江西黄山铌(钽)矿床中铌钽矿物的矿物学特征及地质意义

江西葛源黄山铌(钽)矿位于赣杭构造带灵山花岗岩体的西侧,矿区内发育黑云母花岗岩、钠长石化花岗岩、萤石石英脉、伟晶岩4种岩性。通过详细的岩相学观察、铌钽矿物的电子探针化学组成、元素面扫描分析,揭示了黄山铌(钽)矿中铌钽的赋存状态及灵山岩体演化与铌钽富集过程的关系。研究结果表明,黄山铌(钽)矿中铌钽矿物主要为铌铁矿和铌铁金红石,铌铁矿交代了早期形成的铌铁金红石,期间发生了如下置换关系:3Ti~(4+)→2(Nb~(5+)+Ta~(5+))+Fe~(2+)。黄山铌(钽)矿主要富Nb,与松树岗铌钽矿相比,含矿岩体中F、Li的质量分数较低。F可以降低固相线温度,延长岩浆结晶分异的时间,增加岩浆的结晶分异程度。Li会增加Nb、Ta的溶解度,但是对Ta的效果更明显。因此,黄山铌(钽)矿的岩浆演化程度低于松树岗铌钽矿,后期岩浆—热液演化阶段的流体作用较弱,导致黄山铌(钽)矿以富Nb为主。     

铌钽矿研究进展和攀西地区铌钽矿成因初探

铌钽矿主要产出类型包括伟晶岩型、富Li-F花岗岩型、碱性侵入岩型、碳酸岩型及冲积砂矿型。前2种类型以钽为主,后3种则以铌占主导。铌和钽大多以铌钽独立矿物(铌铁矿、钽铁矿、细晶石、烧绿石等)呈浸染状分布于含矿岩石中,也有部分以类质同象的形式分布于云母、榍石、霓石、钛铁矿等矿物中。关于铌钽矿的富集机制,一些学者认为可由富F-Na和稀有金属(铌、钽等)的花岗质熔体经结晶分异作用形成;另一些学者则根据铌钽矿化与岩石的钠长石化、锂云母化等紧密共生的特点,认为铌钽的富集是岩浆期后流体交代早期形成的花岗岩所致。攀西(攀枝花-西昌)地区的铌钽矿床(化)基本上都是沿着断裂带分布,矿体赋存于印支期碱性岩脉(碱性正长伟晶岩)中,有少数存在于碱性花岗岩中,与区域上邻近的正长岩体及花岗岩体关系密切。其矿石矿物主要为烧绿石、褐钇铌矿等。初步推断,攀西地区的铌钽矿与二叠纪地幔柱活动有关。碱性的正长岩体及花岗岩体与广泛分布的峨眉山玄武岩、辉长岩均是地幔柱岩浆活动的产物,长英质岩体(包括正长岩体和花岗岩体)是富铌钽岩石的母岩体。碱性伟晶岩脉(如炉库和白草地区)是碱性岩浆逐步演化的产物,含矿的碱性花岗岩是花岗质岩浆分异演化的结果。此外,在该地区的铌钽矿床中,铌钽矿物几乎都富集在钠长石化发育的地段,说明后期的热液交代对铌钽的富集也起到了一定作用。因此,攀西地区铌钽的富集是岩浆结晶分异和岩浆期后热液交代共同作用的结果。     

平江瑚珮伟晶岩型铌钽矿床地质特征及成因

矿床位于幕阜山花岗岩体南西缘与板溪群片岩接触带伟晶岩密集区。矿化伟晶岩墙大多受NEE向纵向节理控制，并位于幕阜山岩体的边缘。矿区内已发现7个矿体，它们通常呈脉状，延深约100m。矿石为花岗伟晶结构和条带状构造。含铌、钽的矿物主要包括铌铁矿、钽铁矿和绿柱石，它们主要分布于分异晚期的块体带中。地球化学和同位素研究表明，该矿床为—岩浆—交代伟晶岩型矿床，成因上与幕阜山花岗岩体有关。     

内蒙古石灰窑花岗岩型铌钽铷矿床地质特征及成因

内蒙锡林浩特石灰窑铌钽矿床是我国最近发现的一处大型稀有金属矿床.通过详细分析该矿床地质特征、控矿因素及其成因,主要获得如下认识:1)该矿床矿石属于碱性花岗岩系列;2)矿石中的铌钽矿物主要包括铌锰矿、铌钽铁矿、铌钽锰矿、锡锰钽矿和细晶石;3)该矿床可能是前期花岗岩岩浆结晶和后期热液交代综合作用的产物,热液交代是铌钽铷主要成矿阶段;4)从铌钽铷矿化成因和富集规律可知,金属矿化与钠长石化、云英岩化密切相关,且矿体赋存于蚀变花岗岩中,分布上严格受北东向构造的控制,因此,钠长石化、云英岩化的花岗岩是寻找上述稀有金属的直接找矿标志,同时石灰窑燕山早期花岗岩出露地段很可能是寻找稀有金属矿的有希望地区;5)围绕石灰窑花岗岩主岩体周围寻找晚期侵位的钠长石化花岗岩小岩体的隆起和浅部部位,是寻找钽铌铷矿的基本思路.     

法国Echassieres地区石英网脉中黑钨矿及其共生矿物的固溶体研究

Echassieres石英网脉中的黑钨矿主要系钨锰矿-钨铁矿系列中的铁端员矿物—钨铁 矿,富铌但贫钽,当其与铌铁矿共生时,钨铁矿可含8.91%Nb2O5。在该矿物中常见的元素置换有:(1)Fe2 Mn2 ;(2)W6 Fe2 Nb5 Fe3 ;(3)3W6 Fe2 4Nb5 。铌铁矿呈它形,富含Ta、W、Ti。钨铁铌矿以枝状形态位于钨铁矿和铌铁矿之间,形成完整的矿物组合。Beauvoir花岗岩的侵位带入的热液交代钨铁矿是形成这种矿物组合的主要原因。同时,沿钨铁矿中的裂隙带或其边部还局部发生锰矿化。     

内蒙古赵井沟大型铌钽矿床地质特征及成因

内蒙古武川县赵井沟矿床是近年来在内蒙古中部地区找到的一处大型铌钽矿床.铌钽氧化物储量为8000余吨(钽氧化物含量大于50％),其中,ω(Nb2O5)和ω(Ta2O5)的平均含量为0.011％和0.012％.铌钽矿化主要在早二叠世碱长花岗岩类侵入杂岩体内,呈浸染状和条带状产出,并且构成似层状、脉状和透镜状矿体.研究表明,碱长花岗岩、碱长花岗细晶岩和碱长花岗伟晶岩锆石U-Pb同位素年龄值分别为(277.14±0.82) Ma、(277.0±2.1) Ma和(276.6±2.1) Ma.鉴于铌钽矿化呈浸染状在含矿侵入杂岩体内产出,推测赵井沟矿床的成矿作用与海西期构造-岩浆活动有关.古大陆块体伸展构造条件下,富钠质钙-碱性岩浆作用为铌钽矿床的形成提供了动力和物质来源,而断裂构造为成矿物质沉淀聚集创造了空间条件.赵井沟矿床属富钠的过铝质花岗岩型铌钽矿床.     

阿尔泰可可托海3号伟晶岩脉中铌铁矿族矿物环带构造及其岩石学意义

本文利用电子探针和背散射电子成像技术系统地研究了新疆阿尔泰可可托海3号伟晶岩脉各结构带中的铝铁矿族矿物。研究表明,本区伟晶岩脉中铌铁矿族矿物主要为铌锰矿-钽锰矿。成分特征显示从岩脉边部带到核部,Ta/(Nb Ta)比值呈近垂向演化,但Mn/(Fe Mn)比值没有明显变化。另一方面,铌铁矿族矿物在早期正岩浆阶段(Ⅰ-Ⅳ带)的成分变化非常局限,而在晚期的岩浆-热液过渡阶段(Ⅴ-Ⅶ带)的成分变化非常大。背散射电子成像技术观察还表明本区铌铁矿族矿物在正岩浆阶段没有环带构造特征,而在岩浆-热液过渡阶段有明显的环带构造特征,而且随着伟晶岩固结过程的进行,环带构造主要沿着渐变环带构造→韵律环带构造→交代构造的趋势变化。研究认为,本区铌铁矿族矿物在不同结构带的成分变化和在单颗粒中的环带构造是热液流体参与铌铁矿族矿物结晶的反应,环带构造的类型主要是由热液流体参与结晶的程度所控制。     

广东省博罗县横河钠长石矿构造岩浆演化及成矿机理

通过对广东省博罗县横河超大型钠长石矿床、锡铌钽矿化带和金矿化带野外勘查和室内微观分析,发现岩浆随着构造演化而分异自交代成矿的特殊新颖现象。研究表明该矿区在不同的构造旋回中构造应力场的主压应力方向不同,持续构造压应力作用下发生不同构造序次,岩浆也随构造应力场的演化而分异。燕山构造旋回控制的早期第三阶段岩浆,结晶分异和气液分异导致强烈岩浆自交代形成超大型钠长石矿床;燕山构造旋回控制的晚期岩浆,随着构造演化产生云英岩化、石榴子石化等岩浆自交代而锡铌钽矿物结晶富集成矿;燕山构造旋回最晚期的北北西向、北北东向、北西向断裂,控制岩浆热液期的金矿化带。即本矿区经构造岩浆演化分异,发生岩浆自交代至热液蚀变演化系列成矿机理。     

广西栗木花岗岩岩浆气—液分异作用与成矿作用

广西栗木花岗岩是华南地区具有代表性的含锡、钨、钽、铌矿的稀有金属花岗岩,发育一些紧密共生但结构有明显差异的岩石。在岩相学研究的基础上,运用热动力学原理对这些特殊地质现象进行成因分析以了解相应的岩浆演化过程,得出的结论构成了岩浆演化的动态证据链并相互印证,且与热动力学方程检验结论相吻合。研究结果表明,气—液分异是稀有金属花岗岩最重要的成岩与成矿作用机制。当富水岩浆上升侵位时,岩浆发生大规模的气—液分异作用,形成新的熔体相和大量夹带气相的气泡。新的熔体相因饱和水压尸(H_2O)的突然降低而过冷却结晶形成斑状结构岩石,气泡则上升迁移至不同部位,随后破裂再次发生气—液分异形成残余气流体和残余熔体相。残余气流体进一步交代先结晶的斑状结构岩石形成蚀变带花岗岩,或者结晶形成伟晶岩。残余气流体还是金属成矿元素迁移的主要载体,岩体内带的蚀变花岗岩型锡铌钽矿的成矿作用主要与残余气流体对花岗岩的自交代作用有关,而岩体顶上带的岩脉型钨锡矿的成矿作用主要与残余气流体在围岩裂隙中的结晶作用有关。     

非洲基巴拉带东北部卢旺达地层-构造-岩浆演化及成矿作用

卢旺达地处中非基巴拉带东北部(卡拉圭-安科连带),是非洲乃至全球重要的铌-钽-钨-锡成矿区。本文梳理和总结了卢旺达境内的地层层序、岩浆作用、构造属性、地球动力学机制和铌钽钨锡矿产成矿作用特征。卢旺达地层主要由古元古代变质基底和中元古代卢旺达超群组成,少量新近纪火山岩,其中以卢旺达超群最为重要,从底至顶依次由四个群组成:基可勒群、平杜拉群、乔霍哈群和卢各支群。侵入岩主要形成于中-新元古代,以四期花岗岩为代表(G1～G4期),其中G4花岗岩与钨锡铌钽矿成矿作用关系密切。岩浆作用与区内构造活动频繁有关,在元古代经历了四阶段挤压-伸展更替的构造岩浆演化。根据对已有资料的梳理和分析,本次研究认为,岩浆作用更可能形成于"汇聚俯冲+板片拆沉(或弧后伸展)"的动力学背景,即俯冲汇聚大背景下的局部伸展体制。铌钽钨锡矿是卢旺达最为典型和最重要的矿种,主要受G4花岗岩和区域构造的控制,表现为伟晶岩型铌钽锡矿、热液石英脉型钨锡矿和云英岩型锡矿,成岩成矿过程的先后关系总结为:G4花岗岩上涌侵位,形成于986～976Ma→分异演化形成伟晶岩和铌钽矿±锡矿,铌钽矿形成于975～962Ma→形成石英脉和锡矿,锡矿形成...     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.