城镇化流域地下水氮素组成特征及来源解析

为揭示城镇化地区地下水氮素组成特征及来源,以深圳市坪山区麻雀坑水流域为研究区域,分别于2020年9月（丰水期）和2020年12月（枯水期）采集民井、采样井和基坑地下水样品并分析样品中氮素的组成特征,联合硝酸盐氮氧同位素和氨氮氮同位素示踪技术,识别氮素的主要来源及转化过程,结合稳定同位素源解析模型,计算不同硝酸盐来源的贡献比。结果表明：1）麻雀坑水流域地下水氮素的主要赋存形态为NO-3-N,其次是NH4+-N。NO-2-N质量浓度相对较低,平均在“三氮”中所占的比例仅为1.2%,氮素质量浓度的季节变化不显著;2）同位素示踪信号显示地下水氮素的主要来源为污水与粪便,氮的转化过程以硝化作用为主;3）稳定同位素源解析模型结果显示,丰、枯水期地下水硝酸盐不同来源的平均贡献率排序相同,为污水与粪便>土壤氮>大气氮沉降>肥料,但贡献率大小不同。丰、枯水期源于污水与粪便的地下水硝酸盐贡献率分别为45%和74%,民井与采样井、基坑地下水中硝酸盐来自污水与粪便的比例分别为68%和82%;4）已关闭养猪场的历史遗留氮素是区域地下水潜在的氮污染来源,并影响地下水氮素的转化过程,位于地下水排泄...     

应用环境同位素方法研究黑河源区水文循环特征

维持黑河流域中、下游绿洲生态和社会经济发展的水资源主要形成于祁连山区。该文在野外采样的基础上,通过测试分析不同地段、不同水体中的环境同位素(δD、δ^18O和^3H)和水化学组成特征,利用同位素混合模型,识别黑河源区地表水和地下水的来源、组成和径流过程,揭示源区的水文循环特征,在此基础上探讨源区水文循环模式。结果表明：1)黑河源区存在两类地下径流系统：局部径流系统接受局地降水和冰雪融水入渗补给,就近向河流排泄,水循环交替积极,据同位素估算结果,降水补给占76％,冰雪融水补给占24％;区域径流系统接受中高山带的降水和冰雪融水补给(补给高程大于3600m),在出山口附近的断裂带以泉的形式排泄,水循环交替缓慢。2)山区地表水由大气降水、冰雪融水和地下水组成,出山河水的构成为：降水占69％～72％,冰雪融水占23％～24％,深部地下水占5％～7％。     

粤港澳大湾区典型城镇化地区河流氮素的时空分布特征及源解析

选取粤港澳大湾区典型城镇化地区广州市的流溪河—西航道—前航道为研究对象,分别于2020年7月和2021年1月开展野外调研采样活动,收集40个地表水水样样品,通过室内分析,利用水化学和同位素（δ¹⁵N-\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}、δ¹⁸O-\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}和δ¹⁵N-\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{+}）等指标,探讨研究区河流氮素的时空分布特征及其来源,研究城市化对河流氮素的影响。结果表明：从上游到下游,人类活动对Cl^-、\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{+}-N、\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}-N、DIN（溶解态无机氮）的质量浓度影响逐渐突显;丰水期\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{+}-N、DIN较枯水期高,主要归因于外源输入的影响强于降雨量与上游来水稀释的综合作用;在溶解态总氮的组成分布上,\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{+}-N与\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}-N分别是丰水期、枯水期的主要存在形态,说明丰水期人类活动影响十分显著。丰水期\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{+}-N与Cl^-的质量浓度具有较强的正相关关系,说明丰水期\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{+}-N与Cl^-可能具有相近或相同的来源。离子比值及稳定同位素的溯源结果具有较高的一致性,均显示上游农田化肥、土壤有机氮、养殖污水为上游河道的主要氮来源,而土壤有机氮、城市污水则为下游河道氮的主要来源。     

云南雨季开始期的特征以及与南海季风和印度季风开始期的可能关系

应用EOF、Morlet小波分析方法对云南雨季开始期的时空特征及多尺度周期变化特征进行分析,使用相关分析初步分析印度季风和南海季风开始期与其关系.结果表明：（1）云南雨季开始期的EOF第一模态表明全省雨季开始期一致偏早（晚）,EOF第二模态表明滇中及以东、滇东北、滇东南、滇西南部分地区与滇西、滇西北、滇南大部分地区雨季开始期反相变化的空间分布特征.（2）云南雨季开始期存在着明显的周期性波动,连续小波变换分析表明云南雨季开始期存在2～4年和5～7年的振荡周期.（3）南海季风开始期与云南雨季开始期相关不好,印度季风开始期与云南雨季开始期存在很好的相关性.     

白江河天然和排水泥炭沼泽中4种灌木碳、氮和磷的生态化学计量学特征

2017年7月,在长白山白江河天然和排水泥炭沼泽中,分别设置了3处采样地,采集了金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)、狭叶杜香(Ledum palustre)、小叶杜鹃(Rhododendron capitatum)和油桦(Betula ovalifolia)的叶、茎和根样品,测定了其全碳、全氮和全磷含量,计算出碳氮比、碳磷比和氮磷比。研究结果表明,在长白山白江河天然和排水泥炭沼泽中,金露梅、狭叶杜香、小叶杜鹃和油桦叶片中的全氮和全磷含量远大于根和茎;天然泥炭沼泽排水后,4种灌木的茎和狭叶杜香的叶中的全碳含量都未发生显著变化,4种灌木其它器官的全碳含量都发生了显著变化;金露梅的根、狭叶杜香的茎和根、小叶杜鹃的叶和根、油桦的茎中的全氮含量发生显著变化;金露梅的叶、茎和根、狭叶杜香叶和茎、小叶杜鹃的叶、油桦的叶、茎和根中的全磷含量发生显著变化;与天然泥炭沼泽相比,除了小叶杜鹃的根外,排水泥炭沼泽中4种灌木各器官中的碳磷比都发生了显著变化;除了小叶杜鹃的茎和油桦的根外,排水泥炭沼泽中4种灌木的茎和根中的氮磷比都发生了显著变化。天然和排水泥炭沼泽中的狭叶杜香、小叶杜鹃和油桦的养分循环都处于磷限制状态。     

中国北方沙尘源区铅同位素分布特征及其示踪意义的初步研究

对中国北方沙尘源区风成沙Pb同位素的分布特征以及示踪意义进行了初步研究。结果表明,中国北方沙尘源区风成沙Pb同位素的空间分布具有明显的区域差异,毛乌素沙地具有最低的206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb值,塔克拉玛干沙漠具有最大的206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb值,其他地区介于两者之间。通过对比研究,Pb同位素在中国北方黄土、格陵兰冰芯粉尘和北太平洋深海沉积物源区示踪方面具有较好的有效性。     

新疆松湖铁矿地质特征与成矿期次划分

新疆松湖铁矿床位于伊犁地块东北部,矿体赋存于下石炭统大哈拉军山组火山碎屑岩中．目前共圈定5个矿体,L1、L2出露,IJ3、L4、L5矿体隐伏,其中L1规模最大,也是该矿床主要矿体．矿床主要矿石矿物为磁铁矿,次为赤铁矿、黄铁矿和褐铁矿．矿石构造类型主要为浸染状、块状、角砾状和条带状构造．蚀变类型主要有绿帘石化、绿泥石化、阳起石化和钾长石化．矿床形成经历了隐爆一矿浆成矿期和热液成矿期2个阶段．该矿床成因类型属于受热液作用交代改造的火山岩型铁矿．     

水文特征年内分配的优势期和优势值

用圆周方位来表示水文特征年内出现的日期,而用径向距离来表示相应的特征值,计算部分圆环面积内的密度值,绘制等密线,即得水文特征等密图。该图直观地反映了水文特征年内出现的优势中心及其相应的优势期和优势值,优势度则是它们出现的可能性大小。优势期和优势值是水文特征年内分配的一个重要特点,本文利用等密图的表示方法,揭示和分析了这一客观存在的水文现象。     

水文特征年内分配的优势期和优势值

用圆周方位来表示水文特征年内出现的日期,而用径向距离来表示相应的特征值,计算部分圆环面积内的密度值,绘制等密线,即得水文特征等密图。该图直观地反映了水文特征年内出现的优势中心及其相应的优势期和优势值,优势度则是它们出现的可能性大小。优势期和优势值是水文特征年内分配的一个重要特点,本文利用等密图的表示方法,揭示和分析了这一客观存在的水文现象。     

中国中世纪气候异常期温度的多尺度变化特征及区域差异

中世纪气候异常期（MCA,约950-1250年）是地球气候变化史上距今最近的长达数百年的典型温暖气候阶段,因此常被作为研究温暖气候及其影响与适应问题的主要历史相似型而备受瞩目。综合利用近年所发表的长度超过千年的中国4个区域（东北、西北、东中、青藏高原）高分辨率气候变化重建结果,结合历史文献的冷暖记载,采用集合经验模态分解的方法,对MCA期间中国温度的年代—多年代—百年尺度波动特征及其区域差异进行了分析。结果显示：从全国总体看,尽管在12世纪中后期存在数十年的相对冷谷,但在百年尺度上,10-13世纪是过去2000年中持续时间最长的显著暖期,且这一温暖期的起讫时间和温暖程度存在区域差异。各个区域温度变化序列的集合经验模态分解表明：在准30年尺度上,950-1130年间中国区域的温度波动位相基本同步;但在其后的1130-1250年,各区温度波动幅度变小,也存在位相差异。在准百年尺度上,各个区域均自10世纪前期起显著转暖,在MCA期间总体温暖背景下,出现2次冷波动;但除西北与东中部在整个MCA期间的百年尺度温度变化基本同步外,东北和青藏高原地区在MCA期间与其他区域存在显著的波动位相差异,且其温暖气候结束时间也较西北与东中部早40~50年。在百年以上尺度的趋势变化上,东北部和东中部2个区域均显示MCA和其后出现的小冰期（LIA）2个阶段温度差别较显著,而西北、青藏高原2个区域则均显示MCA和LIA的阶段温度差别不大。综合各种尺度的波动特征显示：MCA温暖程度在东中部与20世纪相当,在东北部较20世纪略低,在西北和青藏高原则显著低于20世纪。     

长期施肥影响下亚热带红壤性水稻土团聚体组成及氮储量分布特征

以亚热带典型红壤性水稻土为研究对象,利用干筛法研究长期单施化肥和化肥配施有机肥对耕作层和犁底层土壤团聚体组成及其全氮储量分布的影响.结果表明:＞5 mm的块状结构是土壤团聚体的主要组分,其含量比例高达65.7％～83.4％;同时,该级团聚体中全氮储量占土壤总储量的比例亦高达63.1％～82.7％,是土壤全氮储量的主要载体.随土层加深,块状结构体比例增加,其他粒级团聚体含量降低.除＜0.25 mm粒级外,团聚体中全氮含量随其粒径减小而增大,而全氮储量则呈降低趋势.施肥特别是化肥配施有机肥后同土层0.25～5 mm大团聚体含量显著增加.团聚体稳定性增强,2～5、0.5～2、0.25～0.5 mm团聚体及土壤中全氮含量和储量显著增加(P＜0.05),新增氮储量主要向大团聚体,特别是2～5 mm团聚体中富集.施肥对团聚体组成及其全氮含量的影响随土层加深而减弱.与单施化肥相比较,化肥配施有机肥显著提升犁底层和全层土壤全氮储量(P＜0.05),是更好的施肥模式,可在亚热带红壤性水稻土分布区推广应用.     

我国省域创新产出的空间特征和时空演化——基于探索性空间数据分析的实证

以我国31个省域作为空间观测单元,以专利申请受理数作为创新产出的衡量指标,对我国1997～2008年期间省域创新产出的空间分布进行了探索性空间数据分析(ESDA)。通过计算区位基尼系数和集中度指数,发现我国的创新活动显示了相当高水平的空间集中,并且这种集中程度在过去的十多年里表现出了稳定的增长趋势;对全局的Moran’s I统计分析表明:省际创新活动之间存在着显著的空间自相关(空间依赖性),证明了知识溢出的存在性和空间局限性;对局部的Moran’s I分析进一步揭示了省际创新活动水平的相关模式,Moran散点图刻画了创新活动的空间集聚模式及其时空演变态势。研究结果说明经过十几年的发展,我国省域创新活动的地域性特征十分显著。     

挠力河流域耕地水分盈亏时空变化特征及趋势模拟

为揭示挠力河流域耕地资源水分盈亏态势,以遥感影像、DEM数据和气象台站数据为基本信息源,基于遥感和GIS技术,对流域1990-2014年间耕地水分盈亏时空变化特征进行研究,并运用情景模拟技术模拟未来水分盈亏态势。结果表明：24 a间流域耕地面积增长放缓,1990-2002年水田急剧增加,旱地轻微上升,2002-2014年水田增长速度急剧下降,旱地面积减小;耕地水分盈亏程度变化明显,各等级耕地空间分布差异大,1990-2002年以中度和重度缺水变化为主,基本不存在严重缺水区,2002-2014年,轻度缺水区面积变化最大,重度缺水区缓慢下降。正常缺水是3期面积最大的缺水等级;模拟显示未来流域水分亏缺态势将更加严峻,高MPLD指数区分布更为集中,局部高水分亏缺区面积会进一步扩大,除轻度缺水区逐渐减少外,其余4种类型缺水区均保持增加,其中重度缺水区将大量增加。该研究结果可为挠力河流域农田灌溉方案的制定提供借鉴和参考。     

Distribution characteristics of SOM and nitrogen on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain

Soil is the largest carbon pool of terrestrial ecosystem, and its carbon content accounts for two thirds of the whole terrestrial ecosystem (Schlesinger, 1990). The soil organic matter (SOM) content and turnover rate exert impacts directly on the terrestrial ecosystem and global carbon cycles. Nitrogen is the main limiting factor constraining the plant growth (Vitousek etal., 1997; Pamela etal., 2002). Changes of the nitrogen content will change the microbial respiration through changing the…     

Distribution characteristics of SOM and nitrogen on the eastern slope of Gongga Mountain

The distribution of soil organic matter (SOM) and nitrogen on Gongga Mountain was studied in this paper. The results showed that the content of SOM and nitrogen (N) of A horizon had an ascending trend with the increase of the elevation. The vegetation types distributed higher than the mixed broad-leaved and coniferous forest have the irregular trends. In the transitional zone vegetation such as mixed trees and treeline, the content of SOM and N is higher than other vegetation types. The distribution of SOM and N of A horizon is dependent on the synthetic effect of climate and vegetation types. The vertical distribution of SOM and N in soil profiles has the similar trends for all kinds of vegetation types, i.e., the content of A horizon is higher than that of the B and C horizons, which is the same to the distribution of dead animal and plant in soil. The soil C:N is between 7 and 25, which is relatively low comparing to the appropriate C:N of 25-30. The ratio of soil carbon to nitrogen (C:N) increases with the increase of the elevation, but its vertical distribution in soil horizons varies with different vegetation types. The N exists in SOM mainly in the form of organic nitrogen, and the soil C:N correlates significantly with SOM.     

贡嘎山东坡土壤有机质及氮素分布特征

The distribution of soil organic matter (SOM) and nitrogen on Gongga Mountain was studied in this paper. The results showed that the content of SOM and nitrogen (N) of A horizon had an ascending trend with the increase of the elevation. The vegetation types distributed higher than the mixed broad-leaved and coniferous forest have the irregular trends. In the transitional zone vegetation such as mixed trees and treeline, the content of SOM and N is higher than other vegetation types. The distribution of SOM and N of A horizon is dependent on the synthetic effect of climate and vegetation types. The vertical distribution of SOM and N in soil profiles has the similar trends for all kinds of vegetation types, i.e., the content of A horizon is higher than that of the B and C horizons, which is the same to the distribution of dead animal and plant in soil. The soil C:N is between 7 and 25, which is relatively low comparing to the appropriate C:N of 25-30. The ratio of soil carbon to nitrogen (C:N) increases with the increase of the elevation, but its vertical distribution in soil horizons varies with different vegetation types. The N exists in SOM mainly in the form of organic nitrogen, and the soil C:N correlates significantly with SOM.     

Different characteristics of the structure of atmospheric boundary layer between dry and rainy periods over the northern Tibetan Plateau

In this paper, based on in-situ observational data of the Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP) Asia-Australia Monsoon Project (CAMP) on the Tibetan Plateau (CAMP-Tibet), structure of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) was preliminarily studied during the dry and rainy seasons. The main results show: (a) Diurnal variation of the ABL is obvious over the northern Tibetan Plateau area. The height of the ABL is different with the season change, which ranges from 2,211 m to 4,430 m during the pre-monsoon season and from 1,006 m to 2,212 m during the monsoon season. The ABL height is higher during the dry period than during the rainy period. (b) The humidity is lower during the dry period than during the rainy period, and there are reverse humidity during both periods. (c) Horizontal wind direction is mostly west during the dry period, east under the height of 2,500 m and west above the height of 2,500 m during the rainy period. The wind speed is low during both the rainy and dry periods in the lower ABL layer. The wind speed is stronger within the upper ABL during the dry period than during the rainy period.     

施氮时期对‘马瑟兰’葡萄果实芳香物质组分与含量的影响

采用顶空固相微萃取技术（HS-SPME）、气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）对‘马瑟兰’葡萄果实中芳香物质成分进行分析,分别在萌芽期、新梢旺长期、开花期、果实第1次膨大期、副梢旺长期和果实第二次膨大期一次性施入氮肥,以不施氮肥作为对照（CK）,研究不同施氮时期对果实芳香物质组分及含量的影响。结果表明：‘马瑟兰’葡萄果实中共检测出40种芳香物质成分,总含量为1 789.49—3 320.29 μg·kg^-1,其中有11种特征香气成分,以醇类和醛类化合物为主,氮素施用时期对果实芳香物质的成分和含量均有显著的影响;施氮可改变果实的香味特征,果实第二次膨大期施氮果实中芳香物质总含量最高且种类较多,有利于提高醇类、醛类及烷烃类化合物含量;该处理改变了果实以草香味为主的香味特征,此时花香和脂膏香最为浓郁;开花期施氮果实中草香、脂膏香和花香基本平衡,同时增加了果香味的比例。通过氮素施用时期可调控葡萄果实芳香物质的形成,进而改善果实的酿造品质。     

The hydrological effect between Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake during the initial period of Three Gorges Project operation

Based on the measured hydrological data from 1951 to 2008, the chain hydrological effect between Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake is analyzed by comparative method after the Three Gorges Project operation. The result indicates that 1) the scouring amount in Jingjiang River made up 78.9% of the total from Yichang to Chenglingji, and its average scouring intensity was higher than the latter; 2) the water and sand diversion rates at the three outlets of the Jingjiang River were reduced by 2.33% and 2.78% separately; 3) the proportion of multi-year average runoff and sediment through the three outlets in the total into the Dongting Lake decreased by 7.7% and 24.4% respectively; 4) in Dongting Lake, the speed of sediment accumulation was lowered by 26.7%, in flood season, the runoff amount was 20.2% less than the multi-year average value, leading to seasonal scarcity of water year by year. The former prolonged the lake life, while the latter induced droughts in summer and fall in successive years, shortage of drinking and industrial water, shipping insecurity, as well as ecological problems such as decrease of birds and quick increase of Microtus fortis; 5) The multi-year average values of sediment and flood transporting capacity at the lake outlet were respectively increased by 26.6% and 3.7%, the embankments were protected effectively. Then, to adapt to the new change of the river-lake relation, some suggestions were put forward, such as optimizing further operation program of the Three Gorges Reservoir, reexamining the idea of river and lake regulation, and maintaining connection of the river and the lake.