基于“三生”空间视角的辽宁沿海经济带岸线利用适宜性评价——以大连庄河沿海为例

通过对庄河沿海12个乡镇岸线利用情况的走访调查,搜集工业投入强度、产出效益、居民出行、服务便利情况和生态环境治理情况等多方面数据;从生产空间、生活空间和生态空间3个维度建立岸线利用适宜性评价指标体系,采用多因素综合评价模型和GIS地理空间分析方法对庄河沿海岸线进行适宜性评价,将生产、生活和生态空间的适宜性分为一般适宜、较适宜、适宜3类;在"三生"空间利用适宜性评价与实际发展情况相结合的基础上,确定庄河沿海岸线利用的生产适宜区、生活适宜区、生态适宜区,为大连庄河沿海岸线利用提供重要依据,为辽宁乃至全国沿海岸线利用提供借鉴。     

海南岛海岸线开发承载能力评估

本文选择海南岛最主要的4类岸线开发利用类型,即围塘堤坝岸线、防护堤坝岸线、工业与城镇岸线、港口码头岸线,以海洋功能区划为基础,采用海岸线人工化指数、海岸线开发利用强度标准、海岸线开发承载率指数、海岸线开发承载力指数作为评估因子,构建海南省海岸线开发利用评价标准,开展了海南岛海岸线开发承载力评价研究,研究结果表明:在13个评价单元中,2个海岸线开发承载力评估结果超载,3个海岸线开发承载力指数处于临界超载区间,其它8个单元海岸线开发承载力指数属于可载区域。针对研究结果,提出了强化依法治海、推进生态管海和优化海洋产业结构的建议。     

基于自然岸线保有率的大连市海岸线整治修复

为加强海岸线资源的保护和管理,提高自然岸线保有率,促进大连市海洋生态文明建设和社会经济可持续发展,文章总结大连市海岸线开发利用和整治修复的基本情况,分析存在的主要问题,提出亟待开展海岸线整治修复的典型区域和推进海岸线整治修复的对策建议。研究结果表明:1995—2017年大连市大陆海岸线总长度增加169km,原生自然岸线缩减378km,缩减率超过50%;2000—2007年原生自然岸线保有率由55%下降到29%,此后下降速度逐渐放缓;2010年以来大连市开展凌水湾和普兰店湾等海岸线环境综合整治工作,取得一定成效,但仍存在自然岸线缩减、海湾和滩涂湿地面积锐减以及珍稀地质景观受损等问题;目前大连市亟待开展大潮口、金州湾南岸和普兰店湾等典型区域的海岸线整治修复,并应尽快实施《大连市海岸线保护与利用规划》、建立海岸线整治修复项目库、开展渤海海岸线整治修复专项工程以及建立围海养殖占用海岸线的退出机制。     

青岛市海洋空间开发现状与强度初探

文章基于青岛市最新遥感影像和海域权属数据,从海域使用率、用海类型、用海方式、海岸线开发强度和海域开发强度等方面,客观分析青岛市海洋空间开发现状及其强度,并提出具有针对性的建议。研究结果表明：青岛市的用海类型基本齐全,用海多样性南高北低,用海规模不均衡,用海方式以开放式为主;海洋空间开发活动集中于海岸线及其临近的海湾、滩涂和浅海区域,即墨区、市区和黄岛区的海岸线开发强度为超载,且近岸海域开发强度亦为超载或临近超载;应通过岸线分级分类管控、生态化改造和发展海洋生态牧场等方式,提升青岛市海洋综合利用效益和海洋空间资源承载能力。     

浙江海岸线的时空变动特征、功能分类及治理措施

浙江省海岸线长度为6696km,其中大陆海岸线为2254km。海岸线资源是海陆交界地带重要的国土资源。文章在对海岸线基本概念、属性特征、自然和功能利用类型分类讨论的基础上,根据卫星遥感图片的各阶段资料以及浙江省围垦工程的实际进展情况,定量定性分析了浙江海岸线变动的时空特征以及成因,并根据浙江海岸线的保护利用功能类型,对浙江省海岸线的开发现状进行评价。浙江省海岸线开发带来了普遍的＂建设性破坏＂,实施＂全面保护、重点治理、错位发展、地区协作、分步开发＂的方针是保证浙江海岸线资源得以持续利用的基本策略。     

海岸建筑退缩线的综合划定体系 ——以秦皇岛沿岸为例

海岸建筑退缩线是科学有效保护和管理海岸线的重要措施之一。为促进我国海岸线资源的可持续开发利用,文章兼顾海岸线的自然和社会等属性,采用德尔菲法、层次分析法和聚类分析法相结合的方法,构建我国海岸建筑退缩线退缩距离的综合评价指标体系,提出退缩距离的计算方法,并以秦皇岛沿岸为例划定海岸建筑退缩线。研究结果表明：海岸建筑退缩线退缩距离的综合评价指标体系包括海岸线类型、海岸线开发利用类型、海洋经济效益、防灾效果和生态环境质量5类影响因素以及16项主要指标;在确定退缩线起算基线、综合评价指标分级和退缩距离等级的基础上,海岸建筑退缩线退缩距离是随综合评价值的增大而敏感性增强的连续分段函数;在秦皇岛沿岸的27个岸段中,海岸建筑退缩线的退缩距离等级分布较广,最小和最大退缩距离分别为25 m和500 m,其中河口和基岩等岸线的退缩距离较小,旅游娱乐岸线的退缩距离基本为200～300 m,保护区岸线的退缩距离较大。     

考虑人类活动的海岸线分类体系 ——近期浙江省海岸线调查的实践与思考

海岸线是海陆分界线,定义为多年平均大潮高潮位的痕迹线,兼具海洋与陆地的空间资源管理界限功能。海岸线具有重要的生态功能和资源价值,其功能和价值源于所依附的海岸带。随着海岸带地区的经济与社会快速发展,海岸带资源的保护与开发的矛盾日益凸显。在此背景下,中国构建了以自然岸线保有率为核心的海岸线管理办法。2018年实施的浙江省地方标准《海岸线调查统计技术规范(DB33/T2106—2018)》提出了海岸线的三级分类体系,包括自然岸线、人工岸线和河口岸线3个一级类。该《规范》综合反映了海岸线的科学定义和国家需求。首先,该《规范》给出海岸线定义是"平均大潮高潮时水陆分界的痕迹线",突出了"大潮高潮位"和"痕迹线"对海岸线界定工作的指示意义。其次,该《规范》将自然岸线定义为"由海陆相互作用形成的海岸线",由此推论,人工岸线的地貌动力学功能是隔断了原有的海陆相互作用。第三,该《规范》提出了"原生自然岸线"、"自然恢复的岸线"和"整治修复的岸线"等概念,将曾经受过人类活动影响但恢复了(或拥有了)某种自然海岸形态特征和生态功能的岸线纳入自然岸线的统计口径。由于河口岸线是没有"水陆分界痕迹"可循的特殊类型,现有的海岸线定义未能体现河口岸线的内涵,因此我们建议将海岸线的定义扩展为"平均大潮高潮位的海陆分界痕迹线,以及河流入海口附近按一定规则人为划分的海域与陆域水体的分界线"。从海岸带地貌动力学的角度来看,海岸线的类型和变化主要受地质基底、海平面位置、沉积物供应条件和海岸动力环境等因素影响。因此,海岸线的定义和分类应该综合考虑这四个因素,而人类活动主要从海岸动力作用环境和沉积物供应条件两方面影响海岸带系统状态。     

基于属性特征的江苏海岸线类型划分研究

海岸线是海岸开发活动的重要载体,随着沿海开发活动日益活跃,资源环境压力不断增大,海岸线保护与利用已成为研究热点。文章基于海岸属性特征,从底质类型、生态特征、海岸动态和人为干扰4个方面建立海岸线类型划分标准,并以江苏省海岸线为例,对岸线属性空间分异和空间关联特征进行了分析。结果显示:江苏省海岸线底质类型以泥质岸线为主,占比可达89.37%,基岩岸线和砂质岸线仅在北段部分区域分布;生物岸线分布广泛,覆盖34.16%的海岸线区域,集中分布中段和南段的淤长型泥质岸线;海岸动态方面61.00%岸线属于淤长型,主要分布在中段和南段,23.78%的岸线为稳定型,主要分布在北段,15.22%的岸线为侵蚀型,集中分布在废黄河口两侧岸段;海岸线人为干扰显著,原生岸线仅占总长度的3.85%,分布在北段基岩岸段和中部自然保护区内的淤长型泥质岸段;江苏省海岸线可划分为11种岸段类型、55个岸段,岸段类型集中在"泥质-非生物-淤长型-次生岸线"和"泥质-生物-淤长型-次生岸线"两种,累计长度分别为233.03km、200.80km,合计占比达57.73%。研究成果可为海岸线保护与利用管理实践和相关研究提供参考。     

基于属性评价的海岸线规划研究

为实现自然岸线保有目标,推动海岸线合理的保护利用,科学制定海岸线规划成为海洋管理的重要内容之一。文章提出以海岸线属性评价为核心,通过岸线单元划分、评价、归并等步骤,划定严格保护岸线、限制开发岸线和优化利用岸线3类岸线,以应用于海岸带区域相关规划。案例应用结果表明,该方法有利于实现海岸线分段功能管控,可应用于大尺度区域空间规划。     

基于海域使用综合管理的海岸线划定与分类探讨

文章依据海陆分界线的影响因素,对海岸线的划定与分类进行探讨。从海域使用和海域空间资源动态监测的角度,将海陆分界线界定为6条;基于海域使用角度,将海岸线划分为9个一级类型,29个二级类型;基于生态演替角度,将海岸线划分为原生自然岸线、伴生自然岸线、人工岸线、再生自然岸线4个类型;并就两个分类进行了关联关系分析,提出自然岸线生态系统恢复与重建的基础理论,以期为海域使用动态监测中海岸线分类体系的建立提供思路指引。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.