上亚段,盆地隆起和东部为湖相白云岩储层的主要发育区。该结果为拓展研究区的油气勘探提供参考。     

地球物理技术预测莺歌海盆地低孔低渗储层孔隙度

莺歌海盆地乐东区中深层是南海西部海域勘探的重要区域, 其中, L10区钻遇储层表现为低孔-特低渗特征, 优质储层是制约该区下一步勘探与开发的主要问题。通过区域岩石物理规律分析, 建立了上覆泥岩速度及本身孔隙度变化的AVO关系模板, 提高利用AVO分析技术预测储层物性的有效性。针对本区薄层发育及薄层孔隙度预测误差大难题, 研发基于阻抗校正公式的孔隙度预测方法, 提高了薄层孔隙度预测的精度。数值模拟及实际钻井均证实了方法的有效性和可靠性, 为乐东区中深层优质储层勘探部署指明方向。      

超低界面张力体系对低渗岩心非线性渗流规律的影响

低渗储层中启动压力梯度导致流体渗流规律呈现非线性特征,使得低渗储层的开发方式与中高渗储层不同。为了研究新立油田低渗储层中的非线性渗流现象,以新立油田天然低渗岩心为研究对象,通过精密压力测试多孔介质渗流实验分析超低界面张力体系对新立油田低渗岩心中单相及两相流体启动压力梯度的影响。研究结果表明:对于任何流体,新立油田低渗岩心均表现出非线性渗流特征,存在着一定启动压力梯度;低渗岩心拟启动压力梯度的值高于启动压力梯度,且两者均随着渗透率的提高而降低且与渗透率之间均为幂关系;超低界面张力体系可以明显地降低低渗岩心最小启动压力梯度与拟启动压力梯度;对于不同渗透率的岩心,两相临界启动压力梯度与含水饱和度的关系均表现出相似的变化规律,即两相临界启动压力梯度随着平均含水饱和度的上升先上升后降低;在不同渗透率下,对比水驱和超低界面张力体系驱的临界压力梯度最高点,超低界面张力体系下的临界压力梯度最高点明显小于水驱,这表明界面张力的减小可以明显地降低驱油时产生的两相临界压力梯度,超低界面张力体系改善了油藏的注入性。本研究对新立低渗储层水驱后开发方式的选择提供了参考。      

海上大型复杂河流相油田层系划分技术界限研究

海上大型复杂河流相油田具有储层跨度大、薄层占比高、非均质性强、流体性质差异大的特点,开发过程中面临严重的层间干扰问题,尤其是海上油田进入高含水期非常有必要进行细分开发层系研究,减缓纵向吸水产液不均衡问题,达到有效控制油田含水上升率和递减率的目的。从储层及流体性质差异入手,以数值模拟和油藏工程为方法手段,建立了不同非均质性储层条件下黏度级差与水驱采收率的关系图版以及层系内不同有效组合厚度的含水率与采出程度关系图版,并结合油田实际地质油藏特征,定量化确定了层系划分的黏度级差界限和有效厚度界限,有效指导了PL油田在高含水期实施细分开发层系以改善注水开发效果。      

不同渗透率油藏储层应力敏感性实验研究

为了探讨不同渗透率油藏储层应力敏感性的强弱,考虑低渗油藏储层裂缝发育的特征,利用巴西劈裂法室内实验研制含裂缝的储层物理模拟砂岩岩心,测试基质渗透率分别为18.876×10-3,234.247×10-3,540.12×10-3 μm2的均质岩心和裂缝岩心在不同有效压力下的渗透率变化,结合渗透率保持率这一表征参数来分析裂缝对储层应力敏感性的影响,对低渗油藏与中、高渗油藏储层应力敏感性的差别进行了研究。结果表明:裂缝的存在大大增强了储层的应力敏感性。裂缝性油藏储层应力敏感性与裂缝的闭合程度有关,裂缝在低有效压力范围内未完全闭合,储层应力敏感性较强;有效压力超过一定范围后,裂缝完全闭合,储层应力敏感性减弱。不同渗透率下无裂缝均质油藏储层的应力敏感性相近,但在含有相同裂缝条件的油藏储层中,渗透率较低的油藏储层应力敏感性较弱;实际油藏条件下,裂缝多发育在低渗油藏储层中,因此表现为低渗油藏储层应力敏感性比中、高渗油藏储层应力敏感性强。      

文昌A凹陷10区珠海组低渗储层孔喉结构特征

文昌A凹陷10区珠海组以低渗储层为主,部分为中渗特征,储层低渗透、非均质性强是制约研究区增储上产的关键问题。利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜观察、常规压汞、恒速压汞和核磁共振等方法,分析储层渗流能力的微观孔喉结构及影响因素,精细表征其储层孔喉结构,定量评价孔喉结构的差异性。结果表明:文昌10区为原、次生共存的孔隙组合特征,孔隙半径主要分布在90.0~160.0μm之间,喉道半径分布在1.0~6.0μm之间,孔喉结构表现为中—大孔、细—较细喉特征,不同粒级储层物性主要取决于喉道半径;储层类型以Ⅱ、Ⅲ类储层为主,部分为Ⅰ2类。储集岩粒度与压实作用是研究区孔喉结构主要影响因素,次为胶结作用和自生黏土。该结果为研究区天然气勘探开发提供储层综合评价的地质依据。     

文昌A凹陷珠海组低渗储层主控因素分析

文昌A凹陷珠海组属于低—特低渗储层,由于低渗储层砂岩致密、孔隙结构复杂,制约了油气田的产能及采收率的提高。通过应用测井资料、扫描电镜、粒度、压汞等分析化验资料,对文昌A凹陷珠海组低渗储层主控因素进行了综合研究。研究结果表明:储层孔隙以原生剩余粒间孔为主,次生溶孔次之,压实作用损失孔隙15.7%～23.6%,胶结作用损失孔隙4.2%～14.9%,成岩压实和胶结作用是储层低渗特征的主控因素。沉积作用控制着储层的厚度、砂岩粒度和泥质含量,决定着储层原生孔隙大小,是控制储层低渗成因的基本因素。而溶蚀作用不是广泛发育,是低渗储层形成的一个重要原因。     

Thermohaline structure inhomogeneity associated with polynia at the northern margin of Emery Ice-shelf

Based on the hydrographic data in austral summer during the 22nd Antarctic Expedition of China(2005/2006),some features can be found about the northern margin of Emery ice shelf as follows.The heat content in the surface layer(0-50 m) at the eastern end and the western end of the ice-shelf margin is much higher than that at the middle.The upper mixing-layer depth and the seasonal thermocline depth at the middle of the ice-shelf northern margin are much shallower than those at the both ends.However there is much less difference between the middle and the ends in the bottom layer.The remote sensing photos show that the inhomogeneity in the surface-layer water is closely related to the spatial distribution of the floes and polynia in the area.     

Phylogenetic analysis of cultivable bacteria isolated from Arctic sea-ice

Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA of 8 strains of cultivable bacteria isolated from Arctic sea-ice was studied.The results showed that strain BJ1 belonged to genus Planococcus,which was a genus of low mole percent G C gram-positive bacteria;strain BJ6 belonged to genus Burkholderia of β-proteobacteria and the rest 6 strain all belonged to γ-proteobacteria,of which strain BJ8 was a species of Pseudoalteromonas,strain BJ2-BJ5 and BJ7 were members of genus Psychrobacter.Phylogenetic analysis also indicated that bacteria of genus Psychrobacter of the isolates formed a relatively independent phylogenetic cluster in comparison with other bacteria belonged to genus Psychrobacter.     

Information for authors

正1 Aims and Scope Advances in Polar Science(APS)is an international,peer-reviewed journal jointly sponsored by the Polar Research Institute of China and the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration.APS is a comprchensive academic journal dedicated to presentation of multi-disciplinary achievements in Arctic and Antarctic expeditions and research.Its primary purpose is to publish achievements in fundamental research,applied     

Advances in Polar Science CONTENTS(Volume 25,2014)

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Guide to Authors： Journal of Mountain Science

<正>AIMS AND SCOPE(Editorial Policy)The Journal of Mountain Science(JMS)is devoted to mountains and their surrounding lowlands-ecoregions of particular global importance,with a particular emphasis on the important highlands/mountains in the world,such as the Tibetan Plateau,the Himalayas,the Alps,the Andes,the Rockies and many other mountain ranges of our planet.     

Journal of Mountain Science(JMS)

<正>The Journal of Mountain Science(JMS),founded in2004,is an international English-language journal on mountain sciences.JMS is supervised by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS),sponsored by the Chengdu Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment,CAS,published by Science Press China,and distributed by Springer exclusively throughout the world(excluding Mainland China).The JMS is published bimonthly,fulltexted in SpringerLink and CNKI,indexed/abstracted by     

Influence of livestock soil eutrophication on floral composition in the Pyrenees mountains

Livestock behaviour in the Pyrenees includes free grazing and a long resting period that provokes the accumulation of dung and urine in some places,so-called camping areas. The aims of this study were （i） to analyze any change in floral composition,and in nutritional and chemical contents of plants in a livestock camping area; and （ii） to relate the floral composition with soil chemical properties. In a linear transect,five sampling zones were established,from the centre of the camping area to the surrounding Nardus stricta-dominant pasture. The above ground plant biomass and the topsoil were sampled in each zone with 6 replicates per zone. Plant species were classified and weighed to calculate above ground biomass,nutritional and chemical contents,and Shannon diversity and evenness indices. Additionally,soils were sampled in two periods,at the beginning and at the end of grazing period. Soil available nutrients （nitrate,ammonium,phosphorus,potassium,calcium and magnesium）,total nitrogen,organic carbon and pH were measured.
Plant chemical contents （protein,lignin and others） were significantly related to the proportions of grasses,legumes and other plants; so,the protein content is positively correlated with legumes plant biomass while lignin content is negatively correlated with grasses. Both plant and soil nutrients increased linearly towards the centre of the camping area. However,the relationship among plant species richness,diversity and evenness relative to its position along the studied transect was bell-shaped. From the outskirts to the centre of the camping area,plants with low nutrient demand were progressively replaced by those with medium and high nutrients demand and by pioneers.
Nardus stricta-dominant pasture has low plant diversity and plant nutrient content as well as a poor soil nutrient availability. The presence of the camping area introduced patches with more soil nutrients and new species in the large spatial scale. However at a small spatial scale,the strong soil nutrien     

General Table of Contents(Vol.11,2014)

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介绍GPS定位中的几个概念

文章概略介绍了利用卫星进行定位的原理 ;由卫星信号传播、信号接收和SA政策等引起的理论误差 ;给出了多种快速、高精度定位的工作模式和观测点选择的原则 ;列出了将WGS - 84坐标转换为我国坐标的公式及解算参数的具体方法 ,供读者在GPS工作中参考。