汶川M_s 8.0级地震断层间相互作用及其对起始破裂段的启示

汶川地震在地表形成了北东向与北西向两个方向的地表破裂带,余震分布也清晰地显示沿着小鱼洞断裂存在一条北西向小震密集条带。为了研究北西向小鱼洞断裂在汶川地震破裂过程中的作用,在已有的地表破裂数据和认识的基础上,结合汶川地震前小震资料和余震资料,完善了汶川地震震源构造模型。分别计算了以北川—映秀断裂西南的虹口段(BY1)与小鱼洞断裂作为初始破裂段所产生的库仑静应力变化量(ΔCFS)分布图像。结果显示,以北川—映秀断裂虹口段(BY1)做为起始破裂段,虽然小鱼洞断裂西北段(XYD2)的局部地段处于应力触发区,但在出现地表破裂的小鱼洞断裂东南段(XYD1)却处于1.5 bar的应力抑制区,同时随着北川—映秀断裂向北东方向的进一步破裂,小鱼洞断裂仍处于应力抑制区,并且范围有所扩大。如果这样,在汶川地震过程中,小鱼洞断裂应该是稳定的,不可能产生地表破裂带及小震密集条带;以小鱼洞断裂作为起始破裂段,北川—映秀断裂BY1段的大部分区段处于1.0～1.5 bar的应力触发区,不但如此,小鱼洞断裂对彭灌断裂也有触发作用。基于以上结果,认为汶川地震破裂过程是以北西向小鱼洞断裂为起始破裂段,该断裂的破裂触发了北川—映秀断裂和彭灌断裂,并导致北川—映秀断裂向北东方向发生级联破裂。     

东宁金厂矿区及外围构造体系厘定及其控岩控矿作用

东宁特大型金矿产于岩浆岩中,主要的矿化类型有隐爆角砾岩型、构造蚀变岩型;控容矿构造有隐爆角砾岩筒、断裂和环状、放射状断裂。矿区及外围断裂构造主要有产NE、近SN、NW和近EW向;各方向断裂构造性质复杂,矿区内断裂构造特征及性质的形成与西部近北东向绥阳深大断裂密切相关,而绥阳深大断裂力学性质演化与大地构造环境中区域应力场的变化有关,构造体系成生发展顺序为①东西向构造带;②北东向构造带;③北西向构造带;④北东向构造带;⑤北东向构造带。σ1方向变化为0°→45°→130°-140°→0°→130°。各方向断开控制相应的岩浆岩侵入,而角砾岩筒主要受东西向断裂与北西向断裂交汇部位控制,Ⅱ号脉群及18号脉受同一环型构造系统控制。     

玉树地震序列重新定位及其地震构造研究

对玉树地震序列自2010年4月11日至9月15日由台网记录到的1 832个地震采用双差地震定位法进行重新定位,获得了1 670个地震重新定位的震源参数。重新定位后的震源深度主要分布在15 km以内。重新定位后的Ms 7.1级主震发生在无地表破裂段,余震活动向两侧破裂扩展。余震沿地表破裂带基本呈线性分布,剖面上显示为近垂直的结构面,在北西端无地表破裂出露处,出现近垂直于断裂方向较宽的北东向地震密集带。震源机制解显示的主压应力方向斜交地表破裂带,地表破裂与震源破裂都表现为纯左旋走滑的错动性质,而在北西端主压应力方向偏转为近垂直于断裂带的方向,此处较宽的北东向地震密集带可能由近东西与南北两个方向的共轭破裂所组成。余震的后期活动与发展并不局限于主震形成的破裂带内,更多的受局部应力调整被触发而产生新的破裂。     

以精定位背景地震活动与震源机制解研究郯庐断裂带中南段现今活动习性

郯庐断裂带是中国东部板内一条规模最大的强构造变形带与地震活动断裂带,其断裂结构与历史地震活动性具明显的分段活动性。文中通过沿郯庐断裂带中南段的历史地震活动性、精定位背景地震活动性与震源机制解分析,讨论了断裂带的深部几何结构与现今活动习性。现今地震活动在中段主要沿1668年郯城MS 8地震破裂带线性分布,线性条带在泗洪-诸城间延伸约340 km长,为1668年地震长期缓慢衰减的余震序列活动。大震地表破裂遗迹与精定位地震分布都揭示出郯庐断裂带中段的两条全新世活动断裂昌邑-大店断裂与安丘-莒县断裂以右阶斜列的形式共同参与了1668年郯城MS 8地震破裂。精定位震源剖面刻画出两条断裂结构面呈高角度相背而倾,其中昌邑-大店断裂倾向SE,安丘-莒县断裂倾向NW,两条断裂在深部没有合并汇聚。余震活动所代表的1668年地震震源破裂带是郯庐断裂带中现今尚未闭锁的安全段落,对应于高b值段。而未发生破裂的安丘以北段,小震活动不活跃,b值低,现今可能已成为应力积累的闭锁段。震源机制解揭示的断裂应力状态在中段以NE向主压应力为主,表现为右旋走滑活动性质,且存在少量正断分量,南段转为以NEE至近EW向为主,存在少量的逆冲分量。在中段与南段的转折处宿迁-嘉山段,主压应力方向垂直断裂带走向呈NWW向,反映出局部以挤压为主的应力特征,其中泗洪-嘉山段也是历史地震未破裂段,现今小震活动不活跃,因此该段可能更易于应力积累。精定位小震活动在郯庐断裂与北西向断裂相交汇处聚集,反映出北西向断裂的新活动性,以及郯庐断裂带现今的逆冲作用。在断裂带南端,精定位背景地震活动沿与其相交汇的襄樊-广济断裂带东段呈北西向线性分布,表明了该段的现今活动性。     

汶川Ms 8.0级地震余震重新定位及其空间分布特征研究

对南四川台网提供的2008年5月12日至2008年12月31日期间发生的地震观测报告资料进行了整理,并根据研究需要从中挑选出了2957次地震事件用于地震定位研究.然后,采用双差定位方法对汶川Ms 8.0级地震及挑选出的余震进行了重新定位,得到2678个地震的震源位置,重新定位后走时均方根残差由重新定位前的1.01s降到了0.20s,水平和垂直方向标准差分别为±0.85km和±1.3km.余震震中沿走向分布的总长度约为350km,震源深度优势分布为5～20km,平均震源深度为11.4km.文章结合地表考察破裂、震源机制解等研究结果,对余震空间分布进行了更为详细的分段和讨论,提出以下3点认识:1)余震震中沿主破裂带表现出明显的空间分段活动特征,根据余震空间分布特征和震源机制解可推测断层运动方式由一开始的逆冲为主,经过渡段最终转换为以右旋走滑为主;2)沿小鱼洞-棉篪-理县和青川-文县方向延伸的北西向余震带存在两个与龙门山构造带走向近似垂直的捩断层;3)龙门山构造带的北段(水观乡以北),存在一个斜跨北川-映秀断裂和青川-平武断裂的隐伏断层,并且该隐伏断层参与了北段余震的发震过程.     

上海地区区域稳定性评价

通过对上海地区重磁场特征，地质构造特征与地震震中的相关性分析，认为地震震中的主要分布于重磁梯度带的叠加干扰部位正负重磁异常边缘，尤其是转折和凸起部位；在断裂构造上地震震中主要分布于具有一定活动性的北西，北东向断裂上，尤其是北东与北西向断裂的交会部位。     

金湖凹陷隐性断裂带形成机制及分布

金湖凹陷基底存在北东、北西向两组断裂。北西向基底断裂活动较弱,对盖层变形影响较小,在盖层中多以隐性断裂带显现;北东向基底断裂活动强烈,对凹陷盖层变形影响较大,不仅形成了凹陷东部边界杨村断裂在内的多条显性断裂,而且形成了多条隐性断裂带。凹陷中部的北东向石港显性断裂带将凹陷分割成西部斜坡带和东部凹陷带。东部凹陷带受基底北西向断裂隐性活动的影响呈现南北分段特征。凹陷盖层中还发育了大量近东西走向的三、四级正断层,它们大致平行成带分布,形成了宝应平行雁列式断裂构造带、唐港雁列式断裂构造带、卞闵杨平行雁列式断裂构造带、西斜坡平行入字型断裂构造带、汊涧泥沛平行雁列式断裂构造带等一系列油气富集区带。上述构造带中的油气藏分布明显受到北东和北西向基底断裂活动影响,呈现北东、北西或近南北向成带、成串分布特征。应用区域地质、重磁等资料开展隐性断裂带预测,识别出10条北东向、5条北西向、6条南北向隐性断裂带。沉积盖层中形成的这些隐性断裂带控制了储集砂体分布、改善了储层物性、使隐性圈闭成带成串分布,是油气聚集成藏的有利区带。     

南海北部活动构造及其对天然气水合物的影响

海底天然气水合物与活动构造关系极为密切,随着近十几年来海底天然气水合物勘探与研究取得的重要进展,相关活动构造也正在逐渐受到关注。通过对断裂、地震、气底辟以及海底火山活动等构造活动的多种表现形式的研究,分析了南海北部活动构造的特征。在南海北部,存在北东向、北东东-东西向、北西向3组活动断裂,其中北西向断裂切割其他两组,形成最晚。这些活动断裂以继承性为主,北东向和北东东向断裂均为切割地壳或岩石圈的大断裂。南海北部的震中呈带状分布,在东部呈北东走向,而西部受红河走滑断裂的影响,震中整体为北西走向分布。气底辟是对天然气水合物形成有重要指示意义的构造,同断裂一样,气底辟为气源垂直向上移动至形成水合物的温压带提供了良好的通道。南海北部分布的火山岩由东到西顺时针旋转。从地震剖面可以看出,岩体明显受张性断裂控制。东部天然气水合物的分布受北西向活动断层的影响较大,而西部则与海底滑坡密不可分。     

新疆西准噶尔地区早古生代超基性岩岩石化学特征

新疆早古生代超基性岩集中分布于准噶尔盆地西南缘,东起科克沙依河东岸,西至汤格巴斯道西河岸.东西长65公里,宽8—18公里,地理座标:东经82°45′—83°38′,北纬45°04′—45°19′(图1).从构造方面来看,该时代超基性岩集中分布于达尔布特大断裂(北东向)及布尔克斯台大断裂的南侧.岩体一般受该大断裂的次级构造控制,往往在断裂交会处形成较大的岩体,如唐巴勒超基性岩体.受北西向布尔克斯台大断裂控制的超基性岩体呈北西向分布;受北东向达尔布特大断裂控制的岩体呈北东东向(近东西向)展布.     

苏南东部及上海地区的北西向断层

笔者对苏南东部及上海地区的北西向断层作了系统的野外观察,并对断裂带内构造岩作了详细地研究;对北西向断层的力学性质、构造地质特征及地质意义作了初步探讨。现介绍如下,如有不当,敬请指正。一、北西向断层的野外观察 (一)太湖大东岛,石炭系灰岩中发育了三条北西向压性断裂(图1、2),间隔40～50m。其中断层A走向北30°西,倾向北东,倾角75°;断裂带宽度为7m。断层B走向北35°西,倾向南西,倾角70°;断裂带宽度为8m。断裂C走向北35°西,断面近直立;断裂     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861