我国夕卡岩铁(铜)矿床伴生钴的地球化学特征

夕卡岩铁(铜)矿床中伴生的钴,占全国钴总储量的14.9%,是我国钻矿原料的重要来源之一.本文根据我们多年的工作成果和有关资料,对该类钴矿的某些地球化学特征,进行初步探讨.一钴的地球化学属性及其在夕卡岩矿床中的富集情况钴是一个高度分散的元素,自然界中难以形成独立的矿床.钴的地壳丰度为O.0025%,地核丰度0.042%,地球丰度0.026%(黎彤,1976),地壳丰度与地核丰度之比为1∶17,即具有地壳分散、地核富集的特征.钴具有亲铁和亲硫的双重性质.亲铁性表现在地核中铁、镍、钴可以互熔并高度富集,亲硫性远不及镍、铜,在岩浆矿床中难     

我国钴镍矿床的成矿规律、科学问题、勘查技术瓶颈与研究展望

钴镍矿床主要有四类：岩浆型、红土型、沉积岩-变沉积岩容矿型和热液型。本文提出“纽带矿床”的概念,是指兼具多种不同类型或不同成矿元素组合的矿床,是不同矿床类型之间连接以及与成矿理论连接的结合点,也是成矿模型与找矿模型之间的纽带。从金属共生关系的角度看,镍矿普遍伴生钴,但钴矿未必有镍;从元素地球化学的角度看,钴和镍在深部岩浆过程多共生,而在浅表热液、风化和沉积等过程多分离。据此提出钴镍成矿的关键科学问题为钴镍共生、分离和富集机理,主要包括：(1)岩浆-热液过程中的钴镍分离与富集机理;(2)风化-沉积过程中的钴镍共生-分离-富集机理。通过对四种类型典型矿床和纽带矿床的解剖,结合实验岩石学及数值模拟计算与钴镍赋存状态及富集规律的研究,有助于建立完整的钴镍成矿理论体系。同时,从更大尺度上来看,钴镍成矿和重大地质事件具有一定的耦合关系,镁铁-超镁铁岩体的成矿差异与构造背景息息相关,而热液改造在钴超常富集方面可能起到至关重要的作用。钴镍矿床赋矿地质体产状复杂多变,含矿岩体与围岩之间物性相似,钴-镍赋存状态多样,迫切要求解决钴镍矿床勘查的关键技术问题为多元多尺度勘查技术体系与含矿性评价,主要包括：(1...     

夏日哈木镍钴硫化物矿床镍钴赋存状态及其地质意义

东昆仑造山带夏日哈木超大型镍钴硫化物矿床伴生钴资源,对其钴富集机制的认识离不开矿物中钴含量及其赋存状态方面的制约。本文采用场发射-扫描电子显微镜-能谱分析和电子探针对夏日哈木I号镁铁-超镁铁质岩体中不同类型的矿物进行了成矿元素含量测定及表征,在矿物层面探讨了钴含量变化和赋存状态。确认钴镍的赋存状态(含量)与矿物类型、岩浆结晶阶段(演化时间)有关：硫(砷)化物的钴含量高于硅酸盐造岩矿物,辉砷钴矿等砷化物钴独立矿物具有最高的钴含量。镁铁质岩浆硫不饱和时,早期结晶橄榄石中镍含量较高,中期结晶辉石岩的辉石晶体结构中的钴发生晶体化学分散;岩浆硫饱和-硫化物熔离过程中钴和镍优先进入硫化物熔体而富集,单硫化物固溶体(MSS)早期结晶的磁黄铁矿中钴含量大于镍含量,钴与镍含量正相关;MSS中期结晶的镍黄铁矿优先富集钴,钴与镍含量负相关,钴可能与镍类质同象替换进入镍黄铁矿而优先富集;MSS早期钴与砷形成辉砷钴矿等钴独立矿物,钴富集程度高、但总量有限。最后,本文认为硫化物熔离是夏日哈木矿床钴富集的主要机制。     

博茨瓦纳三级成矿区带划分

博茨瓦纳以盛产金刚石闻名于世,但其基础地质和矿产地质研究的程度并不高。文章依据地质构造单元、主要矿种和主要成矿类型的成矿单元划分原则,将博茨瓦纳划分为太古宙津巴布韦克拉通铜-镍-钴-金多金属成矿带、太古宙卡普瓦尔克拉通铁-锰-金多金属成矿带、古元古代林波波铜-镍成矿带、太古宙刚果克拉通(铜)成矿带、新元古代达马拉铜-锡成矿区、卡拉哈里盆地煤-金刚石-铀成矿区等6个Ⅲ级成矿区带,并对这些成矿区带的主要特征进行了阐述。     

铜转炉渣中钴的载体矿物在酸解中的行为

用光学显微镜、X射线衍射谱、扫描电子显微镜、X射线能谱和X射线波谱并辅以化学物相分析进行了铜转炉渣及其加工产物的工艺矿物学研究。查明了铜转炉渣主要由铁橄榄石和铁酸盐（磁铁矿）以及少量玻璃相组成，铜呈冰铜相主要嵌布于铁酸盐之间，钴则主要以类质同象形式取代铁橄榄石和磁铁矿晶格中部分Fe^2 ，作为氧化物富集其中。在酸解中铁橄榄石和铁酸盐均发生分解，使冰铜相得以解离，铁和钴则转化为可溶性硫酸盐，随后被浸出。铁酸盐分解不完全是影响钴浸出率的主要原因。     

ICP法测定化探矿样中的微量元素

介绍在ＰＡＮ－铜试剂－柠檬酸体系中分离富集、ＩＣＰ－１００型仪器同时测定化探样品中微量铜、铅、锌、镉、钴、镍６元素的新方法。     

造山带环境钴岩浆成矿作用——以夏日哈木镍钴硫化物矿床为例

东昆仑造山带新发现的夏日哈木和石头坑德等岩浆镍钴硫化物矿床伴生有钴资源,它们与区域上火山-热液型、喷流沉积型等钴独立矿床共同指向早古生代镁铁质岩浆活动相关的钴成矿作用,表明镁铁质岩浆是区域钴富集成矿的重要载体,并预示东昆仑造山带的钴成矿潜力巨大。夏日哈木超大型镍钴硫化物矿床为造山带环境镍钴岩浆成矿作用的产物,本文在现有岩石地球化学数据甄别的基础上,分析了不同岩相和矿物Co、Ni和Cu等成矿元素的含量变化特征,探讨了镁铁质岩浆钴富集机制和控制因素。镁铁—超镁铁质岩具有较高的钴含量,随空间位置(期次)、岩石与矿物类型钴含量变化较大。在Mg O含量最高的橄榄岩、辉石岩相中钴富集,在硫化物矿物中钴含量较高。钴含量与全岩Mg O、硫、镍和铜含量正相关,这些规律表明夏日哈木镁铁质岩浆富集钴金属,不同期次岩浆中钴的富集程度不同,硫化物熔体是钴富集的主要途径之一,岩浆演化过程中钴在矿物中的富集机制需要原子层面钴赋存状态的系统认识。     

山东莱芜张家洼铁矿平炉富矿和伴生的铜钴组分研究

山东莱芜张家洼铁矿赋存于矿山弧形背斜倾没端,已查明平炉富矿资源储量7 060×104t,伴生组分铜金属资源储量217 256.1t,钴金属资源储量48 548.3t。根据平炉富矿、伴生组分铜钴主要分布在假整合面及其复合部位,以及赋存在本溪组中的矿床（体）铁（铜）硫特高的特点,认为矿质与月门沟群本溪组中的山西式铁矿以及铁铝页岩层位中Fe,Cu,Co元素的高背景值有关。山西式铁矿和铁铝页岩层位或因热液作用就地改造叠加,在假整合面及附近形成复合矿体,并局部构成平炉富矿和伴生的铜、钴资源;或因构造沟通,被活化迁移至接触带与围岩中,产生双交代渗滤作用,形成接触带及附近的复合矿体,并构成少量平炉富矿与伴生的铜、钴资源。因此,山西式铁矿和本溪组铁铝页岩是平炉富矿和伴生组分铜、钴的重要物质来源。     

新疆北山坡一镍矿床中钴的赋存状态、地球化学特征及其对钴成矿的启示

钴作为当今社会必需的一种关键矿产资源,岩浆铜镍矿床是我国钴资源供应的重要矿床种类之一,该类矿床中钴元素通常赋存于镁铁质硅酸盐矿物、硫化物、类硫化物和铁氧化物中,然而镁铁质硅酸盐和铁氧化物中的钴难以分选利用,因此钴赋存状态的厘定是铜镍矿床中钴资源评价和利用的重要前提。新疆东天山-北山地区发育大量晚古生代、普遍伴生钴的岩浆铜镍矿床,其中位于北山地区的坡一镍矿床以赋含高镍硫化物为特色,是研究岩浆铜镍矿床中钴元素的赋存状态、分布特征以及钴与镍相互关系的理想对象。坡一镍矿的含矿岩相主要为单辉橄榄岩、纯橄岩和橄长岩,以稀疏浸染状矿化为主,钴主要以类质同象形式赋存于镍黄铁矿,其次为铬尖晶石、橄榄石和磁黄铁矿,少见独立钴矿物。矿物微区原位分析结果显示原生矿物中钴含量由高到低依次为镍黄铁矿(～8404×10^-6)>>铬尖晶石(～475×10^-6)>磁黄铁矿(高Ni含量)(～299×10^-6)>橄榄石(～137×10^-6)>黄铜矿(～13.0×10^-6)>磁黄铁...     

中非铜钴矿带钴矿成矿特征和富集机理

中非铜钴矿带是世界上规模大、铜钴品位高的层控型铜钴矿带,以拥有大型超大型铜钴矿床和众多的世界级铜钴矿山而闻名于世。本文综述了该成矿带的基本地质特征和矿化类型,分析了Co的超常富集机理,指出了存在的问题。中非铜钴矿带位于非洲中南部的赞比亚和刚果（金）境内,全长700 km、宽150 km,包括赞比亚铜带省矿带、赞比亚西北省矿带和刚果（金）加丹加矿带。钴矿的形成经历了裂谷期成岩成矿作用（880～735 Ma）和造山期成矿作用（530～490 Ma）,分别与新元古代加丹加沉积盆地的形成发展演化和卢富里安造山作用相对应。其成因类型包括同生沉积型钴矿床和热液改造型富钴矿床。沉积型钴矿在赞比亚境内发育,钴含量相对较低;热液改造型富钴矿床在刚果（金）境内更为发育,钴含量相对较高。钴与铜共生或伴生,主要含钴矿物为硫铜钴矿、方钴矿、硫钴矿、钴黄铁矿、水钴矿、钴华、菱钴矿等。Co的超常富集与由卤水在深部交代基底岩石（矿石）形成的富金属成矿流体通过迁移-富集-沉淀作用的多期次循环有关。矿床的氧化带、原生带分带明显,局部氧化深度达到300 m,表生氧化作用往往造成钴矿化富集。该区富钴矿床整体地质研究程度较低,...     

REGULARITIES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF NONFERROUS AND PRECIOUS METALS IN PRINCIPAL ORE MINERALS AND SILICATES OF THE NORIL'SK DEPOSITS

The results of a study of copper, nickel, cobalt, platinum, palladium, gold, and rhodium distribution in basic ore-forming sulfide minerals (chalcopyrite and pyrrhotites) as well as in the silicate portion of the host rocks of the Noril'sk deposit, are given. Interrelations between metals in different sulfide minerals and silicates are characterized. It has been established that palladium, platinum, and gold are concentrated in chalcopyrite while cobalt and rhodium are concentrated in pyrrhotite. The cobalt and precious metal content in sulfides grows with the increase of their nickel content. The relative content, however, of all these elements estimated for 1% of nickel is different in chalcopyrites and pyrrhotites. The former show a high platinum, palladium, and gold content and the latter--cobalt and rhodium. Ratios of these elements in sulfides and silicates are different. The relative platinum content increases in silicates due to a considerably greater content of mineralized platinum. Both nickel and cobalt form silicate compounds the latter to a much greater extent than the former. The relative cobalt content is therefore higher in silicates than in sulfides. In descending order, the element concentrations in sulfides range as follows: copper, nickel, palladium, gold, cobalt, platinum. — Auth. English Summ.     

Heavy metals contamination of the Quaternary coral reefs, Red Sea coast, Egypt

In order to assess pollutants and impact of environmental changes along the Egyptian Red Sea coast, seven recent and Pleistocene coral species have been analyzed for Zn, Pb, Mn, Fe, Cr, Co, Ni, and Cu. Results show that the concentration of trace elements in recent coral skeletons is higher than those of Pleistocene counterpart except for Mn and Ni. In comparison with recent worldwide reefs, the present values are less than those of Central America coast (iron), Gulf of Aqaba, Jordan (lead, copper), Gulf of Mannar, India (chromium, zinc, manganese), Costa Rica, Panama (chromium, nickel), North-west coast of Venezuela and Saudi Arabia (copper). The present values are higher than those of Gulf of Aqaba, Jordan (iron, zinc, manganese), Gulf of Mannar, India (lead, cobalt, nickel), North-west coast of Venezuela (lead, zinc, chromium, manganese), Australia (copper, nickel, zinc, manganese). The highest values were recorded in Stylophora pistillata (iron, lead and copper), Acropora cytherea (cobalt), Pocillopora verrucosa (zinc) and the lowest concentrations were recorded in Goniastrea pectinata (iron, chromium, copper and nickel), Favites pentagona (lead, zinc and manganese), and Porites lutea (cobalt). The differences in metals content among the studied species are attributed to differences in microstructure and microarchitecture.     

云南白秧坪矿化集中区矿石矿物特征及银、钴赋存状态的初步研究

云南白秧坪地区是以银、钴多金属矿化为特色的矿集区，成矿作用与兰坪盆地两侧的推覆构造系统密切相关，发育一套复杂的中低温热液矿物组合，出现了铜、钴、镍、铋等亲地幔元素的硫化物(硫钴镍矿、硫铋铜矿)，显示地幔深源物质可能参与了成矿作用。银、钴赋存状态的初步研究表明载银矿物主要为汞银矿、辉银矿、银黝铜矿、方铅矿、黝铜矿及砷、锑、铅硫盐矿物等，载钴矿物主要为硫钴镍矿、辉砷钴矿、含钴毒砂等硫化物。     

Association of trace metals with various sedimentary phases in dam reservoirs

In the present study sediment and water samples collected from Kowsar Dam reservoir in Kohkiluye and Boyerahmad Province, southwest of Iran, are subjected to bulk digestion and chemical partitioning. The concentrations of nickel, lead, zinc, copper, cobalt, cadmium, manganese and iron in water and bed sediment were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentrations of metals bounded to five sedimentary phases were estimated. On this basis, the proportions of natural and anthropogenic elements were calculated.The anthropogenic portion of elements are as follows: zinc (96 %)> cobalt (88 %)> iron (78 %)> magnesium (78 %)> nickel (78 %)> copper (66 %)> lead (63 %)> cadmium (59 %). The results show sediment contamination by nickel, cadmium and lead, according to the world aquatic sediments and mean earth crust values. Manganese and copper have strong association with organic matter and are of high portion of sulfide bounded ions. Finally, The degree of sediment contamination was evaluated using enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and pollution index (IPoll). The sediments were identified to be of high cadmium and lead pollution index. The pattern of pollution intensity according to enrichment factor is as follows; manganese (1.25) < copper (1.63) < zinc (1.93) < cobalt (2.35) < nickel (3.83) < lead (12.63) < cadmium (78.32). Cluster analysis was performed in order to assess heavy metal interactions between water and sediment. Accordingly, nickel, cadmium and copper are earth originated. Zinc, copper and manganese are dominated by pH. All the elemental concentrations in water and sediment are correlated except for sedimental copper.     

Precambrian geosynclinal metallogeny of Ukrainian shield

The granites of the Ukrainian shield are secondary; the “shield,” in the first instance, is a segment of a fold belt which extends from the Black Sea, via the Voronezh Arch, to the Kola Peninsula. The metamorphic ungranitized anticlines are narrow folds in which are found iron, copper, zirconium and precious metals. Iron, titanium, copper, graphite and mica deposits are found in the folds of granitized gneisses, migmatites, anatektites and granites. The crystalline metal ores are associated with metamorphosed elastics and evaporites; the titanium, copper, cobalt, gold, vanadium, mercury, chromium and nickel deposits – associated with sedimentary volcanics and evaporites. The high-grade metamorphics Contained the deposits of titanium, iron, calcium, magnesium, copper, vanadiuta, lead and zinc. The chromites and nickel silicates are associated with the intrusives. In short, metamorphic history and mineralogy exercised a direct control over the size and grade of ore deposits.     

GEOLOGICAL BASES FOR THE EXPLORATION AND PROSPECTING OF ORE DEPOSITS, (PART II,SECTIONS III AND IV)

The Russian system of classification of ore reserves is defined; it includes five categories of reserves. Methods of estimating and designating the four main groups of ore deposits for the purpose of estimating reserves are described. Examples used include sedimentary marine iron, manganese, and bauxite deposits; residual limonitic iron ore, alluvial bauxite, magnetite skarn, copper-bearing sandstones, stratified copper-nickel sulfides, vein disseminated copper in secondary quartzite, lensing pyrite, hydrothermal ore vein, chromite, scheelite skarn, lateritic nickel ores, and placers. --M. Russell.     

The Shilu Iron Ore Deposit in Hainan Province,South China: A Structurally and Hydrothermally Reworked and Re-Enriched Lake-Superior-Type BIF Iron Deposit

The Shilu iron ore deposit, located in the western Hainan Province, South China, is one of the most important iron-ore mining districts in China not only for its huge reserves of hematite- rich ores, but also for its potentially economic significance of associated metals of copper, cobalt, nickel, silver, lead and zinc, and of non-metals of dolomite, quartzite,barite,gypsum and sulfur.     

Segregation roasting of nickel,copper and cobalt from deep-sea manganese nodules

The recovery of nickel, copper and cobalt from ocean manganese nodules by a segregation roasting technique was investigated under a wide range of conditions with several nodule samples all of which gave similar results. The best conditions for the segregation of the metals were achieved with CaCl₂ as the chloride source at a batch retention time of approximately two hours; the highest recoveries were obtained at approximately 850°C for copper and at 1,050°C for nickel and cobalt. At 850°C, copper recovery was 75%, but nickel and cobalt recoveries were only about 25%. At 1,050°C, the nickel and cobalt recoveries were increased to about 60%, but the copper recovery dropped to only 35%. Electron-probe microanalysis showed the segregated metal to be an alloy, indicating that gaseous reactions play an important role in the reduction of chlorides to metal during the process.     

Chemical composition of the ore and occurrence state of the elements in Jingbaoshan platinum-palladium deposit

The Jingbaoshan platinum-palladium deposit is China＇s largest independent PGM （platinum-group metals） deposit so far discovered. There are eleven kinds of useful components in the ore： Pt, Pd, Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, and Co. The platinum-group elements, gold and silver occur in the form of minerals in ores. twenty-five kinds of precious metal minerals have been found, of which twenty one belong to the platinum-group minerals. The minerals are very small in grain size. Copper occurs mainly as copper sulfide with a small amount of free copper oxide, and the beneficiated copper accounts for 95.21%. Nickel occurs mainly as nickel sulfide, and some nickel silicate and nickel oxide occur in the ore. The beneficiated nickel accounts for 72.03%. Cobalt occurs mainly as cobalt sulfide, and there are some cobalt oxide and other kinds of cobalt. The beneficiated cobalt accounts for 77.58%.     

中国岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床成矿理论创新和找矿突破

中国岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床是国家镍、钴、铂族元素等战略性关键金属资源的主要来源,是需要特别关注的具有未来价值的重要矿床类型。该类矿床来源于上地幔,特别是软流圈的部分熔融形成的镁铁质、超镁铁质岩浆,硫化物液相?硅酸盐熔体的不混溶（熔离）作用是成矿的主要机制。它们主要形成于两种背景:大陆裂谷和造山带中的伸展环境。中国是岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床的产出大国,但与国外相比,形成背景和成矿动力学机制比较独特。世界上绝大多数岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床都形成于古老的克拉通,是地幔柱地球动力作用的结果,太古代—早元古代的科马提岩镍钴硫化物矿床是鲜明的产出特点。中国缺少古老的科马提岩有关的镍钴硫化物矿床,成矿时代相对较晚,主要形成于新元古代、晚古生代早期和晚期三个时期,新元古代以镍金属资源量居世界第三的金川超大型矿床为代表,晚古生代早期以近年来找矿突破发现的夏日哈木超大型矿床为代表。夏日哈木矿床也是迄今世界上特提斯造山带中发现的唯一一例超大型岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床。中国学者基于中国找矿实际提出的“大岩浆?深部熔离?贯入”表现为“小岩体成大矿”的成矿理论,广泛为野外地质勘查工作者接受并应用,取得了重要的找矿突破性成果,同时为国外同行认可,改变了岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床传统的成矿认识。造山带中岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床的广泛分布是中国该类矿床的一个重要特色,按形成造山带演化和成矿历史的不同,可分为特提斯型和中亚型两种重要的类型。特提斯型以夏日哈木矿床为代表,它是特提斯构造转换,原特提斯造山后,古特提斯裂解的产物;中亚型以中亚造山带中东天山?北山、阿尔泰分布的大批晚古生代晚期早二叠世岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床为代表,是板块构造和地幔柱双重地球动力学机制作用的结果。中国岩浆铜镍钴硫化物矿床找矿潜力巨大,金川矿床作为水平的“岩床”被推覆至地表呈倾斜的“岩墙”产出的结果,深边部仍具有重要找矿潜力,目前已在含矿岩体两端发现了重要的新矿体;夏日哈木矿床所在的东昆仑及其邻区已发现十余处新的矿床（点）。区域上,塔里木陆块东南缘、塔里木陆块北缘、扬子陆块西缘和华北陆块东北缘是亟待加强勘查的找矿远景区,而扬子陆块北缘、华北陆块北缘是急需调查的找矿新区。