基于层间位移协调的承压水降压引起土层变形分析

承压水降压引起的地面沉降由含水层、弱透水层和潜水层的变形组成。当承压层降压时间短、弱透水层固结变形较小时,可以假设弱透水层为严格的隔水层。采用层状弹性体系理论,基于位移协调条件分别建立了单井抽水以及第三类基坑工程降水（隔水帷幕插入降水含水层）引起的土层变形分析模型,与数值模拟和现场抽水试验结果的对比,验证了文中方法的正确性。研究结果表明,上覆土层弹性参数变化对地表变形的影响可以忽略;抽水井附近的土层变形呈现“上小下大”特点,一定距离以外含水层与地面沉降大致相等,根据承压含水层降深要求,可估算出基坑外的水位降深。     

基于DFOS的苏州第四纪沉积层变形及地面沉降监测分析

苏州地区广泛分布松散第四纪沉积物,大量抽取地下水导致了苏州大范围的地面沉降,严重影响了该区经济发展。本文在苏州盛泽200m钻孔内安装了分布式感测光纤,采用BOTDR及FBG等分布式光纤感测技术(DFOS),对第四纪沉积层压缩及地面沉降进行了长期的监测分析。分析结果表明:苏州盛泽地区第四纪土层可分为3个含水层(Af)及4个弱透水层(Ad),现阶段含水层压缩已不明显,主要压缩层为与抽水含水层相邻的两个隔水层,且与抽水含水层距离越近的部位压缩越明显; 第四纪沉积层的变形与抽水含水层孔隙水压变化基本一致,呈现出夏季压缩,冬季略回弹的趋势,并且存在滞后现象; 定义压缩度为各层累计压缩量与其自身厚度的比值,即每米压缩量。各土层沉降趋势可用压缩度判断,对于黏土隔水层沉降程度Ad2 Ad3 Ad4 Ad1,对于含水砂层,Af2为主要变形层,Af1及Af3变形基本稳定。DFOS技术为研究地面沉降机理,评价土层压缩变形潜力提供了十分先进的监测手段。     

Evaluation of methods for determination of hydraulic properties in an aquifer–aquitard system hydrologically connected to a river

Field and laboratory methods have been used to determine the hydraulic properties in a multiple-layer aquifer–aquitard system that is hydrologically connected to a river. First, hypothetical pumping tests in aquifer–aquitard systems were performed to evaluate the feasibility of MODFLOW-PEST in determining these parameters. Sensitivity analyses showed that: the horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the aquifer has the highest composite sensitivity; the vertical hydraulic conductivity has higher composite sensitivity than the horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the aquitard; and a partial penetration pumping well in an aquifer layer can improve the quality of the estimated parameters. This inverse approach was then used to analyze a pumping-recovery test conducted near the Platte River in southeastern Nebraska, USA. The hydraulic conductivities and specific yield were calculated for the aquitard and aquifer. The direct-push technique was used to generate sediment columns; permeameter tests on these columns produced the vertical hydraulic conductivities that are compatible with those obtained from the pumping-recovery test. Thus, the combination of the direct-push technique with permeameter tests provides a new method for estimation of vertical hydraulic conductivity. The hydraulic conductivity, determined from grain-size analysis, is smaller than the horizontal one but larger than the vertical one determined by the pumping-recovery test.     

连云港徐圩地面沉降BOTDR监测与评价

连云港市位于苏北沿海地区,地面沉降灾害面积较大,多地沉降速率超过20 mm/a,徐圩的沉降现状尤为严重。为了能够对徐圩地区的地面沉降进行精细化观测,文章采用BOTDR分布式光纤感测技术,对徐圩镇127 m深的钻孔地层进行了两年多的全断面精细化监测。结果表明:徐圩镇共有四个承压含水层组,I-1隔水层和I-2隔水层土体沉降量分别占总沉降量的70.29 %、24.59 %,抽水层的土体最大沉降量仅占比1.38 %。I-1隔水层和I-2隔水层的地层岩性包括淤泥质黏土（L2）、亚黏土（L3）、亚砂土夹粉砂（L4）,总厚度为44 m,由于抽水过程中隔水层向含水层失水,导致该隔水层土体固结压缩。同时,工程建设附加荷载对地面沉降的影响也不可忽视。徐圩地区现阶段的沉降仍在继续发生,但沉降速率有减小的趋势。BOTDR技术可有效获取地面沉降钻孔全断面的土层变形分布信息,为地面沉降评价提供了一种精细化的分布式监测手段。     

上海市地下水位大幅抬升条件下土层变形特征分析

过去对地下水位持续下降条件的地面沉降研究较多,但对水位大幅持续抬升过程中的地面沉降研究较少。本文根据 上海大量地面沉降、水位观测和钻孔资料,系统分析上海市90年代末以来地下水位大幅抬升条件下各土层的变形特征。自 1998年以来,上海市通过大幅压缩开采量、回灌地下水等措施使第二、三、四和五承压含水层水位分别平均抬升2.1 m, 3.6 m, 12.4 m, 12.7 m。水位的抬升使上海市地面沉降平均速率由1998年的12.2 mm/a减小到2011年的1.83 mm/a,减少85%。 通过对27组分层标数据分析发现：现阶段主要压缩层位在第一、二软土层,年沉降速率为2~4 mm/a;而第二含水层以下土 层已经有少量回弹。在水位持续大幅抬升过程中,本文总结了两种变形特征：1） 变形和水位变化基本同步,残余变形量非 常小,变形可概化为线弹性变形,这种变形主要发生在第一、二、三和五承压含水层、第五和六弱透水层;2） 压缩速率逐 渐减小,无明显持续回弹趋势,有较大残余压缩量且存在变形滞后现象,变形可概化为弹塑性变形,这种变形主要发生在 地第二、三和四弱透水层。第四承压含水层变形较复杂,两种变形特征都有。其中较大残余变形量主要由塑性贮水率比弹 性贮水率大2个数量级引起;变形滞后主要由弱透水层中超孔隙水压力消散较慢引起。本文研究成果对于掌握水位抬升过 程中土层变形方式、发生发展机理、预测未来地面沉降及地下水科学管理和资源评价具有重要意义。     

Vertical movement of water in a High Plains Aquifer induced by a pumping well

Field observation and numerical simulations were carried out to evaluate the hydraulic relationship between the shallow and deep aquifer of a High Plains Aquifer system, in which shallow and deep aquifers are separated by an aquitard. Pumping from the lower aquifer resulted in a small drawdown in the upper aquifer and a larger drawdown in the aquitard; pumping from the shallow aquifer caused a small drawdown in the aquitard and the deep aquifer. Analysis of pumping test data gives the values of the hydraulic conductivity of the aquitard and the deep aquifer. Long-term observation of groundwater levels in the shallow and deep aquifers showed that a strong downward hydraulic gradient was maintained during an irrigation season. Numerical simulations were used to calculate the induced leakage of water from the shallow to the deep aquifer. Water budget analyses suggested that after pumping continues for a couple of days, the leakage from the overlying layers begins to supply the majority of the withdrawal from the deep aquifer. However, the induced leakage from the upper shallow aquifer can travel only a few meters into the aquitard, and it can not reach the lower aquifer during a 90 day pumping period. The major portion of the induced leakage occurred during the pumping period, but a small leakage can continue as a residual effect after the pumping period. The vertical hydraulic conductivity of the aquitard plays a major role in partitioning the ratio of the induced leakage for the pumping and after-pumping periods.     

Experimental study on the vertical deformation of aquifer soils under conditions of withdrawing and recharging of groundwater in Tongchuan region,China

Land subsidence due to aquifer-system compaction accompanying groundwater extraction is a global hazard. Rising urban construction and groundwater demand necessitate increased awareness and better understanding of the geological problem. Motivated by the lack of laboratory-scale studies on this issue, an experimental investigation on the newly developed Tongchuan region, China, is presented. The study addresses the deformation behaviors of three soil samples, with the lithology of silty clay, silt, and fine sand, under the conditions of groundwater withdrawal and recharge using the GDS Consolidation Testing System. Results indicate that all three samples were characterized by elastic–plastic deformation under the conditions of withdrawing and recharging. The vertical deformation of the silty clay in the aquitard above the first confined aquifer was larger than those of the other two samples, and its deformation is a gradual and long process; thus, considerable attention should be paid to deformation in this aquitard due to the apparent creep effect and tiny rebound deformation. However, the settlement of the fine sand in the second confined aquifer cannot be ignored due to the great thickness of the aquifer. For the same soil, as the pore-water pressure declined, the unit rate of vertical deformation decreased gradually, whereas the creep effect of deformation in the later declining stage of pore-water pressure was more apparent than that in the former declining stage. These observations are highly important to the local government, which is developing measures to prevent and control subsidence.     

应力历史对弱透水层参数影响试验研究

弱透水层储存的地下水是地下水资源的重要组成部分,弱透水层水文地质参数对地下水资源管理与评价以及地面沉降等具有重要意义。通过室内试验对定降深条件下弱透水层水流运移规律进行了研究,并探讨了弱透水层释水过程中的变形规律和释水规律。试验结果表明,在相邻含水层定降深条件下,弱透水层固结变形滞后于相邻含水层的降深变化,且变形速度逐渐变小并趋于零。基于室内试验,利用配线法求得弱透水层不同应力状态下的水文地质参数,对比分析,大变形和小变形试验中土层的渗透系数变化不大,但贮水率明显变小,土层的固结系数变大。因此,土层的应力历史对土层的渗透系数影响不大,而对贮水率有较大的影响。     

Land subsidence and earth fissures due to groundwater withdrawal in the Southern Yangtse Delta,China

Excessive extraction of groundwater has caused severe land subsidence and earth fissures in the Southern Yangtse Delta, China. Based on field data, the temporal and spatial distribution of land subsidence is investigated and the causes for earth fissures are analyzed. The areal distribution of the land subsidence is closely related to the cones of depression in the main exploited aquifers. The compaction of a hydrostratigraphic unit depends on its mechanical behavior, thickness, compressibility, and the piezometric level changing. The primary subsidence layers in Shanghai have been the first aquitard before 1990 and the third confined aquifer since then. But the second aquitard unit was the primary subsidence layer in Changzhou. Earth fissures, trending in several directions, occurred in the Husu tectonic zone. They were mainly caused by differential subsidence and horizontal displacement that resulted from tensile stress and shear stress in units. The majority of fissures in the study area are tensile.     

中国沿海地区地面沉降问题思考

中国沿海地区地面沉降主要发生在大河三角洲及沿海平原区。文章主要以我国两大沿海城市——上海及天津为例，分析和阐述了沿海地区发生地面沉降的机理以及影响地面沉降发生发展的诸多因素。指出，孔隙水承压含水层中抽取地下水将引起承压水位降低进而引起土颗粒承担的有效压力的增大，从而使土层压缩。影响沿海地区地面沉降的因素有新构造运动、全球海平面上升、软土地基自然沉降、过量抽取地下流体以及建筑施工造成的局部沉降等。文章认为，在诸多影响因素中，人类过量开采地下流体是导致地面沉降发生的主要原因，人类应在资源利用和环境保护方面力争双赢。     

我国地面沉降若干问题研究

摘要：地面沉降主要有（1）主要由过量开采地下水引起的和（2）在新构造活动构造沉降的基础上，由开采地下水、油气、地下热水形成的地面沉降两种类型。不仅不同的土层有不同的变形特点，在不同地点的同一层土也有不同的变形特点。同一地点同一层土在不同时期的变形特点也不尽相同。建立数学模型时要根据土层实际变形特点分别建立相应的模型，才能模拟出真实的地面沉降情况。解决耦合问题和垂向、水平向尺度不同带来的困难也是正确模拟必不可少的。     

基于时序InSAR和GPS技术的北京平原区地表三维形变场特征

文中采用InSAR与GPS技术相结合,获取了北京平原区时序地表三维形变场信息,分析了其分布特征与演化规律.研究表明:(1)北京平原区在抽水引发的第四系附加应力场作用下,地表呈现出显著的三维变形特征,以垂向变形为主,并辅以水平向位移.(2)平原区地面沉降主要集中在东部、北部和南部等地,存在多个沉降中心,总体呈减缓的趋势....     

基于地下水渗流方程的三维地面沉降模型

针对地下水抽取引起的大面积地面沉降的问题,提出了一种计算方法。该方法基于饱和与不饱和岩土介质中地下水渗流理论,计算出三维状态下的大面积地面沉降。提出的方法被结合到地下水渗流的三维有限元法分析中,计算时考虑了地层的可压缩性,并被用来分析软土的固结,将该法与太沙基理论及固结试验的结果进行比较,结果表明其误差小于2 %。该法还被用来分析单井抽取承压地下水引起的周围地基的沉降及承压水层由于挡水板的阻断作用而引起的下游侧的地基的沉降。     

苏锡常地区地面沉降及其若干问题探讨

地面沉降是苏锡常地区当前面临的最大地质灾害问题。本区的地面沉降具有两个特点:一是在时空上与 地下水开采密切相关;二是其形成主要为含水砂层的压密和顶、底板粘性土层的固结。针对地面沉降的研究多从 其宏观力学特性、水土耦合和建模等方面着手,而对土体在沉降变形过程中的结构变化研究不多,因而对土体在沉 降变形过程中的可逆和不可逆、非线性变形、弱透水层变形等的机理,还存在许多模糊认识。对此文章提出了相关 建议,主要包括:1)应系统地研究苏锡常地区第四纪土体各土层的细观和微观结构,弄清地面沉降区土体结构的演 化规律及其与抽、灌地下水、土体物性指标等之间的关系,建立土体沉降类型与土体结构演化之间的关系;2)应对 第四纪土体中的弱透水层开展系统研究;3)应从土体结构的角度,深入研究土体在排水和回灌过程中的可逆和不 可逆变形。     

基于BOFDA的砂—黏土互层垂向变形物理模型试验研究

地面沉降作为一种常见地质灾害对城市发展造成巨大威胁,有效监测土层的垂向变形过程是地面沉降防治的一项重 要工作。文章采用布里渊光频域分析（BOFDA） 技术,利用室内地面沉降模型,对砂-黏土互层土体在排灌水循环中的垂 向变形进行分布式监测,并结合固结压缩试验对土体的垂向变形进行分析。结果表明：黏土层为地面沉降的主要变形层; 在排灌水循环中,土体也会经历压缩-回弹的循环。此外,BOFDA分布式监测技术可以有效地捕捉砂-黏土互层土体在排 灌水状态下的垂向变形情况,实现对地面沉降发育过程中土体垂向变形的实时监测。研究结果可为实现地面沉降的有效防 治措施提供一定的参考依据。     

基于BOFDA的砂—黏土互层垂向变形物理模型试验研究

地面沉降作为一种常见地质灾害对城市发展造成巨大威胁，有效监测土层的垂向变形过程是地面沉降防治的一项重 要工作。文章采用布里渊光频域分析（BOFDA） 技术，利用室内地面沉降模型，对砂—黏土互层土体在排灌水循环中的垂 向变形进行分布式监测，并结合固结压缩试验对土体的垂向变形进行分析。结果表明：黏土层为地面沉降的主要变形层； 在排灌水循环中，土体也会经历压缩—回弹的循环。此外，BOFDA分布式监测技术可以有效地捕捉砂—黏土互层土体在排 灌水状态下的垂向变形情况，实现对地面沉降发育过程中土体垂向变形的实时监测。研究结果可为实现地面沉降的有效防 治措施提供一定的参考依据。     

GIS-based spatial and temporal prediction system development for regional land subsidence hazard mitigation

An integrated GIS-based approach for establishing a spatial and temporal prediction system for groundwater flow and land subsidence is proposed and applied to a subsidence-progressed Japanese coastal plain. Various kinds of fundamental data relating to groundwater flow and land subsidence are digitized and entered into a GIS database. A surface water hydrological cycle simulation is performed using a GIS spatial data operation for the entire plain, and the spatial and temporal groundwater infiltration quantity is hereby obtained. Through the data transformation from the GIS database to a groundwater flow code (MODFLOW), a 3D groundwater flow model is established and unsteady groundwater flow simulation for the past 21 years is conducted with results which compare satisfactorily with observed results. Finally, a Visual Basic code is developed for land subsidence calculations considering aquifer and aquitard deformation. Future land subsidence in the plain is predicted assuming different water pumping scenarios, and the results provide important information for land subsidence mitigation decision-making.     

黏性土弱透水层压实作用:原理、技术及其水文地质意义

弱透水层与含水层相互作用是国际水文地质学界关注的热点问题,特别是黏性土弱透水层与孔隙含水层的相互作用。近年来,在自然沉积、过量开采地下水、现代化农业机械与建筑业重型机械应用等自然与人为活动影响下,黏土弱透水层会发生有效应力增加、孔隙结构变形和孔隙度减少、渗透性降低、溶解氧和贮水能力减少以及侧向和垂向排水等的压实作用,导致地下水污染、地面沉降等环境问题的发生。本文重点介绍了黏性土弱透水层压实作用的原理,分析了地下水系统中4种不同状态下沉积物压实与孔隙流体压力的关系,基于压实物理模拟和数值模拟两个方面对压实作用的研究方法与技术进行了系统总结,随后探讨了压实作用下黏性土弱透水层对地下水水量与水质的影响,并对此研究的发展趋势及其在地球科学、环境科学等研究领域的潜在应用提出了展望。     

Land subsidence caused by internal soil erosion owing to pumping confined aquifer groundwater during the deep foundation construction in Shanghai

Land subsidence is presented in many factors in different areas with urbanization. Internal soil erosion, owing to pumping confined groundwater during the deep foundation pit construction, has contributed to land subsidence. Four governing equations are presented to describe the process of internal soil erosion based on the mathematical–physical model. The finite element computation results, based on practical deep foundation pit engineering consisted of 8 layers of soil of Shanghai area, demonstrate that internal soil erosion will cause the increment of land subsidence and deformation and is related to the hydraulic gradient and the characters of the soils.     

Mechanics of land subsidence due to groundwater pumping

This paper presents the formulation of the basic mechanics governing the changes in stress states from groundwater pumping and comparisons among predicted land subsidence from this mechanics with existing analyses and field data. Land subsidence is a growing, global problem caused by petroleum and groundwater withdrawal, mining operations, natural settlement, hydro‐compaction, settlement of collapsible soils, settlement of organic soils and sinkholes. This paper is concerned with the land subsidence due to groundwater level decline by groundwater pumping. It is shown that the stress state consists of asymmetric stresses that are best simulated by a Cosserat rather than a Cauchy continuum. Land subsidence from groundwater level decline consists of vertical compression (consolidation), shear displacement and macro‐rotation. The latter occurs when conditions are favorable (e.g. at a vertical interface) for the micro‐rotation imposed by asymmetric stresses to become macro‐rotation. When the length of the cone of depression is beyond √2 times the thickness of the aquifer, simple shear on vertical planes with rotation is the predominant deformation mode. Otherwise, simple shear on horizontal planes is present. The predicted subsidence using the mechanics developed in this paper compares well with data from satellite‐borne interferometric synthetic aperture radar. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.