泰山南坡沉积物特征及第四纪冰缘环境探讨

针对泰山第四纪冰川有无的争议,在泰山南坡采集沉积物样品进行分析研究。孢粉分析结果显示优势植物种群为"松属+中华卷柏+蒿属+藜科",指示的沉积环境为湿冷环境。扫描电镜观察石英颗粒表面,显示出边缘棱角清晰、具贝壳状断口和解理片的冰川环境特征。通过热释光测试得样品年龄为(30.54±2.59)kaB.P.,相当于末次冰期主冰期中的Paudorf-Stillfried间冰阶。根据泰山现代气候环境推演泰山古气候温度和降水量,得出泰山地区在末次冰期时具备了形成冰川的基本气候条件。鉴于Paudorf-Stillfried间冰阶持续的时间较短,因此初步推断该沉积物指示的古气候环境为冰缘环境。     

黄土堆积与冰期事件

黄土高原早期环境 ,应该同其周边环境大体相似 ,也存在冰期问题 :三套“砂质黄土”是冰期遗物的唯一表象 ,这是因为冰体夹在黄土层中间 ,基本丧失了冰川形成条件 ,故虽有冰期而无冰川 ,自然也就没有山岳冰川所形成的各类遗物 ,当然也包括冰川地貌的形踪     

秦岭中段现代和古代冰缘──冰川地貌特征

现代气候条件下，秦岭中部（３３°５８＇Ｎ／１０７°４５＇Ｅ）３４００ｍ以上存在一具有冰缘地貌特征和冰川作用的高山草甸环境。冰冻泥流斜坡、千奇百怪的砾石和无植被覆盖的冰冻泥流、各种形式的冰阶和冰坎以及石环和石多边形等，组成了目前冰缘环境的地貌特征。在３４００ｍ以上发现了高山永久性冻土。通过冰蚀漏斗和冰融四地，证明在２９００～３３００ｍ之间秦岭中部存在一晚更新世时期的冰融地区。根据古冰斗和冰碛的地貌形态调查及形态测量分析，可得出如下假设：在拔仙台、酉跑马梁附近当时存在一个晚更新世时期的小冰盖，冰盖边缘派生了５个小的外流冰舌。在拔仙台附近的沟谷里一些冰碛地貌存在于２５００ｍ以上。笔者根据调查结果，划分了两个晚更新世时期的冰期，即太白Ⅰ和太白Ⅱ冰期。在这两个冰期之间，估计存在一间冰期。晚更新世３２５０～３３００ｍ的冰川雪线高度是根据太白Ⅰ冰期冰碛位置得出的。同目前所推测的现代冰川雪线位置相比，形成的雪线下降大约在１０００～１３００ｍ之间，没有观察到全新世冰川遗迹。     

巴颜喀拉山地区第四纪冰期初步探讨

依据地貌、孢粉、岩性沉积特征,划分巴颜喀拉山地区第四纪冰期。并与珠穆朗玛峰、唐古拉山、昆仑山地区进行对比。确定巴颜喀拉山地区第四纪以来有:哈拉滩冰期;巴颜喀拉山冰期;洛曲冰期;汪藏因姆措冰期;折尕考钦新冰期。     

太行山南麓邵原至王屋地区第四纪冰川遗迹述要

太行山南麓邵原至王屋地区有无第四纪冰川遗迹存在,聚讼已久。我们到该区考察,从古冰川的发生、发展和消亡的全过程这个角度出发,对山外的第四纪堆积物结构、构造全貌进行了认真详细的观察和研究,并与山里相关的若干侵蚀地形综合进行了考察。认为邵原至王屋地区的红色泥质砂砾石层即是冰碛,其前缘的红色砂砾石即是冰水沉积,与山外这些堆积物遥相呼应的山里,那些残破不堪的侵蚀地形即是冰槽谷和冰窑。故这次冰期我们暂定为“邵原冰期”。此外,在这次冰期之前和其后还有若干冰川形迹显示,此须今后进行调查研究压定。     

喜马拉雅山脉与我国东部中低山区冰蚀地貌对比研究

我国东部中低山区第四纪冰川的存在与否一直存在争议,但冰川必然对山体进行冰蚀作用形成冰蚀地貌。为了分析我国东部中低山区的山体地貌是否具有冰蚀特征,该文选取了现代冰川集中发育区-喜马拉雅山脉作为冰蚀地貌的研究对象,通过宏观分析,除了由缩口、三角脊、残弧组成的冰斗系统外,还发现冰蚀作用过程存在避谷、吞脊、切壁、穿梁等特殊习性。分析认为冰蚀过程主要受制于雪线高程、积雪高程与坡向坡角三方面因素的控制。以此为基础,对我国东部的江西庐山、山东蒙山、大兴安岭主峰黄岗梁三个地区的山体地貌进行对比分析,发现这些山区的山体地貌与喜马拉雅山脉的冰蚀地貌具有一致性。文章从冰蚀过程的角度确认了我国东部中低山区存在第四纪冰川的事实。     

喜马拉雅山与我国东部中低山区冰蚀地貌对比研究

我国东部中低山区第四纪冰川的存在与否一直存在争议,但冰川必然对山体进行冰蚀作用形成冰蚀地貌。为了分析我国东部中低山区的山体地貌是否具有冰蚀特征,该文选取了现代冰川集中发育区—喜马拉雅山脉作为冰蚀地貌的研究对象,通过宏观分析,除了由缩口、三角脊、残弧组成的冰斗系统外,还发现冰蚀作用过程存在避谷、吞脊、切壁、穿梁等特殊习性。分析认为冰蚀过程主要受制于雪线高程、积雪高程与坡向坡角三方面因素的控制。以此为基础,对我国东部的江西庐山、山东蒙山、大兴安岭主峰黄岗梁三个地区的山体地貌进行对比分析,发现这些山区的山体地貌与喜马拉雅山脉的冰蚀地貌具有一致性。文章从冰蚀过程的角度确认了我国东部中低山区存在第四纪冰川的事实。     

中国东北第四纪冰川研究新进展:遗迹厘定、新发现与冰期模式

东北是否发育第四纪冰川及其范围、性质与冰期问题,始终没有定论。在对长白山及大兴安岭冰川遗迹厘定基础上,进行了专项调查,并采用地理信息系统(GIS)、遥感(RS)及全球定位系统(GPS)的3S技术,采取钻探测图、孢粉、泥砾粒度与渗透性分析及14C定年等方法,在长白山及大兴安岭发现了冰蚀谷及泥砾堆积等新的冰川遗迹,进一步肯定了两座山地第四纪冰川的存在及其多期性。在小兴安岭首次发现冰蚀岩墙等冰川遗迹,填补了研究空白,证明小兴安岭也曾发育第四纪冰川。综合多种信息,确定长白山与大兴安岭分别有4次冰期和3次间冰期,小兴安岭至少有1次冰期。最后构建了可以与国际对比的冰期序列,重建了区域第四纪冰川环境演化模式:早更新世早期冷干,中晚期偏暖湿;中更新世早期冷湿,中晚期暖湿;晚更新世早期冷稍湿,中期暖湿,晚期冷干。     

山东中更新世以来冰碛年龄、雪线高程与气候演化——以蒙山、崂山为例

古雪线直接反映了冰期时的气候特征,因此雪线是古冰川研究最终要解决的问题。2017年笔者等基于蒙山雪线的初步研究,发现东亚地区存在的雪线低洼区,采用了东亚冷槽的概念来表述该槽状雪线低洼区,并初步绘制了东亚冷槽的雪线高程。本文主要介绍了山东段(蒙山-崂山)的研究情况。根据山东蒙山、崂山34个光释光、宇生核素等方法获得的冰碛年龄数据及对应冰期雪线高程研究,表明崂山的雪线比蒙山要低,且在MIS6之前的冰期,崂山东侧冰碛多被现代海面淹没。研究表明,我国东部的气候敏感度要明显强于西部高原区,冰期时强劲的北路寒潮是我国东部地区冰川形成的核心气候因素。     

中国东部末次冰期雪线高程重建与成冰气候分析

在蒙山第四纪冰川遗迹与光释光测年研究的基础上,结合以往我国东部猛犸象化石出土位置、孢粉数据库、以及雪线高程的研究成果,首次对我国东部末次冰期时的雪线高程进行了恢复重建,并绘制了我国东部及东亚地区雪线高程图,在此基础上对我国东部蒙山冰期时的气候特征进行了探讨,认为我国东部冰期时的北路寒潮形成的"东亚冷槽",是我国东部第四纪山谷冰川的表现形式及形成原因。     

青藏高原冰川变化遥感监测研究综述

在全球变暖影响下,青藏高原冰川消融造成的冰川径流增大、冰湖溃决等问题威胁着山区及其周边居民的生命财产安全,对青藏高原冰川变化的研究日益紧迫。本文综述了国内外山地冰川变化遥感监测手段的发展、冰川面积及冰面高程变化的遥感监测研究现状、存在问题与发展趋势,并总结了中国青藏高原冰川变化遥感监测研究的主要成果。此外,本文基于2003-2009年ICESat/GLAS数据,计算了青藏高原各山区冰面高程变化及其冰川消融量。结果显示：青藏高原冰川面积持续减少,青藏高原冰面高程的平均变化为-0.24±0.03 m/a,冰川融水量为-14.86±11.88 km³/a,冰川变化呈现从青藏高原东、南外缘山区往内陆与西、北部山区减慢的时空特征。     

Glacier Extent and Volume Change （1966-9000） on the Su-lo Mountain in Northeastern Tibetan Plateau,China

The topographic maps of 1：50, 000 scales, aerial photographs taken in 1966, one Landsat image taken in 1999, and SRTM data from 2000 were used to quantify the losses in area and volume of the glaciers on the Su-lo Mountain, in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, China in the past 30 years. The total glacier area decreased from 492.9 km^2 in 1966 to 458.2 km^2 in 1999. The volume loss of the studied glaciers reached 1.4 km^3 from 1966 to 2000. This agrees with documented changes in other mountain glaciers of the whole Tibetan Plateau.     

Monitoring elevation change of glaciers on Geladandong Mountain using TanDEM-X SAR interferometry

Glaciers play an important role in the climate system. The elevation change of a glacier is an important parameter in studies of glacier dynamics. Only a few ground-based measurements of high mountain glaciers are available due to their remoteness, high elevation, and complex topography. The acquisition from the German Tan DEM-X(Terra SAR-X add-on for Digital Elevation Measurement) SAR imaging configuration provides a reliable data sources for studying the elevation change of glaciers. In this study, the bistatic Tan DEM-X data that cover the Geladandong Mountain on the Tibetan Plateau were processed with SAR interferometry technique and the elevation changes of the mountain's glaciers during 2000–2014 were obtained. The results indicated that although distinct positive and negative elevation changes were found for different glacier tongues, the mean elevation change was about-0.14±0.26 m a-1. Geoscience Laser Altimeter System(GLAS) data were obtained for comparison and verification. The investigation using GLAS data demonstrated the efficacy of the proposed method in determining glacier elevation change. Thus, the presented approach is appropriate for monitoring glacier elevation change and it constitutes a valuable tool for studies of glacier dynamics.     

Recent Changes Occurred in the Terminus of the Debris-covered Bilafond Glacier in the Karakoram Himalayas Using Remotely Sensed Images and Digital Elevation Models (1978-2011)

Recent changes occurred in terminus of the debris-covered Bilafond Glacier in the Karakoram Range in the Himalayas, Northern Pakistan was investigated in this research. Landsat MSS, TM and ETM＋ images were used for this study. Digital elevation models derived from ASTER GDEM and SRTM were also utilized. Visible, infrared and thermal infrared channels were utilized in order to get accurate glacier change maps. Three methods were tried to map this debris-covered glacier in this research. The glacier has been mapped successfully and the changes in the glacier terminus from 1978 to 2011 have been calculated. Manual, semi-automatic and thermal methods were found to give similar results. It was found that the glacier has undergone serious ablation during this period despite of the fact that many of the larger glaciers in the Hindu Kush and Karakoram mountain regions in the Upper Indus Basin were reported to be expanding. The terminus has been moved back about 600 meters during this period and there was an abrupt change in the glacier terminus during 1990-2002. We propose that debris thickness is not the only factor that influences the glacier ablation but the altitude of the debris-covered glacier as well. Many glaciers in the Karakoram region reported to be expanding were having higher altitudes compared to the study area.     

Recreational value of glacier tourism resources: A travel cost analysis for Yulong Snow Mountain

Glaciers, with their unique and spectacular appearances and rich and varied terrain, have received widespread attention and become important tourist attractions. This paper uses the travel cost method to estimate the recreational value of the glacier tourism resources of Yulong Snow Mountain (also called Jade Dragon Snow Mountain), which is the most developed glacier tourist attraction in China. First-hand information was obtained through field surveys, and the travel costs of visitors visiting the Yulong Snow Mountain glacier were calculated before the method was applied to evaluate the recreational value of the focal glacier resource. The results show that the Yulong Snow Mountain consumer surplus associated with its glacier resources in 2016 ranged from 645.59-3439.10 million CNY, and the total recreational value ranged from 1.97-8.17 billion CNY. Approaches allocating travel costs across multiple recreational sites, however, can vary, and there is large difference in estimated results depending on used approaches. Nevertheless, the results of the analysis can help understand the socio-economic value of glacier resources and provide a reference for their development and protection.     

项目管理理论在土地一级开发项目中的应用——目标分析和目标系统设计

土地一级开发是国内很多大中城市进行城市运营的重要方式,项目管理的理论方法已广泛应用于基建、开发、科研等项目运作。从项目管理的角度对该项活动的实施过程加以分析,将目标管理的方法应用其中,进行充分的目标分析和目标系统设计,可以使土地一级开发的运作更加科学化、系统化。     

Impact of global warming on water resource in arid area of Northwest China

Introduction The temperature in the Northern Hemisphere increased by 0.4℃ between the 1960s and the 1980s, and in the same period the temperature on the Tibetan Plateau increased by 0.5℃. Moreover, during 1990~2000, temperature rose by about 1℃(IPCC 2001). Temperature in China increased by 0.3℃ between 1951 and 1990 (DING and DAI 1994). Using 15 different general circulation models, Jones and Moberg (2003) estimated that the rate of annual warming over the continents between 1901 a…