Vector methods to compute azimuth, elevation, ellipsoidal normal, and the Cartesian ( X , Y , Z ) to geodetic ( φ , λ , h ) transformation

Vector-based algorithms for the computation of azimuth, elevation and the ellipsoidal normal unit vector from 3D Cartesian coordinates are presented. As a by-product, the formulae for the ellipsoidal normal vector can also be used to iteratively transform rectangular Cartesian coordinates (X, Y, Z) into geodetic coordinates (φ, λ, h) for a height range from −5600 km to 10⁸ km. Comparisons with existing methods indicate that the new transformation can compete with them.     

Landuse/land cover mapping and change detection using satellite data — a case study of dehlon block, district Ludhiana, Punjab

The land use information collected for Dehlon block of Ludhiana district, Punjab from the analysis of the IRS-1B LISS-II data for the year 1993 and IRS PAN data for the year 1997 and SOI topographical maps for 1964 revealed a large change in the area of different land use categories during the period from 1964 to 1997. The agricultural land covering an area of about 94.14 per cent in 1964 reduced to 90.26 per cent in 1997. while the area under rural settlements increased from 312 ha in 1964 to 1162 ha in 1997. An extra area of about 169 ha under waste land was added during the period under study making total waste land area to about 400 ha in 1997. However, the block lacks the forest cover of the required limit. Considerable change in living environment was observed in the block. Number of persons per unit settlement area (ha) being 213.3 in 1964 reduced to 97.1 in 1991; it indicate that the living standard of the people of the block has improved with the changed cropping pattern and increased agricultural production during the period from 1964 to 1991.     

非球形冰晶的毫米波k-Ze关系研究

针对毫米波雷达处理数据的实际需要,应用离散偶极子近似法DDA,获得了非球形冰晶的后向散射及衰减截面并进行了参数化,并主要基于细化的冰云模型,假设冰晶粒子谱为Γ分布,通过模拟取样各1330次（代表1330种粒子分布）,分别计算得到了W波段（94 GHz）与Ka波段（35 GHz）毫米波雷达探测的冰云衰减系数k及雷达反射率因子Z_e,而且利用数值模拟的方法,建立了k-Z_e关系的具体表达式。计算表明,非球形和非瑞利散射对W波段毫米波雷达衰减的影响较大,而且在同样滴谱分布条件下,W波段毫米波雷达的衰减比Ka波段毫米波雷达的大几倍,此外细化的冰云模型对k-Z_e关系具有影响。本研究对中纬度非降水性冰云的毫米波雷达的衰减订正具有参考价值,并对中国的毫米波雷达应用具有借鉴作用。     

鼓足干劲,提高工效,保证质量

1959年我处在党委和处党总支的直接领导下,全体同志们通过了反右倾鼓干劲的整风学习,思想解放,干劲冲天,大搞群众运动,大闹技术革命,出现了一个高产优质的大跃进局面。这一年完成的工作量如以1958年为基础,则三角测量为194％,水准测量为103％,地形测量为221％,三者平均为203％,为我处1957年工作量的7.1倍。     

旅游地图──特性,热点,格局,效益刍议

我国在实行对外开放、对内搞活的经济方针以来,旅游事业发展迅速,为旅游地图的繁荣提供了巨大的消费市场。旅游地图是适应旅游事业发展需要的一种专题地图,它服务于旅游,直接起到旅游管理、旅游规划、旅游宣传和指导旅游的作用。近年来,旅游地图如雨后春笋般地涌现。目前我国各省会城市、开放的大中城市和著名的风景名胜区和景点都出版了旅游地图。旅游地图不但从数量上有所增加,而且质量也     

联合TOPEX/Poseidon,ERS2和Geosat卫星测高资料确定中国近海重力异常

处理了 TOPEX/Poseidon(第 9周期至第 2 4 9周期 ) ,ERS2 (第 0周期至第 44周期 )和Geosat/GM(第 1周期至第 2 5周期 )以及 Geosat ERM(第 1周期至第 66周期 )卫星测高资料 ,求解了各自卫星任务的交叉点和垂线偏差 ,利用逆 Vening- Meinesz公式确定了 2 .5′×2 .5′中国近海海洋重力异常 ,并与我国南海船测重力异常作了比较 ,其精度为± 9.3m Gal( 1 Gal=1 cm/s2 )。本文同时导出了严密的 2维平面卷积公式 ,它与 1维严密卷积公式计算结果差值的标准差为± 0 .1 m Gal,而 2维球面公式为± 0 .5 m Gal     

Detection and monitoring of offshore oil seeps using ERS/ENVISAT SAR/ASAR data and seep-seismic studies in Krishna–Godavari offshore basin,India

An attempt has been made to use synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data for detection and monitoring of offshore oil seeps in the eastern offshore areas of the Krishna–Godavari Basin, which has been supplemented and correlated with collateral free-air gravity and seismic data. Images of the study area obtained from ENVISAT ASAR image mode were processed and analysed in detail. A number of natural oil seepages were identified and distinguished from pollution and biogenic slicks. These were subsequently studied using different parameters to assign various degrees of confidence. The repetitiveness of the identified seepages was studied and a total of five areas of seep repetitions had been recognized in the study area. The seeps that are repeated in images of different dates are more likely to be of natural origin than others. Simulation and modelling of a particular oil slick arising has been attempted over the Krishna–Godavari offshore using MIKE 21 software.     

GPS/BeiDou/Galileo/GLONASS实时精密卫星钟差估计

基于GNSS(global navigation satellite system)非差观测量,利用双线程钟差加密的方法,本文实现了导航卫星实时钟差的逐秒更新。通过选取全球均匀分布的76个参考站对四系统钟差进行联合估计,并从实时轨道精度,解算效率,钟差精度和精密单点定位(precision point positioning,PPP)定位结果对该系统进行分析和评估。结果表明,GPS预报轨道径向精度为2.3 cm,GLONASS和Galileo预报轨道径向精度为3 cm和3.5 cm,北斗GEO、IGSO、MEO卫星预报轨道径向精度分别为31 cm,17 cm和5.3 cm;钟差统计结果表明,GPS实时钟差精度优于0.2 ns,GLONASS钟差精度优于0.4 ns,Galileo钟差精度优于0.3 ns,受轨道影响,北斗GEO实时钟差精度为0.6～1.0 ns,IGSO钟差精度为0.4～0.7 ns,MEO钟差精度为0.3～0.4 ns;PPP定位结果表明,解算钟差定位精度与事后钟差定位结果相当,平面精度在3 cm以下,高程精度在5 cm以下。     

莫洛金斯基公式用于X,Y,Z到B,L,H的转换

本文利用同心相似椭球的特性，对莫洛金斯基公式进行改化，成功地解决了由X，Y，Z到B，L，H的转换。     

路灯AM/FM/GIS建设研究

通过对AM/FM/GIS的研究 ,结合路灯行业实际情况 ,指出了路灯行业AM/FM/GIS建设的必要性。构建了路灯AM/FM/GIS系统的体系结构和路灯AM/FM/GIS功能框架 ,并提出路灯AM/FM/GIS系统建设的合理建议     

地图表示法,地图符号学,地图语言

1 引言 对制图学理论方面的研究已经持续进行了大约二十五年,可以说,与过去相比,对制图学的理论思考大大增强了。由于制图技术水平的提高及自动化的引入,制图学理论也得到了迅速发展,这种发展主要表现在新理论或新概念的不断产生。     

利用GPS/BDS/GLONASS/Galileo组合PPP反演大气可降水量

为进一步改善精密单点定位（PPP）探测大气可降水量（PWV）的性能,本文提出采用GPS/BDS/GLONASS/Galileo组合PPP进行PWV反演的方法,并利用国内3个MGEX（multi-GNSS experiment）观测站的实测数据,对GPS/BDS/GLONASS/Galileo组合PPP在大气水汽探测方面的性能进行了评估。试验结果表明：相较于GPS PPP、GPS/BDS组合PPP和GPS/GLONASS组合PPP,GPS/BDS/GLONASS/Galileo组合PPP估计天顶对流层延迟（ZTD）的初始化时间分别缩短了33%、26%、20%,且能获得更高精度的ZTD估值和PWV信息,在大气水汽探测方面的性能更优。     

城市公用事业设施管理AM/FM/SS/RM解决方案初步研究

提出基于系统仿真技术和规则模型改进的城市公用事业设施管理解决方案AM/FM/SS/RM(Automated Mappin∥FacilitiesManagement/System Simulation/Rules Mechanism),并对其作详细的介绍.以城市污水系统为例,介绍基于AM/FM/SS/RM解决方案开发的城市污水系统仿真模型和在此基础上的设施管理系统的框架和开发路线.     

Techniques of classification for landuse/landcover with special reference to forest type mapping in Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary, Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal—a case study

The accuracy of three classification techniques namely Maximum likelihood, contextual and neural network for landuse/landcover with special emphasis on forest type mapping was evaluated in Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary area using IRS-1B LISS II data of Dec. 1994. The area was segregated into ten categories by using all the three classification techniques taking same set of training areas. The classification accuracy was evaluated from the error matrix of same set of training and validating pixels. The analysis showed that the neural net work achieved maximum accuracy of 95 percent, maximum likelihood algorithm with 91.06 percent and contextual classifier with 87.42 percent. It is concluded that the neural network classifier works better in heterogeneous and contextual in homogenous forestlands whereas the maximum likelihood is the best in both the conditions.