Betekhtinite from Mt. Lyell,tasmania

Betekhtinite occurs in specimens of recrystallised galena from the North Lyell orebody. Its chemical composition is Cu 59.0, Pb 17.3, Fe 2.7, S 20.6, total 99.6. The thermal stability of betekhtinite is briefly discussed.

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Zusammenfassung In Proben von rekristallisiertem Bleiglanz des North Lyell Erzkörpers kommt Betechtinit vor. Dessen chemische Zusammensetzung ist Cu 59.0, Pb 17.3, Fe 2.7 und S 20.6; total 99.6. Die thermische Stabilität des Betechtinites wird kurz diskutiert.

     

The petrogenesis of volcanics from Mt. Bulusan and Mt. Mayon in the Bicol arc,the Philippines

Pliocene to recent volcanic rocks from the Bulusan volcanic complex in the southern part of the Bicol arc (Philippines) exhibit a wide compositional range (medium- to high-K basaltic-andesites, andesites and a dacite/rhyolite suite), but are characterised by large ion lithophile element enrichments and HFS element depletions typical of subduction-related rocks. Field, petrographic and geochemical data indicate that the more silicic syn- and post-caldera magmas have been influenced by intracrustal processes such as magma mixing and fractional crystallisation. However, the available data indicate that the Bicol rocks as a group exhibit relatively lower and less variable ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7036–0.7039) compared with many of the other subduction-related volcanics from the Philippine archipelago. The Pb isotope ratios of the Bicol volcanics appear to be unlike those of other Philippine arc segments. They typically plot within and below the data field for the Philippine Sea Basin on ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb versus ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb versus ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb diagrams, implying a pre-subduction mantle wedge similar to that sampled by the Palau Kyushu Ridge, east of the Philippine Trench. ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios are moderately variable (0.51285–0.51300). Low silica (<55 wt%) samples that have lower ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd tend to have high Th/Nd, high Th/Nb, and moderately low Ce/Ce* ratios. Unlike some other arc segments in the Philippines (e.g. the Babuyan-Taiwan segment), there is little evidence for the involvement of subducted terrigenous sediment. Instead, the moderately low ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios in some of the Bicol volcanics may result from subduction of pelagic sediment (low Ce/Ce*, high Th/Nd, and high Th/Nb) and its incorporation into the mantle wedge via a slab-derived partial melt.     

天山成矿带境内外地球化学特征对比——中国东天山和哈萨克斯坦楚伊犁地区

对天山成矿带中国境内的东天山地区和哈萨克斯坦境内的楚伊犁地区1∶100万比例尺的地球化学填图所揭示的信息进行了对比研究。造岩元素、铁族元素、稀有元素、稀土元素和分散元素在这2个地区的含量和富集程度都非常接近,说明天山地区具有相同的地质背景;贵金属元素Au在楚伊犁地区的含量和富集程度要显著高于东天山地区,楚伊犁地区的Au异常不仅与石英脉型金矿有关,还与黑色页岩微粒金矿化有关;有色金属元素在2个地区差别不大,不同的是Cu异常在东天山以独立或与其他有色金属元素伴生异常存在,而在楚伊犁主要以与贵金属元素伴生异常存在;铂族元素在2个地区含量比较接近,一类异常与基性和超基性岩有关,另一类与黑色岩系有关。尽管这2个地区都还未发现有经济价值的铂族元素矿床,但在楚伊犁地区已经发现与炭质硅质岩有关的微粒金、铂矿化。     

Petro-geochemical study of Mt. Namjagbarwa region,Tibet, China

The rock types and mineral compositions of the Mt. Namjagbarwa region have been studied. Petro-chemical analyses and calculations show that there are two types of metamorphic rock: ortho-and para-rocks in this region with the former being dominant. The results of trace element and REE analyses indicate that the original rocks are of multiple source with the continental tholeiites as the main source.     

Volcanic earthquake swarms at Mt. Erebus, Antarctica

Mount Erebus is an active volcano in Antarctica located on Ross Island. A convecting lava lake occupies the summit crater of Mt. Erebus. Since December 1980 the seismic activity of Mt. Erebus has been continuously monitored using a radio-telemetered network of six seismic stations. The seismic activity observed by the Ross Island network during the 1982–1983 field season shows that: (1)Strombolian eruptions occur frequently at the Erebus summit lava lake at rates of 2–5 per day; (2)centrally located earthquakes map out a nearly vertical, narrow conduit system beneath the lava lake; (3)there are other source regions of seismicity on Ross Island, well removed from Mt. Erebus proper. An intense earthquake swarm recorded in October 1982 near Abbott Peak, 10 km northwest of the summit of Mt. Erebus, and volcanic tremor accompanying the swarm, may have been associated with new dike emplacement at depth.     

Petrogenesis of the gabbros from Mt. St. Hilaire,Quebec, Canada

Mt. St. Hilaire occurs as a small funnel-shaped intrusion in the Monteregian petrographic province of Quebec and consists of alkali gabbros and later nepheline syenites. Based on field relations, petrography, and geochemistry, five types of gabbro are recognized. In order of intrusion these are: leucogabbro, foliated gabbro, kaersutite-biotite gabbro, kaersutite gabbro, and a gabbro-melagabbro series. Based on analyses of the early-forming ilmenite-titanomagnetite, the gabbros crystallized under high fO₂ conditions which lead to subsequent crystallization of olivines with high MnO contents. Fractionation of ilmenite and titanomagnetite was a major control on the Ti and A[TV]concentrations in the clinopyroxenes. Plagioclase compositions in the gabbros became richer in Ab contents in the sequence gabbro-melagabbro to leucogabbro. Whole-rock analyses suggest that the parental magma of alkali basaltic composition was fairly evolved prior to emplacement. Lack of olivine in the cumulate gabbro-melagabbros and low Ni and Cr in all gabbros may reflect either extreme olivine fractionation and/or a very low olivine content in the source material for these basalts. Differentiation of the gabbros occurred both pre- and post-emplacement, probably by a process of crystal-liquid fractionation at depths between 3-5 and 8 km. This is in accordance with geophysical measurements for other Monteregian intrusions. A model is presented for the mechanism of emplacement.     

Partially Fused Granite Blocks from Mt. Elephant, Victoria, Australia

Petrological and chemical evidence is presented to show thatsmall patches of brown glass found in blocks of granite eruptedin basaltic scoria at Mt. Elephant are the result of the partialfusion of biotite and quartz. The glass has moderate SiO₂ (63–66per cent), high AI₂O₃ (17.5–19 per cent), high FeO (3.8–5.2per cent) and very high K₂O (7.0–7.8 per cent) relativeto Na₂O (3.3–3.7 per cent) and is similar in compositionto many high K alkali syenites and trachytes.     

Meteorological triggering of earthquake swarms at Mt. Hochstaufen, SE-Germany

A growing body of evidence suggests that fluids are intimately linked to a variety of faulting processes. Yet, the particular mechanisms through which fluids and associated parameters influence the stress regime and thus the seismicity of a particular area are not well understood.We carry out a study of the spatio-temporal behavior of earthquakes, fluid-related parameters (groundwater levels) and meteorological observables (precipitation) in the swarm earthquake area of Bad Reichenhall, southeastern Germany. The small volume in which the earthquakes take place, almost yearly occurring earthquake swarms and a permanent, seismo-meteorological monitoring network, provide nearly controlled experimental conditions to study the physics of earthquake swarms and to infer characteristic properties of the seismogenic crust.In this paper we (1) describe this fairly unique study area in terms of geology, seismicity and atmospheric conditions; (2) present two cases of earthquake swarms that seem to follow above-average rainfall events; and (3) examine the observed migration of hypocenters with a simple pore pressure diffusion model.We find significant correlation of seismicity with rainfall and groundwater level increase, and estimate an average hydraulic diffusivity of D = 0.75 ± 0.35 m²/s for Mt. Hochstaufen in 2002.     

山东崂山花岗岩地质地貌特征

崂山位于山东省青岛市东部，是中国海岸上海拔最高的山。崂山花岗岩是苏鲁地区燕山期花岗岩带中的重要组成部分，是中国东部晚中生代较典型的由钙碱性岩套和碱性岩套构成的I—A型复合花岗岩体。在长期的地球内外应力作用下，崂山形成了丰富、独特的花岗岩地貌类型，发育峰林、峰墙、崮、洞、像形石、岩臼等花岗岩地貌和砾石堤、巨砾扇、砾石海岸、砾石滩等独特的花岗岩堆积地貌。特殊的大地构造位置和花岗岩类型、丰富的地质资源、典型而独特的花岗岩地貌景观使得崂山花岗岩地质地貌具有极高的科研、科普和旅游开发价值。     

新疆博罗霍洛山地区上志留统博罗霍洛山组沉积构造背景分析

新疆中天山西段的博罗霍洛山地区,在早古生代具有裂陷带性质。上志留统博罗霍洛山组形成于该裂陷带的最后闭合阶段,具有其特殊的形成时间和沉积特征。通过对该组地层的沉积学、岩石学及地球化学等方面的分析,本文较深入地讨论了其沉积环境及其沉积构造背景。认为该组岩石为浊流沉积物,其形成与活动性较强的大陆边缘区有着密切的关系,其陆源物质来源以当时存在于裂陷带以南的具有一定陆壳厚度和中等成熟度的“伊宁古陆”区为主。     

南秦岭寒武-奥陶纪碳酸岩台地演化

南秦岭早古生代碳酸岩台地属于扬子板块北部被动大陆边缘。台地经历了３个演化阶段:①下-中寒武统缓坡沉积阶段；②中寒武统-下奥陶统镶边陆棚沉积阶段；③中-上奥陶统混合陆棚沉积阶段。下志留统的进积陆源碎屑沉积淹没了全区。从台地相带的展布规律和古地理轮廓推测，早古生代时台地北侧可能存在一个已消失了的古陆。     

Petrogenesis and Experimental Petrology of Granitic Rocks, by Wilhelm Johannes and Francois Holtz. Minerals and Rocks, Vol. 22 (Editors P. J. Wyllie, A. El Goresy, W. von Engelhardt and T. Hahn). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1996. 335 pp. DM 168.

Granite petrology has achieved significant progress during thelast four decades. More and more components have been addedto the pure system Ab–Or–Qz–H₂O to ensurethat the results obtained from the experiments reflect naturalprocesses to a higher degree. The significance of water forthe formation, intrusion, and crystallization of granitic magmasforms an     

玉龙雪山白水1号冰川运动速度测量与研究

采用玉龙雪山白水1号冰川2011年6～9月的高精度GPS实测数据,对白水1号冰川的运动速度进行了探索性研究,并与其他数条典型冰川作了对比分析。结果表明,与北半球典型大陆性冰川相比,玉龙雪山白水1号冰川运动速度明显偏快,介于2.34～4.74 m/月之间,是同规模大陆性冰川的月运动速度的6～10倍,有独特的海洋性冰川运动特征。与藏东南同一类型的帕隆94冰川相比,玉龙雪山白水1号冰川运动速度约为其一半,这说明海洋性冰川的运动速度与规模成正比。同时,白水1号冰川末端平均海拔为4 381 m,近10年几乎保持了相同的退缩速度,说明在当今气候变化背景下,白水1号冰川对气候变暖的响应程度相同。     

Fluorine adsorption by volcanic soils at Mt. Etna,Italy

Fluorine adsorption experiments were performed on 28 samples of the first 5 cm of topsoil collected on the flanks of Mt. Etna. The soil samples were equilibrated with F-rich rainwater (3.25 mg/L) at a soil/water weight ratio of 1/25. Aliquots of the supernatant were collected after 1, 7, 72, 720 and 5640 h and analysed for F content. The soil samples could be subdivided into three groups based on their F-adsorption behaviours after 1 h and at the end of the experiment: (1) negative adsorption (F released from the soil to the solution) after 1 h and negative or moderately positive adsorption at the end, (2) from negative after 1 h to strongly positive adsorption at the end, and (3) always strong positive adsorption. The adsorption capacity of the soils was positively correlated with the soil pH, the contents of finer granulometric fractions (clay and silt) and the weathering stage (as quantified by the chemical alteration index). The most F adsorbing soils are found at the periphery of the volcano where aquifers are more vulnerable to contamination due to the shallower depth of the water table. This study further evidences the importance of the Etnean soils in protecting groundwater from an excessive magmatic F input.     

Age and metasomatic alteration of the Mt Neill Granite at Nooldoonooldoona Waterhole,Mt Painter Inlier,South Australia

Quartz feldspar augen gneisses, quartz augen schists and trondhjemites outcrop at Nooldoonooldoona Waterhole in the southwestern corner of the Proterozoic Mt Painter Inlier, northern Flinders Ranges, South Australia. These rocks were previously interpreted as having different origins and ages. However, we argue that all rock types were the result of deformation and strong metasomatic alteration of one common precursor: the Mt Neill Granite. Our conclusion is based on field observations that show that the different lithologies grade into each other and that intrusive contacts are lacking. Whole rock major and trace element analyses also point to a common protolith. Finally, Pb/Pb dating of magmatic zircons gave the same ca 1576 Ma age for the different rock types. Our findings necessitate a re evaluation of the published regional geology and lithostratigraphy of the Mt Painter Inlier. They also indicate that extreme care should be taken in the classification and genetic interpretation of rocks that have experienced extensive metasomatic alteration, which is common in many high grade terrains in Australia.     

蒙贡－台加山的冰川及其变化特征

俄罗斯图瓦共和国境内的蒙贡－台加山是位于亚洲中心的一个独立的冰川作用中心。现代冰川共３６条，总面积２７．８ｋｍ２，主要受西风环流及地方性环流的降水补给，具有亚大陆型冰川的特征。小冰期最盛期以来，冰川面积减少４９．３％。近１５０年来，冰川面积和长度继续减少，末端及雪线高度升高。近３０年来，冰川退缩速度加快，冰川物质平衡有１０年左右的波动变化，目前处于负平衡状态。但１９９２－１９９３年两条山谷冰川突然前进。对比亚洲中部其它山系，发现本区冰川动态变化独特，说明不同地区冰川对于全球性气候的响应过程比较复杂。     

Evidence for a Picritic, Volatile-rich Magma beneath Mt. Shasta, California

Large, magnesium-rich olivines are plentiful in several Holocenecinder cones within 20 km of Mt. Shasta Summit. Glasses (formerlysilicate melts) included in the olivines are high alumina basalts(tholeiites and olivine tholeiites). In the most magnesian olivinesthe glass inclusions have large vapor bubbles. Surrounding someof the glass inclusions are broad Fe-rich zones and ghost outlines.These facts indicate crystallization of major proportions ofolivine from the initial trapped melts. The initial melts containedan inferred 24 per cent of MgO and were rich in volatiles. Theinferred entrapment temperature of the initial melt is 1410°C. The initial liquid is a possible mantle derived parentof Mt. Shasta basalts and andesites and of some hidden alpineperidotite.