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1.
主要基于华北平原上93个钻孔中沉积物详细观测和分析数据,结合182组14C测年和埋深数据、参考前人黄河下游河道历史变迁及其他相关研究成果,估算出2600年以来黄河下游在602BC~11A.D.,11~1034A.D.,1034~1128A.D.,1128~1855A.D.和1855~1997A.D.等5个历史时期的年平均沉积量分别是3.89×108t/a,2.24×108t/a,6.63×108t/a,6.78×108t/a和8.47×108t/a。通过建立黄河下游有无堤防和决溢频率与泥沙输移比的关系,计算出5个时期黄河上中游的平均年输沙量分别是6.2×108t/a,6.8×108t/a,8.3×108t/a,11.5×108t/a和15.3×108t/a。进而探讨了黄河输沙量变化的主要原因,以及历史上王景治河后出现的600年安流时期的原因。 相似文献
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通过对潘谢矿区新生界底部沉积物岩性特征、厚度分布、物质来源及沉积剖面等综合分析,得出该矿区古地形主要受构造、岩性以及风化作用等控制,在此基础上形成的底部砾石层与"红层"在整个空间分布呈非均匀性的特征,东部潘集矿区以砂砾层、砂层和含砾石粘土层为主,沉积厚度大,物源为就地风化和远处水流搬运物;西部张谢矿区以"红层"为主,成分混杂,厚度小,不连续,主要分布在山前低洼处,为山区"剥高填低、就地沉积"的沉积特征。底部松散沉积物主要有洪积环境、坡积环境以及河流环境下形成的沉积物,并依此推断了潘谢矿区底部松散层的沉积演化过程,洪积和河流冲刷作用对沉积物的形成及改造较为突出。研究成果为矿井在开采浅部煤层过程中,对于"底含"水的防治提供了重要的参考依据。 相似文献
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河口悬沙属性的现场观测对于泥沙输移和沉积过程研究具有重要的意义,现场超声探测较其他观测技术和方法具有较大的优势.本文应用ASSM-Ⅱ型声学悬浮泥沙观测系统对长江口悬沙输移扩散进行高分辨率观测,洪季涨潮期现场观测发现:①在潮流和颗粒重力共同作用下,抛泥泥沙同时存在输移扩散和沉降过程;②抛泥泥沙输移扩散存在2种基本的模式,即表层低密度羽状流和底层高密度羽状流.在正常天气涨潮流作用下,泥沙沉降可形成二级泥跃层,平流输送和沿程密度差产生的压力梯度形成底层高密度羽状流,它是泥沙输移扩散的主要方式. 相似文献
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文章试图在海岸与陆架沉积的基本动力过程、全球变化影响和地层记录等方面提出新的科学问题和基础研究建议。在基本动力过程研究上,底部边界层过程的垂向尺度和悬沙浓度影响、陆架环流和水团运动的悬沙输运效应、河口与陆架密度流形成机理、大型河流的水下三角洲和斜坡沉积的形成过程、浊流运动特征以及物理海洋过程响应等是值得重视的问题; 在全球变化影响方面,需深入研究流域变化和生物礁演化与碳埋藏的关系、沉积环境的系统状况转换及动力过程变异、沉积体系演化的定量模拟方法等问题; 在地层记录方面,应加强陆架与海岸沉积体系中全球变化记录的高分辨率信息提取、多种沉积记录信息的整合方法、沉积体系和记录形成的数值模拟、气候变化效应的地层记录模拟、沉积体系的信息分析模型等研究。 相似文献
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根据2013年8月在海南岛新村和黎安港潟湖定点站位进行的水位、流速和悬沙浓度的全潮测量数据, 分析了双湖的流速结构和悬沙浓度的时空分布特征; 同时, 利用机制分解法研究湾内悬沙输运特征和机制, 并探讨了双湖沉积动力过程与地貌特征的关系。结果表明, 新村、黎安港海域受不规则全日潮控制, 潮流为往复流, 落潮流略强于涨潮流; 本区悬沙浓度较低, 且变化不大, 属于低悬沙浓度、弱潮流作用的沙坝潟湖海岸。通量分解结果显示, 欧拉余流和潮汐捕捉效应是此海域悬沙输运的主要贡献项;其中, 新村港的悬沙输运以欧拉余流输运为主, 黎安港以潮汐捕捉效应和重力环流作用占优, 两湖悬沙均有向外海输运的趋势。 相似文献
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2007年7月在上海崇明东滩盐沼内部采用复合测量手段进行了现场观测,对取得的盐沼水动力过程数据进行了较系统的分析。崇明东滩盐沼内部的观测及分析结果表明:(1)潮沟及盐沼表面对潮波产生严重阻尼作用,潮波传播至盐沼内部时,潮沟水位波动明显异于外海,水位上升极快,而下降慢。当潮沟有退水时,涨潮初期的当地水位上升并不是潮水进入潮沟的结果,而是流向相反的潮沟进口涨潮水和潮沟内退潮水形成的水位壅高;(2)潮波进入盐沼内部时,风具有一定作用,向岸风可抬高潮沟及盐沼内部水位,离岸风反之;(3)潮沟水流流速与潮沟水位变化率、外海潮位变化率都不存在相关关系;(4)潮沟水位低时,过流断面较小,涨潮水进入潮沟时,潮沟水一旦改变流向,就具备很高的流速并伴随流速峰值的出现。潮沟水向盐沼表面漫溢时,过流断面突变,潮沟流速出现峰值。由于潮沟退潮水位变化慢,盐沼表面水归槽时并没有产生潮沟流速峰值。根据崇明东滩观测结果,概括了盐沼水动力过程的影响因素,指出了以后研究应重视的问题。 相似文献
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在非饱和多孔介质渗流分析中,近饱和条件下物理模型与数值模型之间的差异会导致数值不稳定问题。为解决这一问题,并保证模拟结果的可靠性,提出了3种方法,并在有限元分析程序U-DYSAC2中分别进行了程序代码的实施。通过数值试验与试验数据的比较,证实了在近饱和条件下土-水特征曲线和水力传导函数的高非线性可引起数值收敛性、稳定性和精度问题,而且在不同条件下含水率和基质吸力的预测结果差异明显。在3种方法中,修正的Van Genuchten模型(MVGM)方法对含水率的预测较为准确,而Line方法对基质吸力的预测较为合理。因此,解决在分析近饱和条件下非饱和多孔介质渗流问题时,为获得接近真实的模拟结果,采用合适的数值方法进行预测是非常关键的。 相似文献
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曲流河浅水三角洲沉积过程与沉积模式探讨——沉积过程数值模拟与现代沉积分析的启示 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
浅水曲流河三角洲是近年来沉积学研究的热点和油气勘探的重点对象,国内外学者基于地下储层、露头、现代沉积进行了大量研究,关于浅水曲流河三角洲的沉积特征与沉积模式,不同学者往往持不同观点,在缺乏沉积过程与演化特征观察、分析的现状下,很难统一认识。基于此,本文选取鄱阳湖赣江三角洲这一典型的浅水曲流河三角洲,根据其水动力、水深、沉积物供给等数据,采用基于泥沙水动力学的沉积过程数值模拟软件(Delft3D)再现浅水曲流河三角洲的生长与演化过程,并与现代浅水曲流河三角洲对比验证,建立浅水曲流河三角洲沉积模式。研究表明:(1)在浅水环境下,曲流河三角洲快速向湖生长,三角洲前缘持续向前延伸并快速平原化,具有典型的宽平原-窄前缘的特征。三角洲垂向沉积厚度较小,但底积-前积-顶积三层结构完整。(2)浅水曲流河三角洲平原发育数条同期活跃的高弯度分流河道,在平原近端,分流河道存在频繁的侧向迁移现象,可对先期三角洲前缘、前三角洲沉积侵蚀改造,形成串珠状点坝,经长期侧向迁移可形成大规模的长条宽带状分流河道复合体,分流河道对先期沉积体的长期改造使得大部分厚层砂体呈正韵律,导致先期河口坝保存程度较低;在前缘远端,由于堤岸不稳定,分流河道往往存在决口改道现象,废弃的水道缺乏砂质沉积物供给而成为高泥质充填水道,多条废弃分流河道在三角洲平原远端形成高泥质充填河网系统。(3)浅水曲流河三角洲前缘水下分流河道是平原分流河道在水体中的短程延伸,水道长约300m,由于水体较浅,河口处水流冲刷能力较强,水携沉积物多在水下分流河道侧缘堆积形成指状坝。由于分流河道建设性极强,水下分流河道往往频繁发生决口或侧向摆动,经多期复合,可形成多分叉复合体指状坝,而前缘水下分流河道在废弃后往往被泥质充填。(4)受三角洲平原远端水道决口改道的控制,前缘多分叉指状复合坝沿岸线迁移,可形成大面积近等厚砂体。 相似文献
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Although the supply and fate of suspended sediment is of fundamental importance to the functioning and morphological evolution
of muddy estuaries, reliable sediment budgets have been established in only a few cases. Especially for smaller estuaries,
inadequate bathymetric surveys and a lack of intertidal sedimentation data often preclude estimation of the sediment budget
from morphological change, while instrument-derived residual fluxes typically lie well within the errors associated with measurement
of much larger gross tidal transports. Given suitably long-term records of continuously monitored suspended sediment concentration
(SSC), however, analysis of the major scales of variation in sediment transport and their relation to hydrodynamic and meteorological
forcing permits qualitative testing of hypotheses suggested by directly measured residual fluxes. This paper analyzes data
from a 1-year acoustic Doppler profiler deployment in the Blyth estuary, a muddy mesotidal barrier-enclosed system on the
UK east coast. Flux calculations indicate a small sediment import equivalent to just 1.5% of the gross flood tide transport.
Little confidence can be assigned to either the magnitude or direction of such a small residual when considered in isolation.
However, the inference that the sediment regime is finely balanced is qualitatively supported by the close similarity between
flood-tide and ebb-tide SSC values. Singular spectrum analysis of the SSC time series shows the expectedly large contributions
to the variance in SSC at intratidal and subtidal (semimonthly and monthly) scales but also picks out intermittent variability
that is initially attributed to a combination of non-tidal surge and wind stress forcing. Closer examination of the data through
cross-correlograms and event-scale analysis indicates that local meteorological forcing is the major factor. Acting through
the resuspension of intertidal mudflat sediments at times of strong westerlies, meteorological forcing is directly implicated
in episodic sediment export from the estuary. Thresholding of tide-averaged fluxes using a range of critical wind stress values
further indicates that ‘tide-dominated’ (i.e., low wind stress) and ‘wave-dominated’ (high wind stress) conditions are associated
with sediment import and export. Sediment balance is potentially sensitive to the frequency of high wind stress events, since
the associated sediment exports are several times larger than the average import under calm conditions. Intermittent meteorological
forcing may thus exert an important control on the sedimentary balance of otherwise tidally dominated muddy estuarine systems,
and the role of wind climate should not be overlooked in studies of estuary response to environmental change. 相似文献
12.
浅海底边界动力过程与物质交换研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
浅海底边界动力过程是能量分配、颗粒物输运和水—底边界物质交换的关键环节,深入研究浅海底边界动力过程是提高环境容纳量预测能力的重要前提。分析了国内外该研究方向的进展和现状,提出在黄海中部和长江口外两个典型海区,以集成先进设备的海床基观测平台和水体要素连续观测的研究策略,获得底边界流场结构、水体和底边界湍流混合特征、底耗散动力学参数、底颗粒物浓度和梯度变化等规律,建立潮汐、层化、海浪等不同动力条件下底边界动力过程参数化方案,研究沉积物启动、沉降等动力学规律,以数值模式探讨海底拖曳力变化对潮流和环流结构的影响;了解颗粒物组成的季节变化及对起动、再悬浮、絮凝等动力过程的影响,以颗粒物输运模型研究中国近海沉积物源汇分布;以同位素示踪研究底界面交换对动力过程的响应。为解决面临的2个科学问题:①中国近海底边界能量耗散在能量分配中的作用;②中国近海底边界动力过程、颗粒物输运与物质交换的多时空尺度变化规律,奠定基础。 相似文献
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通过对渤海湾西部永定新河河口潮间带区海水及沉积物中重金属含量及污染状况的研究,认为海水中重金属含量平均值的大小顺序为Zn>Cu>Pb>Hg>Cd;因海水中重金属输入径的不同,不同潮期海水中重金属含量存在差异:大潮期海水中重金属Cu,Pb和Hg的含量大于小潮期海水中的含量,而重金属Zn和Cd的含量则小于小潮期海水中的含量;因受海水中悬浮物含量、种类及河口区成淡水混合发生絮凝作用等的影响,海水中重金属含量在垂向上也存在差异.无论是大潮期还是小潮期,海水中重金属舍量总是表层略大于底层;按一类水质标准对海水中重金属污染状况的分析,认为研究区海水已局部受到重金属污染,污染最严重的是重金属Zn,其次为重金属Pb,Hg和Cu,不存在重金属Cd污染;沉积物中重金属舍量平均值的大小顺序与海水中的相同,说明海水与沉积物中重金属循环处于相对平衡状态.沉积物中重金属含量平均值均在渤海湾环境背景值范围内,且是渤海海域含量最低的区域.经过对沉积物重金属污染状况的分析,研究区沉积物重金属污染轻微. 相似文献
14.
辽河口海口沉积特征及潮滩动态预测 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
本文以翔实的调查资料较详细的叙述了辽河口浅海区的沉积特征,分别总结了潮滩、浅海、潮道及潮沟等单元体的沉积特征,并分析了各单元体的沉积过程,文章重点叙述了潮滩的动态变化,并根据210Pb测定沉积速率资料及河流输沙量观测资料,分别建立预测方程,估算了双台河口东、西两段潮滩的极限淤涨时间及潮滩淤涨高度预测,两种计算方法所获得的结果基本上一致。 相似文献
15.
珠江河口沉积物粒度特征及其对底层水动力环境的指示 总被引:14,自引:3,他引:14
珠江口伶仃洋及邻近海域沉积物粒级变化大。频率分布曲线形态的变化揭示了珠江河口不同区域泥沙来源的差异。在平面分布上,粗粒级含量从西北部和北部向东南部迅速降低,而细粒级含量高值往往出现在河口中部。表层沉积物平均粒径梯度变化方向与珠江口悬浮物的运移方向大致吻合。反演获得的底层海流不同区域的优势速度与实测资料相符。两者较好地指示了沉积物多年平均优势海流速度和方向,表明利用沉积物粒度数据比较成功地反演出了珠江口沉积物推积前的搬运水动力环境。 相似文献
16.
Backwater tidal sloughs are commonly found at the landward boundary of estuaries. The Cache Slough complex is a backwater tidal region within the Upper Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta that includes two features that are relevant for resource managers: (1) relatively high abundance of the endangered fish, delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus), which prefers turbid water and (2) a recently flooded shallow island, Liberty Island, that is a prototype for habitat restoration. We characterized the turbidity around Liberty Island by measuring suspended-sediment flux at four locations from July 2008 through December 2010. An estuarine turbidity maximum in the backwater Cache Slough complex is created by tidal asymmetry, a limited tidal excursion, and wind-wave resuspension. During the study, there was a net export of sediment, though sediment accumulates within the region from landward tidal transport during the dry season. Sediment is continually resuspended by both wind waves and flood tide currents. The suspended-sediment mass oscillates within the region until winter freshwater flow pulses flush it seaward. The hydrodynamic characteristics within the backwater region such as low freshwater flow during the dry season, flood tide dominance, and a limited tidal excursion favor sediment retention. 相似文献
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Brian A. Bergamaschi Jacob A. Fleck Bryan D. Downing Emmanuel Boss Brian A. Pellerin Neil K. Ganju David H. Schoellhamer Amy A. Byington Wesley A. Heim Mark Stephenson Roger Fujii 《Estuaries and Coasts》2012,35(4):1036-1048
We used high-resolution in situ measurements of turbidity and fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) to quantitatively estimate the tidally driven exchange of mercury (Hg) between the waters of the San Francisco estuary and Browns Island, a tidal wetland. Turbidity and FDOM??representative of particle-associated and filter-passing Hg, respectively??together predicted 94?% of the observed variability in measured total mercury concentration in unfiltered water samples (UTHg) collected during a single tidal cycle in spring, fall, and winter, 2005?C2006. Continuous in situ turbidity and FDOM data spanning at least a full spring-neap period were used to generate UTHg concentration time series using this relationship, and then combined with water discharge measurements to calculate Hg fluxes in each season. Wetlands are generally considered to be sinks for sediment and associated mercury. However, during the three periods of monitoring, Browns Island wetland did not appreciably accumulate Hg. Instead, gradual tidally driven export of UTHg from the wetland offset the large episodic on-island fluxes associated with high wind events. Exports were highest during large spring tides, when ebbing waters relatively enriched in FDOM, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and filter-passing mercury drained from the marsh into the open waters of the estuary. On-island flux of UTHg, which was largely particle-associated, was highest during strong winds coincident with flood tides. Our results demonstrate that processes driving UTHg fluxes in tidal wetlands encompass both the dissolved and particulate phases and multiple timescales, necessitating longer term monitoring to adequately quantify fluxes. 相似文献
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涨落潮槽是河口区的重要地貌单元,涨落潮槽的水动力有着明显的差异。通过对涨潮槽新桥水道和南小泓以及落潮槽南支主槽和南港表层沉积物的粒度、粘土矿物、重矿物以及磁性特征分析,发现落潮槽表层沉积物的粒径较粗,为粉砂质砂,涨潮槽沉积物主要是砂质粉砂。在双向水流的作用下,粘土矿物重新发生分配,涨落潮槽粘土矿物的组分变化不大。涨潮槽的重矿物颗粒百分含量中,稳定的不透明矿物比落潮槽有所减少,而比重小的片状矿物有所增加,碳酸盐含量较高。磁性矿物的含量在不同的地方相差很大,落潮槽中的亚铁磁性矿物含量高于涨潮槽。这些沉积特性的不同是对涨落潮槽内水动力差异响应的结果。 相似文献
20.
Dynamics of Bottom Boundary Layers in the Yellow River Subaqueous Delta Based on Long-Term In-Situ Observations 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
ZHU Chaoqi JIA Yonggang WANG Zhenhao GUO Lei SHAN Hongxian LIU Xiaolei ZHANG Minsheng 《《地质学报》英文版》2017,91(1):369-370
<正>Objective In geo-marine science,the generalized bottom boundary layer(BBL)represents a layer between sediments and seawater.The BBL plays an important role in geological,geobiochemical,geophysical and geotechnical research because it is the connection region of hydrosphere, 相似文献