Stability of Planetary Interiors

Summary Many accept thermal convection within the mantle of the Earth as the driving mechanism for continental drift. It is also of considerable interest to determine whether thermal convection is occurring within Venus, Mars, and the Moon. In this paper a systematic treatment of the stability of planetary interiors is given. The thermal stability problem for a layer of fluid heated from below is solved when the viscosity of the fluid increases exponentially with depth. For a semi-infinite fluid with exponentially increasing viscosity the critical Rayleigh number based on the surface viscosity and the scale length of the viscosity increase is found to be 30 for a fixed surface boundary condition and 23 for a free surface boundary condition. This stability analysis is also extended to include volume heat release. The thermal stability of the interiors of the Earth, Venus, Mars and the Moon is examined. Using temperature-depth profiles in the literature and a theoretical expression for the viscosity of a crystalline solid based on diffusion creep, viscosity depth profiles for planetary interiors are obtained. Because of the strong pressure effect the viscosity within the Earth and Venus increases greatly from a near surface minimum. For Mars the increase is less pronounced and within the interior of the Moon the viscosity is nearly constant. For all the cases considered the planetary interiors are found to be thermally unstable. Because of the dependence of viscosity on depth the interiors of the Moon and Mars are found to be considerably less stable than Venus and the Earth. It is concluded that thermal convection is occurring within the planetary bodies considered.     

Planetary urbanization: new perspectives on the debate

ABSTRACT

This essay is the introduction to the forum on Planetary Urbanization for the Debates and Interventions section     

区域经济一体化的动力机制及组织类型

区域经济一体化在二战后得到迅速发展,并已成为当今世界经济发展的主要趋势之一。其载体区域经济一体化组织的内容也更加丰富、层次更加多样。从发展的角度看,区域经济一体化是全球范围内市场经济发展到一定阶段的结果,促使其发展的动力机制为“推、拉、压、支”四力驱动和“传统经济利益、非传统收益、政治利益”三大取向。在组织类型上,根据区域经济一体化内容和发展程度的不同分为优惠贸易安排、自由贸易区、关税同盟、共同市场、经济同盟和完全的经济一体化六种类型。     

中原城市群一体化发展战略构想

文章通过对城市群发展一般规律分析及国内外城市群发展现状的研究，指出中原城市群建设与一体化发展是符合城市化的基本规律和河南区域发展实际，具有历史和客观的必然性。并对中原城市群城镇体系结构、产业互动发展、产业空间布局、基础设施建设、大郑州都市区构建等进行了研究，提出了中原城市群一体化发展的构想和基本解决方案。     

新型城镇化背景下中国城乡统筹的理论与实践问题

城乡统筹问题是当代中国社会经济发展的综合性课题,随着新型城镇化的提出,许多省市的城乡关系都面临复杂的困境,而新型城镇化与城乡统筹发展关系实践不仅是解决农业、农村、农民问题的重要途径,还是推动区域协调发展的强劲动力和扩大内需及促进产业升级的重要抓手。新型城镇化与城乡统筹具有内在的共同点,因此在新型城镇化背景下,分析两者在实践过程中共同存在的生态环境、人口流动、产业布局、城市空间利用以及土地制度等存在的问题具有重要的理论和现实意义。提出了 树立资源节约型的城乡统筹理念、确立健康城市化的城乡统筹方向、从区域空间角度认识城乡统筹问题、 着力解决城乡统筹的土地问题等观点,并指出了新型城镇化背景下城乡统筹主要优化方向：优化重点区域发展、优化空间布局形态、优化集群产业结构、优化发展美好环境、优化市场导向机制。     

美育与初中地理教学融合的路径

美育是我国教育方针的重要组成部分,是落实立德树人根本任务的重要载体。本文基于《义务教育地理课程标准(2011年版)》,通过提取地理学科核心概念,构建地理学科知识地图,开发美育资源,以探索美育资源与初中地理教学的融合路径,将美育落实到初中地理课程开发、教学和评价的全过程。这不仅可以帮助学生从地理视角欣赏天地之美,提升地理学科核心素养和审美素养,还可以陶冶情操、温润心灵、激发创新创造活力。     

基于渗透原理的农民工城市空间融入变化规律研究

根据2015~2016年对西安市区农民工调查和访谈的1 200份问卷为基础,结合渗透原理,借助数理统计方法,构建城市空间网络节点模型,分析城市融入动态变化规律。研究得出：①农民工城市空间融入具有渗透和排斥规律,其影响因素涉及软差异实力与硬差异实力在城市空间网络节点上渗透力与排斥力相互作用;②该综合作用的阈值决定农民工在城市空间网络节点上的迁移与逗留时间;③理论数据仿真测试表明基于同心圆理论的城市空间网络节点模型（Logistic）符合农民工城市融入动态位移特征,对城市空间和谐发展有着积极的启示意义。     

多种蒸散发公式在珠江流域的适用性分析

利用珠江流域42个观测站点的逐日气象数据对比分析了FAO56 Penman-Monteith(PM)、Priestley-Taylor、Hargreaves-Samani和Thornthwaite等4种蒸散发公式在珠江流域的适用性,并研究了在资料有限情况下PM公式的计算精度。PM公式由于详细考虑了空气动力与能量供给对蒸散发的影响,其在不同季节和地区的计算结果都较为稳定,并且与实际的观测接近,最适用于珠江流域的蒸散发计算。在蒸散发的计算中,日照时数的缺测对PM公式计算精度的影响最大,风速次之。通过设定修正系数后的PMT公式,计算精度得到了明显提高,在一定程度上可以满足对蒸散发计算的精度要求。因此,在其他资料缺失的情况下,只利用气温数据计算的PMT公式可成为一种理想的蒸散发计算公式。     

"The Same But Not the Same": The Discursive Constitution of Large Housing Estates in Germany,France, and Poland

Since the 1960s, large housing estates have shaped the geography of suburbia in many Western and Eastern European cities. This paper examines the constitution of the social and spatial meanings of large housing estates within three different national contexts: in Germany, Poland, and France. Employing discourse theory and an empirical analysis of the coverage of major national newspapers, we identify cross-national and specific national patterns of discourses that (re)produce particular social spaces and distinct social orders. Quantitative discourse analysis reveals differences, similarities, and ruptures in various constructions of the meaning of large housing estates. We find that large housing estates in France and Germany are constituted in print media as threatening places and as places of foreignness located "outside" the "proper society." In contrast, Polish large housing estates are framed discursively as threatened places located in the social "inside."     

植物与岩土措施相结合的泥石流治理工程(英文)

我国山区特殊的地形、地质及气候条件造成泥石流灾害频繁发生,严重危害居民生命财产安全并限制山区经济社会可持续发展。国内外泥石流防治研究取得显著成效,但还需要研究如何合理搭配治理措施以满足泥石流防治的需求。本文简要介绍我国泥石流防治技术,主要内容有综合防治技术体系、植物工程措施、岩土工程措施、以及植物工程措施与岩土工程措施的有机结合。探讨了以主河输沙能力为控制条件,以地理条件和微地形因子为植物种类选择依据,坡面治理与沟道拦蓄配合,形成"坡面——沟道——小流域"的多级径流和固体物质调控体系。为了做好泥石流防治工作,今后应该加强植物措施治理泥石流的机理研究,评价植物措施的功能并编制设计技术规范,完善植物工程措施与岩土工程措施结合的综合治理体系。     

The Drivers of Market Integration Among Indigenous Peoples: Evidence From the Ecuadorian Amazon

Knowledge of the driving forces behind indigenous participation in the market is essential for practitioners intending to integrate conservation and development policies in indigenous territories. Nevertheless, empirical research on the determinants of market integration among indigenous peoples is still scarce. This article uses household survey data and multivariate techniques to examine the drivers of market integration among indigenous groups in the Ecuadorian Amazon. We use multiple measures of market integration, including the sale of crops, timber, and wildlife; the use of credit; and participation in wage labor. The results show that the way in which indigenous peoples integrate into the market depends on their endowments of human, financial, and physical capital. More educated households are able to engage in commercial agriculture and nonagricultural wage work, whereas uneducated poor households in communities in conflict with outsiders are pushed to engage in poorly paid agricultural wage work and (often illegal) timber operations.