基于GIS的海口海岸带空间功能分区研究

随着沿海地区经济的快速发展,海岸带空间资源的利用将呈现多样化的特征。海岸带空间功能分区可以优化海岸带空间资源配置,统筹协调海岸带空间开发与保护格局,是海岸带资源可持续利用的重要基础。文章针对海岸带空间的特殊性,构建指标体系,对海口海岸带进行模糊综合评价,探讨海口海岸带空间适宜功能类型,并基于GIS 技术进行功能分区。结果表明：海口海岸带主要功能空间类型为旅游娱乐空间、城镇建设空间、农林渔牧空间和生态保护空间,其面积占比分别为16.84%、21.18%、22.54%、35.77%。其中生态保护空间面积最大,主要分布在海口市东部片区的东寨港。     

海南岛海岸线开发承载能力评估

本文选择海南岛最主要的4类岸线开发利用类型,即围塘堤坝岸线、防护堤坝岸线、工业与城镇岸线、港口码头岸线,以海洋功能区划为基础,采用海岸线人工化指数、海岸线开发利用强度标准、海岸线开发承载率指数、海岸线开发承载力指数作为评估因子,构建海南省海岸线开发利用评价标准,开展了海南岛海岸线开发承载力评价研究,研究结果表明:在13个评价单元中,2个海岸线开发承载力评估结果超载,3个海岸线开发承载力指数处于临界超载区间,其它8个单元海岸线开发承载力指数属于可载区域。针对研究结果,提出了强化依法治海、推进生态管海和优化海洋产业结构的建议。     

基于“三生”空间视角的辽宁沿海经济带岸线利用适宜性评价——以大连庄河沿海为例

通过对庄河沿海12个乡镇岸线利用情况的走访调查,搜集工业投入强度、产出效益、居民出行、服务便利情况和生态环境治理情况等多方面数据;从生产空间、生活空间和生态空间3个维度建立岸线利用适宜性评价指标体系,采用多因素综合评价模型和GIS地理空间分析方法对庄河沿海岸线进行适宜性评价,将生产、生活和生态空间的适宜性分为一般适宜、较适宜、适宜3类;在"三生"空间利用适宜性评价与实际发展情况相结合的基础上,确定庄河沿海岸线利用的生产适宜区、生活适宜区、生态适宜区,为大连庄河沿海岸线利用提供重要依据,为辽宁乃至全国沿海岸线利用提供借鉴。     

青岛市港口资源与海岸线资源的可持续利用

青岛市是我国东部重要的经济中心城市和港口城市,也是重要的海洋科学城和滨海旅游城市。她依海而建,因海而兴,海洋在青岛城市发展的进程中占着举足轻重的地位,21世纪青岛的可持续发展,仍将越来越多地依赖海洋。港口资源与海岸线资源的可持续利用对于青岛未来的发展意义重大。一、青岛岸线的主要功能青岛市三面临海,全市海岸线长达862.64km,占山东省海岸线总长度的1/4,相当于上海、天津和河北三省市海岸线长度的总和。其中海岛69个,岛岸线长132km,岛屿面积21.21km2;有天然海湾49处;滩涂面积375km2;20m等深线以内浅海水面32255.11km2。青岛的…     

浙江海岸线的时空变动特征、功能分类及治理措施

浙江省海岸线长度为6696km,其中大陆海岸线为2254km。海岸线资源是海陆交界地带重要的国土资源。文章在对海岸线基本概念、属性特征、自然和功能利用类型分类讨论的基础上,根据卫星遥感图片的各阶段资料以及浙江省围垦工程的实际进展情况,定量定性分析了浙江海岸线变动的时空特征以及成因,并根据浙江海岸线的保护利用功能类型,对浙江省海岸线的开发现状进行评价。浙江省海岸线开发带来了普遍的＂建设性破坏＂,实施＂全面保护、重点治理、错位发展、地区协作、分步开发＂的方针是保证浙江海岸线资源得以持续利用的基本策略。     

基于自然岸线保有率的大连市海岸线整治修复

为加强海岸线资源的保护和管理,提高自然岸线保有率,促进大连市海洋生态文明建设和社会经济可持续发展,文章总结大连市海岸线开发利用和整治修复的基本情况,分析存在的主要问题,提出亟待开展海岸线整治修复的典型区域和推进海岸线整治修复的对策建议。研究结果表明:1995—2017年大连市大陆海岸线总长度增加169km,原生自然岸线缩减378km,缩减率超过50%;2000—2007年原生自然岸线保有率由55%下降到29%,此后下降速度逐渐放缓;2010年以来大连市开展凌水湾和普兰店湾等海岸线环境综合整治工作,取得一定成效,但仍存在自然岸线缩减、海湾和滩涂湿地面积锐减以及珍稀地质景观受损等问题;目前大连市亟待开展大潮口、金州湾南岸和普兰店湾等典型区域的海岸线整治修复,并应尽快实施《大连市海岸线保护与利用规划》、建立海岸线整治修复项目库、开展渤海海岸线整治修复专项工程以及建立围海养殖占用海岸线的退出机制。     

海岛旅游功能分区评价研究

考虑到海岛环境的特殊性、资源承载的有限性,从海岛旅游开发适宜性角度,利用专家打分模型与层次分析模型构建海岛功能分区评价指标体系,确定海岛旅游开发的适宜性评价因子及评价标准。根据旅游资源开发适宜性综合评分结果以及海岛旅游开发的实际情况,合理确定海岛功能分区类型。     

基于属性评价的海岸线规划研究

为实现自然岸线保有目标,推动海岸线合理的保护利用,科学制定海岸线规划成为海洋管理的重要内容之一。文章提出以海岸线属性评价为核心,通过岸线单元划分、评价、归并等步骤,划定严格保护岸线、限制开发岸线和优化利用岸线3类岸线,以应用于海岸带区域相关规划。案例应用结果表明,该方法有利于实现海岸线分段功能管控,可应用于大尺度区域空间规划。     

基于“三级保护”制度的大连市海岸线保护与利用空间格局

为加强大连市海岸线的保护与利用,促进沿海经济可持续发展和海洋生态文明建设,文章根据大连市海岸线(大陆岸线)的自然属性和开发利用程度,基于"三级保护"制度,分析大连市海岸线保护与利用空间格局。研究结果表明:大连市原生岸线占比较低,须采取有效措施整治修复,并适当加固和维护具有生态功能的岸线,保证自然岸线保有率约在36%;渔业岸线利用率最高,黄海以渔业、临港产业、旅游业和工业等为主,渤海以工业和渔业为主;严格保护岸线主要分布在金普新区,大连市市辖区和旅顺口区黄、渤海海岸,限制开发岸线主要分布在黄海庄河市境内和渤海长兴岛东侧海岸,优化利用岸线主要分布在黄海大连湾、大窑湾以及渤海太平湾、金州湾。未来应"一段一效"地推进海岸线保护与利用管理机制的具体落实。     

广西沿海滩涂资源港口-工业开发的适宜性评价

文章以广西沿海滩涂为研究对象,以生态保护和经济发展为出发点,从生态适宜性、区位适宜性和经济发展适宜性3个方面构建评价指标体系,基于ArcGIS识别研究区潜在可开发的滩涂资源,分析其港口-工业开发的适宜性程度和空间分布特征,将研究区划分成限制开发区、适度开发区、适宜开发区3个等级,并提出相关开发和保护建议。结果表明:研究区潜在可利用滩涂共39 958hm2,其中25%为限制开发区,21%为适度开发区,54%为适宜开发区。适宜性分区结果呈现差异显著的区域性空间特征,可为广西沿海地市发展港口-工业产业提供决策支持。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.