Monitoring regional sea ice of the Bohai Sea by SSM/I scattering index

SSM/I data on the Bohai Sea of China from 1994 to 1996 have been studied.The sea ice algorithms of calibration/validation such as the brightness temperature index [AES/YORK TBI (Hollinger et al.,1992)] and ocean scattering index [OSI (Ferraro et al.,1996, The Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(5), 891-905)] are not applicable to the detection of regional sea ice of mid-latitude Bohai area.This paper presents a method of the scatfeting index SI and polarization index PI to identify regional Bohai Sea ice.Numerical results of vector radiative transfer for a model of a layer of sea ice over ocean simulate the relationship between SI/PI and sea ice depth, and others.It is employed to categorize the SI/PI indexes for the detection of sea ice.     

星载SSM/Ⅰ微波遥感渤海海冰的辐射特征分析

根据我国渤海区域星载微波遥感ＤＭＳＰＳＳＭ／Ｉ１９９４～１９９６年的观察数据的研究,指出现有的星载微波遥感海冰的数据标定和验证ＴＢＩ和ＯＳＩ算法是不适用的。用２２和８５ＧＨｚ的散射指数ＳＩ和１９ＧＨｚ的极化指数ＰＩ,讨论了渤海区域海冰的主要辐射特征,用矢量辐射传输理论数值模拟了ＳＩ、ＰＩ与海冰覆盖及其厚度变化的定量关系,用ＳＩ－ＰＩ图规划了渤海区域性海冰的识别方法,给出了渤海海冰的空间分布及其辐射特征的时间序列变化。     

Monitoring regional sea ice of China's Bohai Sea by SSM/Iscattering indexes

The Specific Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) data over China's Bohai Sea from 1993 to 1996 has been studied. Some empirical algorithms of data calibration/validation for sea ice, such as the method of the Atmospheric Environment Science/York University temperature brightness index (AES/YORK TBI) and ocean scattering index (OSI), are not well applicable to detection of regional sea ice such as the midlatitude Bohai Sea area. This paper presents a method of the scattering index (SI) and polarization index (PI) to identify regional Bohai Sea ice. Numerical results of vector radiative transfer for a model of a layer of sea ice over ocean simulate the relationship between SIs/PIs and sea ice depth and other variations. It is employed to categorize the graph of SIs/PIs for detection of sea ice     

基于GOCI数据渤海海冰厚度算法研究

提出一种基于GOCI数据提取渤海海冰厚度方法并将其应用于2014年-2015年冬季渤海海冰厚度动态变化监测。首先基于高时间分辨率的GOCI数据建立GOCI短波宽带反射率与各波段反射率模型,然后建立海冰厚度与GOCI短波宽带反射率模型,并将此模型应用于渤海海冰厚度监测,最后通过基于MODIS数据、热动力学模型（Lebedev和Zubov模型）反演获得的海冰厚度以及实测海冰厚度数据对实验结果进行验证。实验结果表明：基于GOCI数据建立海冰厚度模型所反演的海冰厚度与基于MODIS数据反演的海冰厚度以及Lebedev和Zubov模型具有较高相关性（R2>0.86）,而且反演结果接近实测数据（RMS为6.82 cm）。     

A PARAMETRIC MODEL FOR THERMAL STRUCTURE FEATURES OF THE OCEAN UPPER LAYER

Based on the non-dimensional general function for the thermal structure features presented by S. A. Kitaigorodsky et al. (1963, 1965)[10,11]. this paper tries to establish semi-empirical and semi-theoretical models bfor the thickness of the upper homogeneous layer of the ocean, thermocline intensity and lower oundary depth of thermocline by consecutive observations from 159 stations in the Bohai Sea,Huanghai Sea and East China Sea in the warm half of the years from 1957 to 1964 and the heat budget at the sea surface computed with the simplified computing formulae proposed by Wang (1983)[22]. This model indicates the main factors forming the thermal structure features in the upper layer of the ocean and their function. With the model, one can directly use the sea surface temperature, air temperature and wind speed to compute the thermal feature in the upper layer of the ocean.     

渤海模型冰运动特征的现场观测研究

Sea ice drift is mainly controlled by ocean currents, local wind, and internal ice stress. Information on sea ice motion, especially in situ synchronous observation of an ice velocity, a current velocity, and a wind speed, is of great significance to identify ice drift characteristics. A sea ice substitute, the so-called "modelled ice", which is made by polypropylene material with a density similar to Bohai Sea ice, is used to complete a free drift experiment in the open sea. The trajectories of isolated modelled ice, currents and wind in the Bohai Sea during non-frozen and frozen periods are obtained. The results show that the currents play a major role while the wind plays a minor role in the free drift of isolated modelled ice when the wind is mild in the Bohai Sea. The modelled ice drift is significantly affected by the ocean current and wind based on the ice–current–wind relationship established by a multiple linear regression. The modelled ice velocity calculated by the multiple linear regression is close to that of the in situ observation, the magnitude of the error between the calculated and observed ice velocities is less than12.05%, and the velocity direction error is less than 6.21°. Thus, the ice velocity can be estimated based on the observed current velocity and wind speed when the in situ observed ice velocity is missing. And the modelled ice of same thickness with a smaller density is more sensitive to the current velocity and the wind speed changes. In addition, the modelled ice drift characteristics are shown to be close to those of the real sea ice, which indicates that the modelled ice can be used as a good substitute of real ice for in situ observation of the free ice drift in the open sea, which helps solve time availability, safety and logistics problems related to in situ observation on real ice.     

Numerical sea ice prediction in China

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The estimate of sea ice resources quantity in the Bohai Sea based on NOAA/AVHRR data

The research on sea ice resources is the academic base of sea ice exploitation in the Bohai Sea. According to the ice-water spectrum differences and the correlation between ice thickness and albedo, this paper comes up with a sea ice thickness inversion model based on the NOAA/AVHRR data. And then a sea ice resources quantity (SIQ) time series of Bohai Sea is established from 1987 to 2009. The results indicate that the average error of inversion sea ice thickness is below 30%. The maximum sea ice resources quantity is about 6 × 10 9 m 3 and the minimum is 1.3 × 10 9 m 3 . And a preliminary analysis has been made on the errors of the estimate of sea ice resources quantity (SIQ).     

渤海冰漂移对海面风场、潮流场的响应

在对海冰漂移动力学分析基础上,利用MODIS资料,采用MCC方法获取渤海大范围冰覆盖的海域冰速场,并利用NCEP风速资料和潮流资料进行回归分析,得到渤海冰漂移速度与风速和流速的关系.利用MODIS和NOAA/AVHRR资料获取的渤海冰速资料的综合分析显示:渤海海冰运动,除受盛行风控制外,还受到复杂的海岸地形、流和冰内应力的共同作用,所得到的大范围海冰运动规律和多年历史观测资料分析结果基本一致,并清楚地显示了冰边缘带海冰运动的特征,弥补了局地、单站海冰观测的局限性.     

基于混合损失U-Net的SAR图像渤海海冰检测研究

渤海是我国重要的经济区,海冰灾害严重威胁着人类生产活动。合成孔径雷达具有全天候成像能力,研究渤海区域的SAR图像海冰检测具有重要意义。传统海冰检测方法受限于特征提取方法和建模方式,检测精度有待提升。深度学习具有极强的特征自学习能力,适用于图像检测问题。本文基于深度学习框架U-Net,以Sentinel-1双极化（VV和VH）合成孔径雷达图像为输入信息,设计混合损失函数优化传统U-Net模型,形成了基于混合损失U-Net的渤海海冰检测模型。将本文模型与传统海冰检测方法[脉冲耦合神经网络（PCNN）、马尔科夫随机场（MRF）和分水岭算法]和基于深度卷积神经网络（CNN）的深度学习方法进行了对比。实验结果表明:本文基于混合损失U-Net的海冰检测模型在重叠度、F1分数、精确度和召回率4项度量指标上分别达到了97.567%、98.769%、98.767%和98.771%,检测效果明显优于对比方法;双极化信息输入的检测结果比VV单极化输入的检测结果在F1分数、精确度、召回率和重叠度上分别提高了0.375%、0.111%、0.639%和0.740%;混合损失函数的检测结果比非混合损失函数的检测结果在F1分数、精确度、召回率和重叠度上分别提高了1.129%、0.947%、1.794%和2.231%;模型能对冰水沿线、冰间水道、冰间隙等细节进行有效检测;可应用于渤海区域整幅SAR图像的海冰检测,为海冰监测、海冰变化分析、海冰预报提供技术支撑。     

Numerical Simulation of Bohai Oil Spill in the Winter Sea Ice Period

The Bohai Sea is a seasonal icy sea area that has the lowest latitude of any sea experiencing icing in the northern hemisphere, and simulation studies on oil spills during its sea ice period are the key to analyzing winter oil spill accidents. This study applied the three-dimensional free surface to establish a high-resolution hydrodynamic model and simulate tidal distributions in the Bohai Sea. Then, the oil spill model of the open sea area and thermodynamic model were combined to establish a numerical model for the Bohai oil spill during the winter sea ice period. The hydrodynamic model and sea ice growth and melting model were verified, and the parameters were adjusted based on the measured values, which indicate that the numerical model established in this paper is of high accuracy,stability and ubiquity. Finally, after checking the calculations repeatedly, the diffusion coefficient for the Bohai Sea was determined to be 1.0×10~(–7 )m~2/s. It is better that the comprehensive weathering attenuation coefficient is lower than that of a non-winter oil spill, with 1.3×10~(–7 )m~2/s being the most appropriate coefficient. This study can provide the reliable technical support for the operational safety and reduction in losses caused by winter oil spill accidents for the petroleum industry.     

渤、黄海海冰的变化和预报结果分析

利用1951—2000年的渤、黄海的海冰资料，用小波分析和最优气候均态法对渤、黄海的海冰冰级进行分析和预测。小波分析结果较好地反映了渤、黄海海冰的变化规律，使对海冰的研究更符合实际情况。这必将有助于研究海冰变化的机理和不同尺度变化的相互作用。最优气候均态法较好地实现了对渤、黄海海冰的预测。此方法在海冰预报中不失为一种可用的方法。     

基于卫星观测的辽东湾冰情统计分析

根据渤海6个海洋站的海冰监测及气温观测数据统计,终冰日及冰期可用来表征当年渤海冰情严重程度,在大多数年份冰情与终冰日早晚和冰期长短呈负相关。根据2006/2016年的辽东湾海冰面积及外缘线资料,分析了11年间辽东湾冰情的年变化特征,分析结果显示,辽东湾海冰受局地气温影响明显,两者呈较显著的负相关关系。分析结果发现,辽东湾海冰年际变化除受局地气候的影响外,还受太平洋副热带高压(简称副高)、极涡、东亚槽和欧亚环流等气候因子的共同调控,其中受太平洋副高北界位置指数、极涡面积指数、东亚槽强度指数、欧亚纬向环流指数影响最为显著,可作为辽东湾海冰预测的重要因子,此外北极海冰密集度也可以为预测当年冬季辽东湾每月冰情提供依据。     

基于高度计数据的南极冰水边界识别算法研究

海冰边缘线是南极海冰监测的重要内容之一。本文基于ENVI RA-2(ENVISAT Radar Altimeter 2)高度计数据开展了南极海冰边缘线提取方法研究。首先根据海冰和海水后向散射系数的不同,利用其各自方差对两者进行区分,获得了冰水分界线;其次通过ENVISAT-ASAR(ENVISAT-Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar)数据和冰况图对提取的海冰边缘线的正确性进行了验证;最后简要分析了误差存在的原因。研究结果表明,高度计数据在提取大范围海冰边缘线方面具有优势。     

渤海海冰现场监测的数字图像技术及其应用

在渤海冰区油气开发中,海冰给平台结构、油气运输和施工作业带来很大影响.油气作业区海冰参数精确、连续、实时的现场监测对分析油气开发的可靠性、检验海冰数值模式、校正海冰卫星遥感数据具有重要意义.针对渤海油气作业区的海冰运动和分布特性,通过数字图像技术对海冰的厚度、运动速度和密集度三个参数的提取进行了算法开发和软件研制.在2...     

A coupled ice-ocean model for the Bohai Sea Ⅱ. Case study

The coupled ice-ocean model for the Bohai Sea is used for simulating the freezing, melting, and variation of ice cover and the heat balance at the sea-ice, air-ice, and air-sea interfaces of the Bohai Sea during the entire winter in 1998～1999 and 2000～2001. The coupled model is forced by real time numerical weather prediction fields. The results show that the thermodynamic effects of atmosphere and ocean are very important for the evolvement of ice in the Bohai Sea, especially in the period of ice freezing and melting. Ocean heat flux plays a key role in the thermodynamic coupling. The simulation also presents the different thermodynamic features in the ice covered region and the marginal ice zone. Ice thickness, heat budget at the interface, and surface sea temperature, etc. between the two representative points are discussed.     

质点-网格海冰模式在渤海的数值预报试验

在海冰动力学和热力学的研究基础上,开发应用于渤海的质点-网格海冰模式.该模式采用质点-网格法,有效地避免了传统海冰模式的数值扩散问题.该模式采用冰厚分布函数取代传统渤海业务海冰预报模式中平整冰、堆积冰和开阔水的三类海冰分型.应用质点-网格海冰模式对2003年～2004年冬季渤海冰情进行了业务化逐日数值预报试验,并对预报结果进行统计检验和分析比较.     

A coupled ice-ocean model for the Bohai Sea Ⅱ. Case study

The coupled ice-ocean model for the Bohai Sea is used for simulating the freezing, melting, and variation of ice cover and the heat balance at the sea-ice, air-ice, and air-sea interfaces of the Bohai Sea during the entire winter in 1998-1999 and 2000-2001. The coupled model is forced by real time numerical weather prediction fields. The results show that the thermodynamic effects of atmosphere and ocean are very important for the evolvement of ice in the Bohai Sea, especially in the period of ice freezing and melting. Ocean heat flux plays a key role in the thermodynamic coupling. The simulation also presents the different thermodynamic features in the ice covered region and the marginal ice zone. Ice thickness, heat budget at the interface, and surface sea temperature, etc. between the two representative points are discussed.     

渤海冰-海洋耦合模式Ⅱ.个例试验

以渤海1998~1999和2000~2001年度冬季的海冰发展过程为例,采用实时气象数值预报场作为大气强迫,利用渤海冰海洋耦合模式模拟渤海整个冬季的海冰生消和演变以及渤海冰季冰气、冰水和气水界面的热收支.模拟结果显示大气和海洋的热力效应对渤海的海冰发展非常重要,特别在海冰的冻结和融化阶段,海洋热通量在热力耦合中起着重要作用.模拟还显示了冰覆盖内部区域和冰外缘线附近不同的热力特征,分析讨论了冰区内和冰边缘两个特征点冰厚分布、界面热量收支和海表水温等.     

渤海海域冰水共存期的波能流密度推算

为给寒区海域的波浪能估算提供科学依据,提出一种合理推算冰水共存海域波浪条件及波能流密度的方法,该方法将海冰模型与水动力学模型耦合模拟得到的冰浓度以线性修正函数的方式纳入波浪模型的海面摩阻风速方程中,并基于MCT (model coupling toolkit)耦合器将海冰模型、水动力学模型与波浪模型进行实时耦合。基于该方法模拟了渤海冬季寒潮大风期间的海冰以及波能流密度的演化。模拟结果表明,在2012年2月5~8日寒潮大风期间,结冰区域占到渤海总面积的1/3,约有76%的渤海海域的平均波能流密度受海冰影响减小,其中辽东湾近岸的波能流密度平均受冰影响最多减小了100%,而渤海湾和莱州湾近岸受冰影响最多分别减小了60%和50%。即使是无冰覆盖的老铁山水道,其波能流密度的最大值也受冰影响减少了14%。耦合模拟可以更为准确地对渤海冬季的波能流密度分布进行评估,为波浪能发电厂选址提供依据。