水文地质勘察工作中地下水位变化及应对措施探析

水文地质勘察是岩土工程勘察的重要组成部分,在水文地质勘察过程中会遇到各种地下水位变化方面的问题,本文对水文地质勘察工作步骤进行详细说明,并对勘察过程中地下水位的上升、下降及频繁变化等影响水文地质勘察因素进行分析,在此基础上提出合理应对措施。期望通过研究能提升对水文地质勘察效率和质量,确保水文地质勘察工作能更好为工程建设服务。     

中国加入WTO后对中国建筑勘察设计行业的影响及对策分析

本文全面论述了我国勘察设计行业现状和目前存在的主要问题。我国加入WTO后,对中国勘察设计行业的影响并提出了相应对策。     

辽宁省勘察设计质量监管工作情况

一、勘察设计工作情况(一)勘察设计咨询业稳步发展;(二)发展专业事务所,调整队伍结构二、勘察设计质量存在的问题(一)勘察设计质量存在的问题1.勘察设计市场秩序不够规范,设计质量和水平有待进一步提高。2.勘察设计深度不满足规定的现象较为普遍。3.存在勘察设计单位之间压价竞争的问题。勘察收费已严重偏离国家收费标准,影响了勘察工作的质量。4.勘察招投标工作不规范。商务标成了投标是否成功的决定因素,特别是开发商自己组织的招投标已将此作为压价的竞争办法。5.在岩土工程方面存在监管力度不够的问题。(二)审查机构存在的主要问题1.管…     

直接测氡法在地裂缝灾害勘察工作中的应用实例——以唐山市古楼庄地裂缝勘察为例

唐山市古楼庄地裂缝已经存在近十年,对其进行的勘察工作于2007年6月底完成。勘察工作中,该地裂缝灾害的成因问题至关重要,通过氡气测量,使勘察报告结论的可靠性得到了加强。同时,也进一步证实了氧气测量对于地裂缝类型及成因判断的重要作用。     

岩土工程勘察中水文地质问题探讨

本文论述了岩土工程勘察中水文地质工作的重要性,重点阐述了相关的水文地质内容,对指导岩土工程勘察具有实际意义。     

编制岩土工程勘察纲要若干问题探讨

本文论述了岩土工程勘察评价中勘察纲要的重要性、岩土工程勘察阶段和工程类型,重点阐述了编写勘察纲要应注意的问题,这对指导岩土工程勘察具有实际意义。     

应重视工程勘察设计单位改制过程中档案的移交与管理工作

本文简要论述了重视工程勘察设计单位改企建制过程中档案移交与管理工作的重要性，提出了当前加强档案移交与管理工作亟需要做的两项工作，并尝试对工程勘察设计单位档案的移交与管理工作提出了改革的思路。     

大型河流定向钻进穿越工程的岩土工程勘察探讨

以“世界第一穿”——珠海—中山天然气管道二期工程的磨刀门水道穿越岩土工程勘察为例,论述了定向钻进穿越大型河流的岩土工程勘察的主要工作内容和方法,分析评价了磨刀门水道穿越工程设计及施工过程中存在的诸如场地土层松软及交互层多变等岩土工程问题及相应的对策,同时也指明了岩土工程勘察在长输管道设计及施工中的重要性。     

浅析电子政务信息外包服务在工程勘察设计行业的发展

本文主要对勘察设计行业电子政务信息外包服务从发展背景、服务内容、存在问题几个方面进行了详细分析,并对下一步外包服务工作提出了有关工作建议。     

地基与基础工程设计计算微机软件研制开发的体会

本文结合地质矿产部项目（工程勘察和工程施工电子手册）的研制情况，论述和总结了地基与基础工程设计计算微机软件的特性，软件应遵循的原则、研制开发的方法，数据处理技术，设计方案的优选等方面的问题。     

A study of complex discordance in zircons using step-wise dissolution techniques

Step-wise dissolution techniques applied to a variety of zircon samples, including those with combined inheritance plus later isotopic disturbance, reveal both the complexity of zircon isotopic systematics, and successfully “see through” this complexity to extract high-quality age information. The chemical procedures for the partial dissolution steps must be designed to extract completely all the U and Pb associated with the zircon digested in each step, in order to avoid large, laboratory-induced fluctuations in U/Pb ratio from step to step. In general, relatively short initial partial dissolution steps remove disturbed zircon domains characterized by very high U concentrations and low ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages. In some cases the initial step yields the lowest ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age, reflecting both the high accessibility and solubility of the most disturbed domains. In other cases, disturbed domains evidently reside deep within the zircons, and are attacked only when the second or third steps penetrate to the interior via cracks or flaws to “mine out” these domains. In all the samples in this study, and regardless of the details of the steps, about a week of digestion time at 80°C removed most of the highly disturbed domains, leaving further partial dissolution steps and/or the total digestion of the final residue to sample highly refractory (i.e., highly insoluble), relatively low U zircon domains. The early partial digestion steps also remove virtually all the common Pb associated with the zircons. Study of partially digested zircons by scanning electron microscope reveals that at least in part, the disturbed, high-U, highly soluble domains and the less (un-?) disturbed, low-U, highly refractory domains are defined by primary igneous zoning on a micron or even sub-micron scale, well below the resolution of the “SHRIMP”, for example. In the case of zircons lacking any inheritance, the residue analyses yield near-concordant, highly precise results. In the case of zircons with inherited components, the residue analyses appear to plot on “primary” discordia lines. Depending on the relative solubility of the inherited versus the igneous component, the final residue will concentrate one or the other.     

Planning and design considerations in karst terrain

This article discusses the various steps that the authors feel are necessary to the successful progression of an engineered project sited in karst terrain. The procedures require a multidisciplined approach with liaison and cooperation among the various parties to the project. Initially, the prospective owner must have sufficient understanding of the potential engineering problems to incorporate the engineering geologist into the early stages of any planned acquisition. The first step in an investigation should include a review of the available geologic information, aerial photo interpretation, consultation with the State Geological Survey, and a geologic reconnaissance of the prospective site and surrounding area. A go-no-go decision as to purchase can often been made at an early time. Although, in some instances, more study is needed for a particularly intriguing property. The second stage should consider the various planning alternatives that are feasible based upon the limited available information. At this stage planning/purchase decisions can be made as to purchasing options, value of the property, design constraints, and the possible economic penalties that could be associated with the potential site construction. Various planning and construction alternatives should be considered in this phase of the work. The third stage should include a site investigation program of moderate size, consisting of test pits and/or exploratory borings. The borings should be drilled using water as the drilling fluid, with an experienced crew and qualified technical inspection. The authors find the use of geophysical techniques can be extremely misleading unless used in conjunction with exploratory drilling. Successful evaluations using geophysical procedures occur only under ideal conditions. The geotechnical viability of the plan and preliminary design should be investigated in the fourth phase. Additionally, the physical parameters required for the design of structures founded atop cavities can be obtained at this time. Several support schemes which incorporate cavity roof thickness, rock strength, and cavity space are discussed. Possible construction procedures include excavation and dental concrete, grouting, piers or piles to sound rock, or moving to another area. The relative economies of these procedures are discussed in relation to the size and depth of the soil or rock cavity, possible future cavity formation, magnitude of loading and acceptable safety factors.     

溶蚀岩体随机结构模型建立及其在岩体渗漏评价中的应用

针对中小规模裂隙和溶蚀洞穴造成的溶蚀岩体渗漏 ,本文提出了溶蚀岩体渗漏评价的一种新思路 :首先对现场开挖所揭露的有限的裂隙和溶蚀洞穴观测资料进行统计分析 ,利用统计分析结果建立溶蚀岩体随机结构模型 ;然后根据随机结构模型所反映出的裂隙和溶蚀洞穴有关参数计算渗透参数 ;最后结合区域水力学条件计算岩体渗漏量。多次模拟后可以得到渗漏量的分布规律。其中 ,建立合理的随机结构模型是关系本方法成败的关键 ,文中给出了建立溶蚀岩体随机结构模型的步骤 ,提供了随机模拟的编程思路和程序框图 ,并结合具体的工程实例对该方法的应用前景进行了讨论     

An interlaboratory comparison of source rock data

Organic matter in eight rock samples has been analyzed by nineteen laboratories and the results show that source rock data from any one laboratory cannot be directly compared to data from any other laboratory. A high degree of variability exists among the data reported by the nineteen participating laboratories, most of which can be explained by differences in the sample preparation steps and analytical procedures used in these laboratories. Differences also exist in the definition of basic units of measurement being reported. In order to make the data more comparable, standard rock samples and analytical methods should be developed and used by all laboratories. Until then, extreme caution must be used when comparing source rock data from different laboratories.     

Elastic–plastic analysis of geotechnical problems by mathematical programming

A numerical technique, based on a mathematical programming algorithm, is presented for the solution of geotechnical problems where elastic-plastic material behaviour is considered. The proposed approach can be adopted for geotechnical media characterized by any suitable yield condition, accounting, if necessary, for workhardening behaviour. The loading process is subdivided into a series of steps applied to a finite element mesh with geometry and material properties constant along each step, but with possible changes between subsequent steps. As an application some typical geotechnical problems are analysed by means of the proposed algorithm and a comparison is made between the available in situ measurements and the numerical results.     

Natural resources inventory of East Kalimantan (Kalimantan Timur), Indonesia

Summary The natural resources inventory of Kalimantan Timur has proven the value of remote sensing techniques as an approach to a modern resources inventory. Under the given conditions of poorly accessible, heavily vegetated areas, the limitations of knowledge, and time and fund restrictions, there was practically no other choice. In the case of the Kalimantan Timur resources exploration, the combination of the three different techniques turned out to be very advantageous. Besides, it was one of the few instances in the world so far, where SLAR surveys have been carried out.Each of the three described survey methods is a different technology which can be used independently from others, and each of these has its advantages for a broad variety of qualitative and quantitative applications and purposes, depending on the accuracy expectations and the necessities of a project. It is very important to define in advance the specific tasks and the quality to be accomplished by remote sensing so that the cost/time factors and the technical procedures can be fitted to the optimal approach of the investigations. It also needs to be emphasized that the required scale influences the instrumental and technical methods to be chosen but also the costs and duration of any type of inventory. One of the major advantages of remote sensing is the capability of procuring next to any kind of earth resources data in any region of the world at extremely low costs per unit area in a relatively short time.For the implementation of any project, conventional terrestrial surveys may still be necessary to some extent. However, they can be reduced to a minimum or concentrate on specific tasks or areas, where their application is inevitable.     

On the questions of migration in India: Challenges and opportunities

This is an exploratory study made on the basis of migration data of two censuses of 1971 and 1981. It tries to compare some of the important variables of mobility in terms of POB (place of birth) and POLR (place of last residence) which have reacted into the change of usual residence of people causing thereby shift of population. The subject being complex and vast, it may be difficult to project all possible situations at one place. However, the readers may try to test some of the findings more fruitfully by field oriented investigations specially leading to establish various social-economic fall outs. Migration study is processional in the evaluation of population problems which has folded into its orbit, in real sense of the term — idealised migration policies. In the country, like ours, it is essential to really spell out some policy to check urban swelling of population and to strengthen the rural space to reduce regional imbalances at the individual level so that real development is achieved. Some of these questions on migration have been posed in this paper to take up further to promote policy formations and to organise the migrant manpower for a better India.Views expressed in this paper are personal and have no relations with Government and the organisation of author's affiliation in any way.     

Participatory Vulnerability Reduction (PVR): an urban community-based approach for earthquake management

Participation of local people during any disaster is enormous. They possess better knowledge and information about their own community than anyone else from the outside. This study proposes Participatory Vulnerability Reduction (PVR), a community-based approach for disaster management. The concept of PVR was applied to an urban community of Dhaka city (Ward no. 06 of Dhaka North City Corporation) which has been identified by the Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme as one of the most vulnerable areas of the city for earthquake. PVR consists three steps, and in each step, different participatory urban appraisal tools were used. In the first step, the community people assessed the earthquake vulnerability. It was found that some certain parts of the study area are highly vulnerable due to lack of accessibility to the critical facilities, inadequacy of open space, poor construction practice and unsuitable soil condition for building construction. This was followed by analyzing the root causes and effects of these problems. Structural fragility of the buildings, construction of settlements by filling the low-lying areas and development of slums beside taller buildings are the three major causes behind the above vulnerable issues. In the second step, capacity of the community was assessed in terms of resources and their organizational structure. In the final step, local people developed the strategies to overcome the vulnerability and a community-based organizational set up was proposed to coordinate the collective actions. Although developed in local context, application of PVR is not limited for earthquake and it can be replicated for other communities as well.     

滑坡位移动态实时跟踪预测

在滑坡动态观测数据时序系统建模理论方法基础上 ,采用限定记忆最小二乘递推法 ,提出滑坡位移动态跟踪预测问题 ,介绍了该方法的基本原理及预测步骤 ,通过实例的综合研究进一步证明了该动态跟踪预测方法的可行性 ,并达到一定的预测精度 ,可以对一定条件下的滑坡变形位移作出超前动态预测     

Quantification of Metals and Semimetals in Carbon‐Rich Rocks: A New Sequential Protocol Including Extraction from Humic Substances

We have developed a new sequential extraction technique that does not require complex procedures and is efficient in determining metal and semimetal contents of carbon‐rich rocks. Six geological reference materials (SBC‐1, SCHS‐1, SCo‐1, SDO‐1, SGR‐1b and SLg‐1) and an in‐house black shale (SH‐1) were selected to test the method, which consists of four main digestion steps involving: (a) dilute HCl acid; (b) NaOH; (c) aqua regia; and (d) hydrofluoric acid. Compared with traditional aqua regia + hydrofluoric acid attack, this new protocol recovers more of the moderately volatile elements during early extraction of humic substances. In addition when compared with reference values, those for most elements are in agreement within uncertainty. Furthermore, this new protocol reveals important information on the partitioning of elements; for instance, steps one and two indicate which elements are associated with carbonates and organic phases from fulvic and humic acid extractions, whereas step three provides results for which elements are associated with sulfide minerals and step four indicates which elements remained in the silicate and oxide phases.