Comparative study of the Ferranti,Honeywell and Litton inertial surveying systems testnet Ebersberger Forst

In order to assess the accuracy, reliability and efficiency of current inertial surveying systems a joint project has been started at the University of the Bundeswehr Munich. As a part of this project the testnet Ebersberger Forst has been established. It consists of 60 monumented points located at cross-roads in a flat area and it makes up a grid pattern of6 N-S and9 E-W traverses with a spacing of1–2 km. The points are determined by classical surveying techniques with a standard deviation of less than1 cm forE, N andH. Observation campaigns were carried through with a Ferranti, a Honeywell and a Litton system. Each campaign consisted of three independent missions performed under identical observation schemes. The preliminary evaluation of the data sets leads to standard deviations of between8 and16 cm for each coordinate if determined in a single mission with a Honeywell or Litton system. The correlations along a traverse follow approximately the series ρ, ρ², ρ³, ... with ρ⋟0.9. Cross correlation is only present betweenE orN, respectively, andH. The positions observed with the Ferranti system are less accurate, which might be explainable by the applied software and by two gross input errors during the missions. A rigorous post-mission adjustment of the data considerably improved the results.     

顾及框架点坐标误差的三维基准转换严密模型

框架点坐标是由观测数据通过平差得到的,不可避免地受到观测误差的影响。针对原框架和目标框架坐标均存在误差、非公共点与公共点间存在相关性,以及转换系数矩阵中仅部分元素存在误差的实际情况,提出了同时考虑框架内误差以及转换点间相关性的基准转换严密模型,该模型将公共点和非公共点联合处理,同时计算坐标转换参数和所有点的坐标转换值,推导出了新的严格坐标转换公式,该公式为传统坐标转换公式基础上增加一改正量的形式;进一步,推导了原框架和目标框架坐标的方差不一致情况下的坐标转换模型的自适应解法;最后,利用"陆态网络工程"2000个区域站的实测坐标进行坐标转换验证,结果表明,这种严密模型较传统坐标转换模型具有更高的坐标转换精度。     

附加垂线偏差参数的地面常规网与GNSS基线网联合平差

根据测站的垂线站心坐标系和法线站心坐标系之间的转换公式,将垂线偏差作为未知参数,列出地面常规网观测量（水平方向、垂直角和边长）在空间直角坐标系中的观测方程,并结合GNSS网的观测方程,推导出附加垂线偏差的GNSS网和地面网联合平差的参数估计及其精度评定公式。利用含有GNSS观测量和地面常规网观测量的实例数据解算出垂线偏差,分析了垂线偏差对平差结果的影响。结果表明,将垂线偏差作为未知参数,能够消除垂线偏差对观测值的影响,显著提高未知点坐标的解算精度及可靠性。     

复数域最小二乘平差及其在POLInSAR植被高反演中的应用

传统的测量观测值都是实数,因此测量平差都是在实数空间中进行的。然而,随着科学技术的快速发展,现代测绘领域中出现了一些用复数表示的观测数据。与实数数据一样,这些复数数据同样面临着如何从带有误差的观测值中找出未知量的最佳估计值的问题。但目前涉及复数观测的数据处理时,主要还是依据观测过程,分步或直接解算,不能考虑观测误差、多余观测信息等。针对这一情况,本文介绍了复数域中数据处理的最小二乘方法,试图将测量平差从实数域推广到复数域,并定量研究了两种平差准则的优劣性。为了了解复数域最小二乘的有效性,本文以极化干涉SAR植被高反演为例,建立复数域平差函数模型和随机模型,构建复数域最小二乘法反演植被高。结果表明该算法反演的植被高结果可靠,其精度优于经典植被高反演算法,且计算简单,易于实现。     

半参数回归与模型精化

就一般情况给出了半参数平差的算法，并结合一种特定的情况，讨论了正规化矩阵半正定时的计算方法，给出了相应的公式，最后构造了一个模拟的平差问题，对半参数法和最小二乘法的计算结果进行了比较，计算表明，半参数法能够发现并识别模型误差或观测值中的系统误差。     

地图数字化的坐标转换及数据的精度与相关性

在分析地图数字化坐标数据的误差性质时，通常将经过坐标转换后的坐标值作为相互独立的数字化观测值，而将它们与相应的已知坐标之差值当作相互独立的随机误差进行分析，为了对数字化坐标数据及其误差进行更严贩分析，本文将来求转换参数的已知的地面坐标和数字化坐标都视为观测值，并用附有参数的条件平差法来求转换参数，再进一步对转换后的数字坐标的精度和基相关性进行讨论。     

顾及系统参数的GNSS基线网平差及软件设计

针对使用GNSS技术获取高精度的CGCS2000坐标网平差理论与程序优化设计问题,笔者详细地阐述了基于GAMIT/GLOBK软件的独立基线提取、随机模型生成、系统参数与误差模型、基线粗差处理、程序运行效率等功能开发了网平差软件,采用我国东北部某区域连续运行基准站数据与GLOBK结果比对分析,结果表明:软件模型准确、平差结果可靠、计算效率快,可满足高精度网平差要求。     

利用Rosenbrock法优化坐标转换

WGS-84坐标系与地方独立坐标系往往存在着较大的旋转参数。当旋转参数偏大时,坐标转换的线性化平差模型将会产生一定的模型误差。针对这种情况,本文提出了利用Rosenbrock法优化坐标转换平差模型的一种新方法。通过模拟数据解算表明,该方法能有效地减弱模型误差,提高坐标转换精度。     

A unified approach to self-calibration of terrestrial laser scanners

In recent years, the method of self-calibration widely used in photogrammetry has been found suitable for the estimation of systematic errors in terrestrial laser scanners. Since high correlations can be present between the estimated parameters, ways to reduce them have to be found. This paper presents a unified approach to self-calibration of terrestrial laser scanners, where the parameters in a least-squares adjustment are treated as observations by assigning appropriate weights to them. The higher these weights are the lower the parameter correlations are expected to be. Self-calibration of a pulsed laser scanner Leica Scan Station was performed with the unified approach. The scanner position and orientation were determined during the measurements with the help of a total station, and the point clouds were directly georeferenced. The significant systematic errors were zero error in the laser rangefinder and vertical circle index error. Most parameter correlations were comparatively low. In part, precise knowledge of the horizontal coordinates of the scanner centre helped greatly to achieve low correlation between these parameters and the zero error. The approach was shown to be advantageous to the use of adjustment with stochastic (weighted) inner constraints where the parameter correlations were higher. At the same time, the collimation error could not be estimated reliably due to its high correlation with the scanner azimuth because of a limited vertical distribution of the targets in the calibration field. While this problem can be solved for a scanner with a nearly spherical field-of-view, it will complicate the calibration of scanners with limited vertical field-of-view. Investigations into the influence of precision of the scanner position and levelling on the adjustment results lead to two important findings. First, it is not necessary to level the scanner during the measurements when using the unified approach since the parameter correlations are relatively low anyway. Second, the scanner position has to be known with a precision of about 1 mm in order to get a reliable estimate of the zero error.     

基于有效约束的附不等式约束平差的一种新算法

不等式约束是客观实际中普遍存在的一种约束,但目前大地测量数据处理领域并没有成熟、完整并被普遍接受的处理理论和方法。首先简要总结附不等式约束平差的各种方法及其存在的问题。然后对现有测量平差中附有等式约束的平差模型进行扩展,提出一种新的处理附有线性约束(包括等式和不等式约束)的平差方法。该方法在有效约束概念下,通过库恩-塔克条件来寻找有效约束条件,把不等式约束平差问题转化为我们熟知的等式约束平差问题,因此实现解向量与观测向量之间的显式表达。最后,用一个数值算例验证新方法的可行性,同时算例分析表明:用等式约束代替有效约束或集成约束进行平差计算,能得到正确的平差结果,但得不到正确的精度评定结果。     

加入边长的严密GPS网平差模型

本文根据空间坐标转换的推导过程,以GPS基线及空间测距边长为观测值,以当地高斯平面坐标、大地高、缩放系数、旋转角、测距常数和比例系数为平差参数,构造加入测距边长的严密GPS网平差模型。将测距边长观测值加入到平差模型中有效地利用了地面观测数据,增加了多余观测方程,提高了解算精度,还可以解得测距观测值的测距常数和测距比例系数,其中采用数值导数的方法,简化了GPS网平差的计算,通过对实测数据的处理和比较。表明了该模型是正确的,并且在精度方面也得到了改善。     

Treatment of rotation errors in the final adjustment of GPS baseline components

Summary The significant coordinate difference changes of the same baselines, measured in different observing sessions, may be interpreted as the rotation around the station held fixed during the differenced processing, if the length changes of these baselines show random behavior. These rotation errors can significantly bias the final network adjustment based on redundant observing sessions and a relative approach. The Gauss-Helmert model with the estimation of the stochastic properties of the rotation errors is the most effective investigated approach. The standard deviation of the baseline length differences between those derived from a precise geodetic network and derived by Trimvec relative positioning software improved by a factor 2.4 after the final network adjustment using the introduced Gauss-Helmert model.     

以三维坐标转换为例解算稳健总体最小二乘方法

稳健最小二乘方法能够有效解决平差计算中观测值存在粗差的情况,因此广泛应用于各种实际问题中。在最小二乘方法中,系数矩阵被认为是不含有误差的。然而在实际情况中,系数矩阵中的变量往往也包含观测值,因此不可避免地会被误差污染。为同时考虑系数矩阵和观测向量中的误差,同时对粗差进行探测和定位,本文提出基于选权迭代的稳健总体最小二乘方法,并以三维相似坐标变换为例展示解算过程。通过模拟计算,证明了采用本文提出的稳健总体最小二乘方法,能够较好地达到粗差探测和定位的目的,获得稳健的参数解。     

数字化曲线的附加系统参数平差

针对一般地图数字化曲线拟合方法的不足,提出了利用附加系统参数平差计算拟合曲线的参数。在参数平差中,将数字化曲线的X坐标和Y坐标均看作观测值,综合处理偶然误差和系统误差的联合影响,并评定精度。用t分布对系统参数进行显著性检验,结果表明附加系统参数模型正确。     

伪随机脉冲估计及其在简化动力学定轨中的应用

研究了简化动力学定轨方法中伪随机脉冲的定义、特征及估计的数学模型。结合CHAMP星载GPS实测数据,讨论了不同力学模型及观测值情况下的随机脉冲的估计,并分析了随机脉冲在不同情形下的大小变化及其对定轨精度的调节作用。结果表明,随机脉冲的大小和使用的力学模型、是否估计经验参数及使用的观测值精度有关系。在力学模型误差较大的情况下,随机脉冲的设置能有效地补偿和吸收模型误差,从而提高定轨精度。     

Uncertainty in GPS Networks due to Remaining Systematic Errors: The Interval Approach

A realistic assessment of the total uncertainty budget of Global Positioning System (GPS) observations and its adequate mathematical treatment is a basic requirement for all analysis and interpretation of GPS-derived point positions, in particular GPS heights, and their respective changes. This implies not only the random variability but also the remaining systematic errors. At present in geodesy, the main focus is on stochastic approaches in which errors are modeled by means of random variables. Here, an alternative approach based on interval mathematics is presented. It allows us to model and to quantify the impact of remaining systematic errors in GPS carrier-phase observations on the final results using deterministic error bands. In this paper, emphasis is given to the derivation of the observation intervals based on influence parameters and to the study of the complex linear transfer of this type of uncertainty to estimated point positions yielding zonotopes. From the presented simulation studies of GPS baselines, it turns out that the uncertainty due to remaining systematic effects dominates the total uncertainty budget for baselines longer than 200 km.     

Environmental Thematic Map Prediction and Easy Probabilistic Classification within GRASS

Environmental observations are usually sampled at irregularly spaced points, but, in most cases, are representative of continuous phenomena; therefore, to restore the original information a continuous thematic map should be interpolated from the available observations. To interpolate the thematic map, the stochastic approach is often the best method to apply: it is based on the hypothesis that the observed phenomenon is the sum of a deterministic trend and a stochastic process. Usually, the stochastic approaches implemented in GIS software require a priori knowledge of the deterministic trend: a simplified and automated approach to the trend model selection has been studied. One of the main advantages of the stochastic prediction approaches is that they make available both the prediction map (thematic map) and a related prediction error map; starting from these two information layers a procedure has been implemented to verify if in some areas the predicted data are within an assigned range or exceed a threshold value at some certain degree of probability. The procedures were developed by creating GRASS commands calling upon and integrating the Gstat statistics program, and commands which allow the probabilistic computing of risk areas.     

总体最小二乘回归预测模型的方差分量估计

回归预测模型是对传统回归模型的进一步扩展,不仅涉及回归模型的固定参数估计,而且将模型预测纳入平差的部分内容,更加符合实际解算需求.针对在回归模型预测中经常出现待预测非公共点(自变量)含有观测误差和随机模型不准确的问题,基于EIV (errors-in-variables)模型提出了一种同时顾及所有变量观测误差的整体解法...