Reliability of Seismic Moment Tensor Inversions for Induced Microseismicity at Kidd Mine, Ontario

— A novel seismic moment tensor inversion approach is applied to microseismic events from the Kidd mine with moment magnitudes ranging between ?1.2 and 0. Data consist of 35 events recorded on 8 triaxial accelerometers installed underground. Reliable solutions are obtained for 21 events, of which 14 represent pure shear mechanisms, whereas the remaining 7 exhibit a significant positive volumetric component (72–76%), along with some pure shear failure (15–20%). Further analysis indicates that 6 of the events characterized by high volumetric components are located within a sill pillar on the 4,700 level and have subvertical P and subhorizontal T axes. This is in agreement with the presence of tensile cracks close to openings for incipient pillar bursting. The pure shear events are located outside the sill pillar, between the 4,600 and 4,800 levels, and on the 5,600 level within a highly fractured rockmass. For the latter events, the subvertical nodal planes are found to match closely the orientation of subvertical NW-SE fractures aligned parallel to the major faults in the area.     

Post-seismic Effects of an M 7.2 Earthquake and Microseismicity in an Abandoned, Flooded, Deep Mine

—?An M 7.2 earthquake took place 67?km southeast of an abandoned mine containing flooded, vertical ore veins at depth of 1?km. Multidisciplinary monitoring of the unweathered country rock within the mine was carried out for a distance of about one kilometer. The M 7.2 earthquake was followed by significant post-seismic changes in strain and tilt of ～10^?6, with a self-potential of ～10?mV, and an increase in the water level in the mine of about 10?cm/day. These phenomena continued for several months before returning to pre-earthquake levels. Coseismic elastic deformations were too small to account for the observed post-seismic changes, and have different senses in strain and tilt from the observed post-seismic changes. The contractions in strain and the changes in the electric self-potential and water-elevation rate strongly suggest an increase in pore pressure. An increase in microseismic activity (M?M 7.2 earthquake.     

High-Frequency Hydroacoustic Monitoring in an Underground Iron Mine

The monitoring of the stability of old mines constitutes an important research objective for our institution, BRGM. The study reported here shows the contribution of high-frequency (>30 kHz) acoustic emissions to the detection of the damage within a rock mass, during an experiment within a pilot site of an old flooded iron mine. The experiment consisted of recording all the hydroacoustic events in a broad frequency band (between 30 Hz and 180 kHz), during 18 months. The monitoring network has been calibrated by a triggered block fall that made it possible to highlight a relationship between the occurrence of high-frequency/low-frequency hydroacoustic emissions and rock falls. The events recorded have been associated with the micro-failure of the rock mass near the roof, prior to the detachment of the blocks. This monitoring showed important high-frequency hydroacoustic activity, which may be associated with mechanical instabilities generated by the evolution of water pressure during the experiment. In conclusion, the high-frequency hydroacoustic activity appears to be a good indicator of instability and, therefore, this new technique constitutes a promising tool for monitoring abandoned underground cavities.     

云南部分水位观测点模拟与数字化并行观测资料对比分析

通过对云南4个水位观测点模拟与数字化并行观测资料的对比分析,认为同一个观测点的模拟与数字化观测数据内在质量接近、数据相关性好、数据的变化形态及地震同震响应特征相似,在这些并行观测的观测点上数字化观测可以取代模拟观测.     

湖南省地下流体井水位对远场大震的同震响应特征分析

通过分析湖南省地下流体观测井水位对远场大震的同震响应特征,可以得出以下结论,振荡型为湖南省井水位的主要同震响应形态,其次为阶变型和脉冲型.此外,多个观测井在同一次地震中记录到的同震响应以及多个地震在同一观测井中引起的同震响应特征均不相同.分析认为,前者可能与井况、所用仪器、构造环境、水文地质条件等因素有关,后者一方面是...     

高采样四分量钻孔应变仪记录应变地震波的可靠性分析

自2017年开始,陆续对中国地球物理台网10个钻孔应变测点的数据采集器进行升级,产出了大量的高采样钻孔应变观测数据。利用相关系数和自检精度2个检验四分量观测数据自洽性能的指标,定量分析了台站记录的2020年2月3日成都5.1级和2020年3月25日千岛群岛7.5级地震的应变地震波,结果显示高采样观测数据信度较高。对比分析了10个台站记录的2次地震的震相,证明高采样四分量钻孔应变仪具备记录清晰应变地震波的能力,且其可靠性较高。综合结果证明,高采样四分量钻孔应变观测可进一步为地震学研究提供新的数据资源。     

Nonlinear Time Series Analysis of Volcanic Tremor Events Recorded at Sangay Volcano,Ecuador

The assumption that volcanic tremor may be generated by deterministic nonlinear source processes is now supported by a number of studies at different volcanoes worldwide that clearly demonstrate the low-dimensional nature of the phenomenon. We applied methods based on the theory of nonlinear dynamics to volcanic tremor events recorded at Sangay volcano, Ecuador in order to obtain more information regarding the physics of their source mechanism. The data were acquired during 21–26 April 1998 and were recorded using a sampling interval of 125 samples s^–1 by two broadband seismometers installed near the active vent of the volcano. In a previous study Johnson and Lees (2000) classified the signals into three groups: (1) short duration (<1 min) impulses generated by degassing explosions at the vent; (2) extended degassing chugging events with a duration 2–5 min containing well-defined integer overtones (1–5 Hz) and variable higher frequency content; (3) extended degassing events that contain significant energy above 5 Hz. We selected 12 events from groups 2 and 3 for our analysis that had a duration of at least 90 s and high signal-to-noise ratios. The phase space, which describes the evolution of the behavior of a nonlinear system, was reconstructed using the delay embedding theorem suggested by Takens. The delay time used for the reconstruction was chosen after examining the first zero crossing of the autocorrelation function and the first minimum of the Average Mutual Information (AMI) of the data. In most cases it was found that both methods yielded a delay time of 14–18 samples (0.112–0.144 s) for group 2 and 5 samples (0.04 s) for group 3 events. The sufficient embedding dimension was estimated using the false nearest neighbors method which had a value of 4 for events in group 2 and was in the range 5–7 for events in group 3. Based on these embedding parameters it was possible to calculate the correlation dimension of the resulting attractor, as well as the average divergence rate of nearby orbits given by the largest Lyapunov exponent. Events in group 2 exhibited lower values of both the correlation dimension (1.8–2.6) and largest Lyapunov exponent (0.013–0.022) in comparison with the events in group 3 where the values of these quantities were in the range 2.4–3.5 and 0.029–0.043, respectively. Theoretically, a nonlinear oscillation described by the equation ++g(x)=fcost can generate deterministic signals with characteristics similar to those observed in groups 2 and 3 as the values of the parameters ,,f, are drifting, causing instability of orbits in the phase space.     

浅析山西太原东山遥测地震台记录地震的波形特征

为弄清山西太原东山遥测地震台模拟记录与数字记录的特点,对1996年至2001年的模拟记录和2001年至2003年5月的数字记录资料进行了统计分析,在选取的-≤5.0 s的近台记录波形中,找出了具有代表性的3种地震波形.指出,准确识别山西太原东山遥测地震台的小震活动,对监视太原盆地的地震活动大有裨益.     

巴塘国家基本数字地震台数字地震仪记录近震震级偏差分析与校正

分析了巴塘国家基本数字地震台2009年1月初至2012年12月底测定的ML≥2.5级的近震544个,与中国地震台网中心（CSN）发布的ML震级之间的偏差,计算出了震级偏差程度,本台近三分之一地震震级偏差达0.3级,文章着重从地震发生的方位角不同和地动位移不同,找出了震级相差很大的原因,最后给出了本台的校正值。通过本台校证,震级接近了中国地震台网中心发布的ML震级,提高了本台地震震级测定的准确性。     

龙陵帮纳掌温泉地下流体前兆综合分析研究

根据1982～2003年云南龙陵帮纳掌温泉地下流体（流量、水温、水氡）连续观测资料,提出流体单台站多台项月、季度前兆综合分析方法和指标,按时间层次、地震强度对地下流体异常与地震的关系进行了研究。结果表明,该台流体多台项综合分析可为云南及境外邻区M≥5尤其是M≥7地震的预测提供线索,应用于年度及短期地震预测预报实践。     

天水地震台井下地电观测系统介绍及其分析

介绍了天水地震台井下地电观测系统场地布设方式、测项设计安装技术要求和施工要点,并对原有观测资料和新系统观测资料进行了对比分析.结果显示:采用井下观测系统能减少干扰、提高信噪比,缓解地电观测用地与经济建设的矛盾,是地电观测方式的新探索.     

甘肃高台分量式应变前驱波的特征分析

甘肃高台基准台钻孔分量应变仪运行稳定,资料连续可靠.发现在部分大震前有形态各异的前驱波存在,其表现方式有突升、突降、固体潮畸变和地脉动加粗等.介绍了部分震例,并对其成因进行了初步的讨论.     

Analysis of mining-induced microseismic events at Strathcona Mine,Subdury, Canada

Rockbursts and mining-induced seismic events have serious socio-economic consequences for the Canadian mining industry, as their mines are extended to greater depths. Automatic multichannel monitoring systems (Electro-Lab MP250s) are routinely, used to detect the arrival times of seismic waves radiated by mining-induced events and sensed on an array of single component transducers installed throughout a mine. These arrival times are then used to locate the events and produce maps of areas of high activity for use in mine planning and design. This approach has limitations in that, it does not allow a detailed analysis of source mechanisms, which could be extracted if whole waveform signals are recorded and analyzed.A major research project, sponsored by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) with the collaboration of the Canadian mining industry, is aimed at enhancing existing mine seismic monitoring technology in Canada, in order to carry out more advanced processing of data to obtain fundamental scientific information on mining-induced seismic events This paper describes preliminary results from seismic monitoring experiments carried out in a hard rock nickel mine in Sudbury, Canada. Existing seismic monitoring instrumentation was enhanced with a low cost microcomputer-based whole waveform seismic acquisition system. Some of the signals recorded during this experiment indicate anisotropic wave propagation through the mine rock masses, as observed by the splitting of shear waves and the relative arrival of two shear waves polarized in directions which may be related to the structural fabric and/or state of stress in the rock mass. Analysis of compressional wave first motion shows the predominance of shear events, as indicated by focal mechanism studies and is confirmed by spectral analysis of the waveforms. The source parameters were estimated fro typical low magnitude localized microseismic events during the initial monitoring experiments. The seismic moment of these events varied between 10⁶ N.m and 2.10⁸ N.m. with a circular source radius of between 1 m and 2 m with an estimated stress drop of the order of 1 MPa.     

Time Correlation Analysis of the Microseismicity of the Low Eastern Flank of Mt. Etna Volcano (Italy)

—An analysis in terms of time correlation functions has been applied to the time distribution of microseismicity. We considered the single station detections (M < 2) recorded by each one of the four working stations of the network of the Osservatorio Sismologico di Protezione Civile, Acireale (Catania), located on the active faults systems (Timpe) of the low eastern flank of Mt. Etna. Information obtained on the time regularity of seismic crisis and on the time correlation between the activities recorded by different stations allowed a better understanding of the role of the two main structures. The Timpa di Santa Tecla is the most seismogenic structure in the area and probably played a role in the magma transfer process for the 1989 eruption. Modifications of the local stress field by actions of this feature may have produced gravitational instability along a second structural system (the Timpa di S. Leonardello) with a time delay of about 100 days. By contrast, magma penetration associated with the larger eruption of 1991–1993 had a deeper rise system and had no effect on local stress conditions, consequently there was no correlation between volcanism and seismicity.     

河津4.8级地震前山西临汾台倾斜前驱波特征分析

采用临汾台SSQ-2I型石英摆和VP型宽带垂直摆倾斜仪观测资料,运用原始形态曲线方法,对2010年1月24日山西河津4.8级地震前观测曲线进行分析.结果表明:在震前两种观测手段都记录到明显的前驱波,其形态特征与岩石力学中的粘滑事件非常相似,应是此次地震前显著的短临异常信息,同时给出了产生慢粘滑现象的机理解释.     

Seismogram Analysis and Fitting of Three Earthquakes,West Papua,Recorded at Stations ENH and KMI,China

The S wave velocity structure of the earth below Eastern Southeast Asia has been investigated by analyzing the seismogram from surface wave to multiple depth waves in the time domain and three Cartesian components simultaneously. The wave passes across the front area of subduction zone between the Philippine plate and the Asian plate. The main data are waveform comparisons, instead of the arrival times. The synthetic seismogram is calculated using the GEMINI method. The synthetic seismogram constructed by PREMAN global earth model deviates greatly from the measured one. To solve this problem, corrections are needed for the β speed structure. Corrections cover the gradient change of βh, which turns from negative to positive in upper mantle layers as in the PREMAN, change of earth crust depth and change of zero order coefficients of β velocity function in all earth mantle layers. So, the fitting is obtained, as well as the arrival time or the waveform of Love and Rayleigh surface waves, the S wave and the repetitive depth waves ScS2 and ScS3. This result reveals that the Southeast Asia, being stretched due to tectonic release, has a mantle in some parts with negative anomaly of S wave velocity and vertical anisotropy in all earth mantle layers.