陕西省略阳县铧厂沟金矿床主矿带地球化学原生晕特征及其地质意义

陕西省铧厂沟金矿是一个主要赋存于海底基性火山喷流细碧岩中的金矿床。在野外地质工作的基础上,对主矿带样品的测试数据进行了数学地质分析和原生晕分带序列计算。结果表明,Au11矿体的原生晕轴向分带序列从上至下为:Hg-Sb-Ni-As-Bi-Cu-Au-Co-Zn-W-Mo-Mn-Pb-Ag-Cd;Au8矿体的原生晕轴向分带序列从上至下为:Cu-Co-W-Au-Ni-Sb-Mn-As-Pb-Bi-Hg-Mo-Ag-Zn-Cd;并提出了主矿带理想原生晕分带序列:Sb-As-Cu-Hg(前缘晕)→Au-Ag-Bi-Pb-W(近矿晕)→Ni-Co-Mn-Mo-Zn-Cd(尾晕)。结合微量元素衬值空间变化规律,建立了2个矿体的原生晕叠加理想模型。Au11矿体在1 150 m中段以前缘晕和尾晕叠加为特征;在1 110 m中段,发育较强的尾晕。Au8矿体在1 150 m和1 070 m中段以前缘晕和尾晕叠加为特征;在1 110 m中段,矿体减薄,近矿晕减弱,发育很弱的前缘晕和尾晕。综合分析认为,Au11矿体到达中下部,向深部仍有一定延伸;Au8矿体已经接近尾部,深部可能存在新的矿体。     

西藏柯月Pb-Zn-Sb-Ag多金属矿床I号矿体原生晕地球化学特征

西藏柯月Pb-Zn-Sb-Ag多金属矿床位于雅鲁藏布江缝合带（IYS）与藏南拆离系（STDS）之间的北喜马拉雅成矿带。该矿床经详查验证,4 300 m以浅的矿体赋存于日当组钙质板岩夹薄层泥晶灰岩中,严格受北东向断裂控制,但深部延伸不明。本文通过该矿床I号矿体原生晕地球化学特征分析,对此问题进行初步探讨。研究表明,前缘晕元素为Hg、As、Tl,近矿晕元素为Pb、Zn、Sb、Ag、Au、Cd、Cu、Mn,尾晕元素为Sn、In、Bi;采用改良的格里戈良分带指数法计算分带序列为In-Mn-As-Cu-Zn-Cd-Bi-Pb-Sn-Hg-Tl-Ag-Au-Sb,重心法计算分带序列为In-Mn-As-Cu-Cd-Zn-Hg-Bi-Sn-Pb-Ag-Sb-Tl-Au;同时,讨论原生晕地球化学参数变化规律,并以各元素的几何平均值累乘比建立矿体的剥蚀参数模型及矿体原生晕叠加理想模型。综合以上分析,推测矿床有多次成矿作用叠加,上部存在剥蚀至尾部的矿体,而深部可能有矿体延伸。     

西藏柯月Pb-Zn-Sb-Ag多金属矿床Ⅰ号矿体原生晕地球化学特征

西藏柯月Pb-Zn-Sb-Ag多金属矿床位于雅鲁藏布江缝合带(IYS)与藏南拆离系(STDS)之间的北喜马拉雅成矿带。该矿床经详查验证,4 300 m以浅的矿体赋存于日当组钙质板岩夹薄层泥晶灰岩中,严格受北东向断裂控制,但深部延伸不明。本文通过该矿床I号矿体原生晕地球化学特征分析,对此问题进行初步探讨。研究表明,前缘晕元素为Hg、As、Tl,近矿晕元素为Pb、Zn、Sb、Ag、Au、Cd、Cu、Mn,尾晕元素为Sn、In、Bi;采用改良的格里戈良分带指数法计算分带序列为In-Mn-As-Cu-Zn-Cd-Bi-Pb-Sn-Hg-TlAg-Au-Sb,重心法计算分带序列为In-Mn-As-Cu-Cd-Zn-Hg-Bi-Sn-Pb-Ag-Sb-Tl-Au;同时,讨论原生晕地球化学参数变化规律,并以各元素的几何平均值累乘比建立矿体的剥蚀参数模型及矿体原生晕叠加理想模型。综合以上分析,推测矿床有多次成矿作用叠加,上部存在剥蚀至尾部的矿体,而深部可能有矿体延伸。     

甘肃寨上金矿南矿带构造叠加晕实用模型及深部找矿预测

为了研究甘肃寨上金矿南矿带矿体隐伏规律,预测深部找矿远景,基于构造叠加晕找矿方法对该矿床南矿带深部找矿潜力进行探讨。对南矿带32号脉9种金属元素(Au、Ag、As、Bi、Cu、Pb、Sb、W、Zn)的测试数据进行数学地质分析,结果表明Au与As具有较好的相关性,是找矿的指示元素;As与Sb、Cu与Bi的相关系数分别为0.586、0.945,可能与它们在热液上升过程中靠近矿体的头部和尾部有关。基于对矿区9种元素的数学统计分析并与中国金矿床原生晕综合轴向(垂向)分带序列对比,得到寨上矿区理想原生晕分带序列为:As-Sb(前缘晕)→Pb-Ag-Au-Zn-W(近矿晕)→Cu-Bi(尾晕);根据改良的格里戈良分带指数法得到各勘探线轴向分带序列,前、尾晕共存等“反分带”现象的出现表明存在多次热液叠加作用。使用克里金插值法得到衬值晕分带图,显示矿体向东倾覆,含矿热液应从东南向西北运移,剥蚀程度自东向西加强。在野外地质工作的基础上,结合矿区地质特征和元素空间分布规律,建立了南矿带构造叠加晕实用模型。根据原生晕找矿特征标志,32号脉东南部67线深处的有利成矿空间指示有矿,并将其定成预测靶位。通过布设钻孔ZK67-0验证了预测靶位的准确性,表明构造叠加晕实用模型在寨上金矿找矿预测具有可行性。     

安徽上成金矿床Ⅲ号矿体原生晕特征及深部预测

原生晕方法对于研究隐伏金矿体存在的可能性,矿体的规模、埋藏深度及其剥蚀深度都具有很大的指导意义。系统研究了安徽上成金矿床深部的原生晕结构特征,结果表明,矿区Ⅲ号矿体的轴向分带序列为Ag-Hg-Pb-Zn-Cu-Au-Sb1-As-Bi-Co-Mo-W-Sn-B-Sb2,呈现"反分带"特征;地球化学参数A1、A2曲线变化趋势为由降到升;原生叠加晕结构显示在Ⅲ号矿体尾部出现前、尾晕共存。同时,主成矿元素Au在原生晕浓度分带水平投影图上表现出向北西侧伏的特征。综合原生晕特征可以推断,在-60m中段最西端的北西侧深部应有隐伏矿体发育。依据微量元素的多元统计分析结果,可分为如下3类:①成矿元素及与成矿密切相关的元素Au、As、Bi、Cu、Co、Ag、Pb、Zn;②高温热液矿化元素W、Sn、Mo、B;③低温热液矿化元素Sb、Hg。     

原生晕在深部成矿预测中的应用——以黑河地区永新金矿为例

原生晕法在长期大量的勘探实践中，已被证明是一种有效推测隐伏矿体，进行找矿预测的地球化学勘探方法.在永新金矿床的勘查基础上，通过采集永新金矿区内见矿效果最好的180号勘探线上的4个钻孔的岩石样品，开展了钻孔原生晕的分析.确定了该矿床前缘晕元素组合为As-Sb-Hg，近矿晕元素组合为Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn，尾矿元素组合为W-Mo-Bi-Co-Ni-Cd.与前人总结的金矿经典分带模型相比，前缘晕出现了尾晕元素，同时尾晕序列中也有前缘晕的元素出现，显示了"反分带"的特征，说明在矿体的头部和尾部均有盲矿存在，而依据矿体发育形态来看，矿体头部继续往南东的盲矿已被剥蚀，而矿体尾部往北西方向是下一步勘查的重点.     

原生晕在深部成矿预测中的应用 ——以黑河地区永新金矿为例

原生晕法在长期大量的勘探实践中,已被证明是一种有效推测隐伏矿体,进行找矿预测的地球化学勘探方法.在永新金矿床的勘查基础上,通过采集永新金矿区内见矿效果最好的180号勘探线上的4个钻孔的岩石样品,开展了钻孔原生晕的分析.确定了该矿床前缘晕元素组合为As-Sb-Hg,近矿晕元素组合为Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn,尾矿元素组合为W-Mo-Bi-Co-Ni-Cd.与前人总结的金矿经典分带模型相比,前缘晕出现了尾晕元素,同时尾晕序列中也有前缘晕的元素出现,显示了"反分带"的特征,说明在矿体的头部和尾部均有盲矿存在,而依据矿体发育形态来看,矿体头部继续往南东的盲矿已被剥蚀,而矿体尾部往北西方向是下一步勘查的重点.     

青海东昆仑那更康切尔银矿构造叠加晕模式研究与深部预测

青海省那更康切尔银矿具有多期多阶段叠加成矿成晕的特点。依托主矿体ⅡAg-3在07线不同高程构造蚀变带中取样,对210多个数据结果进行分析,研究ⅡAg-3矿体原生晕特点和不同成矿阶段形成矿体原生晕的叠加规律,得出了那更康切尔沟银矿ⅡAg-3矿体的构造叠加晕的综合特征:矿体原生晕轴(垂)向分带序列从上至下为Sb-Ag-Mn-Sn-As-Mo-Hg-W-Au-F-Bi-Zn-Pb-Cu,前缘指示元素为As、F、Hg,近矿指示元素为Pb、Zn、Ag、Sb、Cu、Au、Sn,尾晕指示元素为W、Mo、Bi、Mn。根据原生晕轴(垂)分带特点及不同阶段形成的矿体(晕)在空间上的叠加结构,建立了盲矿预测的构造叠加晕模式,确定了盲矿预测的标志。     

枪马金矿60-1脉地球化学原生晕特征

枪马金矿区位于小秦岭金矿带,该带是我国三大原生金矿成矿区之一.通过剖析元素地球化学数据统计特征,综合应用数学地质多元统计分析、元素原生晕地球化学特征及原生晕轴向分带序列等地球化学数据研究方法认为：60-1脉最佳矿化指示元素为Au,重要找矿指示元素组合为Cu-Pb-Ag-Bi-Hg;60-1脉单矿体原生晕轴向分带序列为Sb-Hg-As→ Cu-Ag-Bi-Au-Pb-Zn→ Mn-W-Mo;60-1脉为多矿体综合叠加构成并建立了60-1脉原生晕叠加理想模型.     

贵州泥堡金矿床原生晕特征及深部找矿预测——以Ⅲ-1号矿体为例

为预测和评价贵州普安泥堡金矿床的成矿潜力,采用原生晕地球化学方法对10460勘探线所控制的Ⅲ-1号矿体进行原生晕轴向分带特征研究。采集了该勘探线上6个钻孔矿体附近的构造蚀变岩石样品进行ICP-AES分析。通过对各元素进行相关性分析及因子分析,选取原生晕地球化学特征研究的指示元素为Au、As、Ag、Cu、Hg、Mo、Co、Cd、Sb。综合原生晕分带图及指示元素分带序列分析,判断Ⅲ-1矿体原生晕出现了明显的分带异常,其由浅部到深部总体表现为:前缘晕元素+尾晕元素—近矿晕—前缘晕元素+近矿晕元素+尾晕元素的元素异常分布序列,指示在深部存在一个或多个隐伏矿体,是造成元素异常叠加共存与轴向分带序列异常的原因。     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.     

Composition,formation conditions,and genesis of the Talatui gold deposit,the Eastern Transbaikal Region,Russia

The mineral composition of the Talatui gold deposit has been studied with modern methods. Previously unknown minerals (ilmenite, siegenite, glaucodot, wittichenite, matildite, hessite, pilsenite, zircon, tremolite, cummingtonite, hercynite, and goethite) have been identified in the ore. A high Re content has been detected in molybdenite. The spatiotemporal separation of Au and Ag is caused by different mineral species of these elements and their diachronous precipitation during the ore-forming process. Gold crystallized along with early mineral assemblages, beginning from virtually pure gold (the fineness is 996). Silver precipitated largely at the end of the process as hessite (Ag₂Te) and matildite (AgBiS₂). The temperature of ore deposition varied from 610 to 145°C, the pressure was 3370–110 bar, and the salt concentration ranged from 56.3 to 0.4 wt % NaCl equiv. The heterogeneous state (boiling) of fluid at the early stages has been documented. The chemical and isotopic compositions of the fluid testify to its magmatic nature and the participation of meteoric water at late stages in the ore-forming process. Thermodynamic modeling reproduces the main specific features of ore formation, including separation of Au and Ag. A physicochemical model of the gold mineralization in the Darasun ore district has been proposed. On the basis of several attributes, the Talatui deposit has been referred to the prophyry gold-copper economic type.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.     

藏北羌塘丁固—加措地区康托组的时代

自西藏区域地质调查大队创建康托组以来,康托组岩石地层单位广泛应用于羌塘地区,普遍认为其时代为新近纪.笔者于丁固-加措地区的康托组地层中采获古近纪轮藻化石Obtusocharat sp.,O.lanpingenis,Gyrogona qinajiangica和部分孢粉化石,并在康托组底部安山岩中获K-Ar年龄65.1～66.5Ma.上述轮藻组合与同位素年龄指示的地层时代为古新世-始新世,据此将测区康托组的时代确定为古近纪.由于测区康托组之上被唢纳湖组或鱼鳞山组角度不整合覆盖,因此康托组时代的确定不仅进一步完善了测区新生代地层系统,还指示测区在康托组与唢纳湖组或鱼鳞山组之间发生了一次强烈的构造运动.