Tectonic evolution of the Aravalli orogen (NW India): an inverted Proterozoic rift basin?

The Aravalli mountain range (AMR) in the northwestern part of the Indian Peninsula consists of two main Proterozoic metasedimentary and metaigneous sequences, the Aravalli and Delhi Supergroups, respectively, which rest over the Archaean gneissic basement. A synthesis and reinterpretation of the available geological, geochronological and geophysical data, including results of own field work and geophysical interpretations pertaining to the AMR, indicate its origin as an inverted basin: rifting into granitoid basement began ca. 2.5; Ga ago with Aravalli passive rifting (ca. 2.5–2.0 Ga) and Delhi active rifting (ca. 1.9–1.6 Ga). Associated mafic igneous rocks show both continental and oceanic tholeiitic geochemistry and are comparable with Phanerozoic, rift-related magmatic products. Available data showed no conclusive evidence for oceanic lithoshere and island-arc/active margin magmatic activity in the AMR. Subsequent inversion and orogeny (Delhi orogeny, ca. 1.5-1.4 Ga) lead to complex deformation and metamorphism. Only in the western and central zones has the basement been involved in this mid-Proterozoic (Delhi) deformation, whereas it is unaffected in the eastern part, except for local shear zones mainly along the basement/cover interface. The grade of metamorphism increases from the greenschist facies in the east to the amphibolite facies in the west with local HP assemblages. These latter are explained by rapid burial and exhumation of thin and cool continental lithosphere. Subsequently, during a final, mild phase of inversion, the Vindhyan basins consisting mainly of sandstones, limestones and shales, flanking the AMR formed which are comparable to foreland basins. The tectonic evolution of the AMR is therefore interpreted as an example of a major inverted continental rift and of a Proterozoic intra-continental orogen.     

New evidence for two sharp replacement fronts during albitization of granitoids from northern Aravalli orogen,northwest India

We present new evidence of infiltration metasomatism in granitoids that were albitized in a process that produced two sharp replacement fronts, both of which are clearly visible in the field. The two fronts advanced through the original granite simultaneously, but at different rates. Here we focus mainly on the Ajitgarh intrusive in the northern Aravalli orogen of northwest India. This intrusion shows geographically well-defined metasomatic zones on the outcrop scale as well as a large volume of original ferroan granite, both of which were poorly preserved in most of the previously studied Khetri granites. Stage I metasomatism transformed the grey original granite to pink microcline–albite granite, and stage II converted the microcline–albite granite to white albite granite. Both these reaction fronts are sharp and are easily recognized in the field by their different colours. The mineralogical and chemical changes during the first stage are expressed by transformation of original oligoclase to albite, biotite (annite-rich) and hastingsite (amphibole) to hastingsite with low X_Fe values, dehydration, gain in Na, and losses in Fe and Rb. The second stage of metasomatism caused almost complete conversion of microcline to albite and complete or nearly complete disappearance of amphibole. Chemically, these changes are manifested by substantial gain in Na and extreme losses in K, Rb, Ba, Ca, Sr, Fe, and Mg. Depending on the modal abundances of amphibole, stage II albitized rocks are depleted in light rare earth elements or heavy rare earth elements or both, signifying that rare earth elements are principally hosted by mafic phases. The disparity in whole-rock δ¹⁸O values during both stages of albitization is related to the variations in modal amounts of Si-bearing phases. The replacement microstructures are in accord with the fluid-mediated phase transformations by a coupled dissolution–precipitation mechanism. The albitizing event took place at low temperatures of 350–400 °C and the fluid was metamorphic in nature.     

Tectonic evolution of the South Tianshan orogen and adjacent regions,NW China: geochemical and age constraints of granitoid rocks

Geochemical and geochronological evidence was obtained from granitoids of the South Tianshan orogen and adjacent regions, which consist of three individual tectonic domains, the Kazakhstan–Yili plate, the Central Tianshan Terrane and the Tarim plate from north to south. The Central Tianshan Terrane is structurally bounded by the Early Paleozoic ‘Nikolaev Line–North Nalati Fault’ and Late Paleozoic ‘Atbashy–Inyl’chek–South Nalati–Qawabulak Fault’ zones against the Kazakhstan–Yili and Tarim plates, respectively. The meta-aluminous to weakly peraluminous granitic rocks, which are exposed along the Kekesu River and the Bikai River across the Central Tianshan Terrane, have a tholeiitic, calc-alkaline or high-potassium calc-alkaline composition (I-type). Geochemical trace element characteristics and the Y versus Rb–Nb or Y versus Nb discrimination diagrams favor a continental arc setting for these granitoid rocks. SHRIMP U–Pb and LA-ICP-MS U–Pb zircon age data indicate that the magmatism started at about 480 Ma, continued from 460 to 330 Ma and ended at about 275 Ma. The earlier magmatism (>470 Ma) is considered to be the result of a simultaneous southward and northward subduction of the Terskey Ocean beneath the northern margin of the Tarim plate and the Kazakhstan–Yili plate, respectively. The later magmatism (460–330 Ma) is related to the northward subduction of the South Tianshan Ocean beneath the southern margin of the Kazakhstan–Yili–Central Tianshan plate. The dataset presented here in conjunction with previously published data support a Late Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the South Tianshan orogen, not a Triassic one, as recently suggested by SHRIMP U–Pb zircon dating for eclogites.     

Early Cretaceous A-type granites and Mo mineralization,Aershan area,eastern Inner Mongolia,Northeast China: geochemical and isotopic constraints

The Jiazishan porphyry-type molybdenum deposit is located in the eastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in China. Mineralization occurs mainly as veins, lenses, and layers within the host porphyry. To better understand the link between mineralization and host igneous rocks, we studied samples from underground workings and report new SHRIMP II zircon U–Pb and Re–Os molybdenite ages, and geochemical data from both the molybdenites and the porphyry granites. Seven molybdenite samples yield a Re–Os isochron weighted mean age of 135.4 ± 2.1 Ma, whereas the porphyry granite samples yield crystallization ages of 139 ± 1.5 Ma (Jiazishan deposit) and 133 ± 1 Ma (Taolaituo deposit). The U–Pb and Re–Os ages are similar, suggesting that the mineralization is genetically related to Early Cretaceous porphyry emplacement. Re contents of the molybdenite range from 21.74 ppm to 52.08 ppm, with an average of 35.92 ppm, whereas δ³⁴ S values of the sulphide vary from 1.3‰ to 4.2‰. The ores have ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of 18.178–18.385, 15.503–15.613, and 37.979–38.382, respectively. We also obtained a weighted mean U–Pb zircon age of 294.2 ± 2.1 Ma for the oldest granite in Jiazishan area. All granites are A-type granites. These observations indicate that the molybdenites and the porphyry granites were derived from a mixed source involving young accretionary materials and enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle. A synthesis of geochronological and geological data reveals that porphyry emplacement and Mo mineralization in the Jiazishan deposit occurred contemporaneously with Early Cretaceous tectonothermal events associated with lithospheric thinning, which was caused by delamination and subsequent upwelling of the asthenosphere associated with intra-continental extension in Northeast China.     

江南造山带中段大湖塘同构造花岗斑岩的成因——锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学和Nd-Hf同位素制约

大湖塘钨多金属矿床位于江南造山带之九岭-鄣公山隆起西段。本文对大湖塘与成矿有关的燕山期花岗斑岩开展了锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学、Nd-Hf同位素研究。结果表明,较早期(成矿期)大湖塘花岗斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为146.01±0.78Ma。花岗斑岩具有高硅富碱的特征和较高的分异指数DI,结合主、微量元素特征,该花岗斑岩应属于高分异的S型花岗岩。Rb/Sr、Rb/Nb比值都明显高于上地壳所对应的均值0.32和4.5,也都大于中国东部上地壳所对应的均值0.31和6.83,表明其源自成熟度较高的地壳物质。Nb/Ta和Zr/Hf比值明显低于正常花岗的Nb/Ta比值11和Zr/Hf比值33~40,而且存在REE四分组效应,说明在岩浆演化晚期存在流体-熔体的强烈作用。不均匀的Hf同位素组成[εHf(t)=-19.9~-5.3;tDM2=1.54~2.46Ga]显示该花岗斑岩主要是由年龄为1.9~1.6Ga的前寒武古老地壳(可能是双桥山群)和部分基性岩熔融形成的,并且混入了少量扬子克拉通晚太古代的基底岩石(2.5Ga)。较早期花岗斑岩A/CNK值均大于1.15,暗示其不应为火山弧花岗岩,应属于同构造(同碰撞)花岗岩,而较晚期花岗斑岩在构造判别图解上则显示出后碰撞特点。较早期和较晚期花岗斑岩形成的构造背景演化过程,表明本区经历的从挤压向伸展转变的"挤压-伸展旋回"过渡期持续了约11Ma。正是长达11Ma的"挤压-伸展旋回"为本区多期成岩作用所必需的动力持续供给提供了充分的时间,而这也是本区能够发生大规模W-Cu成矿作用的一个重要的地质前提。     

Proterozoic rapakivi granites from the North Qaidam orogen,NW China: Implications for basement attribution

Voluminous Proterozoic (~ 1700 Ma) rapakivi granites occur in several cratons, especially in the northern hemisphere. Similar Proterozoic rapakivi granites have recently been recognized in the Paleozoic North Qaidam orogen, western segment of the China Central Orogenic System (CCOS). SHRIMP zircon U–Pb dating of these granites yielded ages of 1778 ± 17 and 1778 ± 12 Ma. These granites exhibit typical rapakivi textures. They are ferroan, alkalic to alkalic-calc, metaluminous to peraluminous and characterized by high Ga/Al ratios, Na₂O + K₂O and rare earth elements (apart from Eu) contents, but low MgO, CaO and Sr contents. These are typical A-type granite features. Whole-rock ε_Nd(t) values of the granites range from − 6.09 to − 5.74 with Nd model ages of 2762 to 2733 Ma, and their zircon ε_Hf(t) values are from − 8.3 to − 5.2 with two-stage Hf model ages of 2944 to 2800 Ma, suggesting that these rocks were derived from old continental crust. The ages, rapakivi texture and geochemical features suggest that these granites are very close to typical Proterozoic (~ 1700 Ma) rapakivi granites within the North China Craton (NCC) and belong to the group of Proterozoic rapakivi granites of the northern hemisphere. These indicate that part of the basement of the North Qaidam orogen in the western CCOS is similar to that of the NCC or was probably derived from it, and then became involved in the CCOS. This provides new data to solve the dispute on the basement origin in this orogen.     

Geodynamic significance of the Raspas Metamorphic Complex (SW Ecuador): geochemical and isotopic constraints

The Raspas Metamorphic Complex of southwestern Ecuador is regarded as the southernmost remnant of oceanic and continental terranes accreted in the latest Jurassic–Early Cretaceous. It consists of variably metamorphosed rock types. (1) Mafic and ultramafic rocks metamorphosed under high-pressure (HP) conditions (eclogite facies) show oceanic plateau affinities with flat REE chondrite-normalized patterns, Nd_{150 Ma} ranging from +4.6 to 9.8 and initial Pb isotopic ratios intermediate between MORB and OIB. (2) Sedimentary rocks metamorphosed under eclogitic conditions exhibit LREE enriched patterns, strong negative Eu anomalies, Rb, Nb, U, Th, Pb enrichments, low Nd_{150 Ma} values (from −6.4 to −9.5), and high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ^206,207,208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb isotopic ratios suggesting they were originally sediments derived from the erosion of an old continental crust. (3) Epidote-bearing amphibolites show N-MORB affinities with LREE depleted patterns, LILE, Zr, Hf and Th depletion, high Nd_{150 Ma} (>+10) and low initial Pb isotopic ratios.The present-day well defined internal structure of the Raspas Metamorphic Complex seems to be inconsistent with the formerly proposed interpretation of a “tectonic mélange”. The association of oceanic plateau rocks and continent-derived sediments both metamorphosed in HP conditions suggests that the thin edge of the oceanic plateau first entered the subduction zone and dragged sediments downward of the accretionary wedge along the Wadatti–Benioff zone. Subsequently, when its thickest part arrived into the subduction zone, the oceanic plateau jammed the subduction processes, due to its high buoyancy.In Ecuador and Colombia, the latest Jurassic–Early Cretaceous suture involves HP oceanic plateau rocks and N-MORB rocks metamorphosed under lower grades, suggesting a composite or polyphase nature for the latest Jurassic–Early Cretaceous accretionary event.     

北山辉铜山泥盆纪钾长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄、 成因及构造意义

LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,北山柳园地区辉铜山钾长花岗岩的形成年龄为397±3Ma (MSWD=1.1).地球化学特征显示为高钾钙碱性的高分异Ⅰ型花岗岩到A型花岗岩过渡的特征.其全岩εNd(t)值为-1.3～ +1.2,Nd模式年龄(tDM)为960 ～ 1530Ma;锆石εHf(t)值为-1.0～ +5.8,两阶段Hf模式年龄(tDM2)为1024～1455Ma.地质背景、地球化学和同位素综合分析显示,辉铜山岩体为造山后伸展拉张背景下,幔源岩浆底侵导致上覆年轻地壳(可能为洋壳、岛弧建造或增生楔物质)部分熔融形成的钙碱性花岗闪长质岩浆经进一步演化及结晶分异形成.北山南带地区早-中泥盆世花岗岩显示出高分异钙碱性Ⅰ型花岗岩、I-A型花岗岩和A型花岗岩的组合特征.因此,在397Ma左右,北山地区古生代岩浆已经从Ⅰ型或S型转化为I-A型特征,构造环境转化为后造山或同造山晚期的伸展环境.     

Geochemistry of Hindoli Group metasediments,SE Aravalli Craton,NW India: Implications for palaeoweathering and provenance

The southeastern fringe of the Precambrian Aravalli fold belt has been designated as Jahazpur Belt, which includes two greenschist facies metasedimentary lithopackages, Hindoli (Late Archean/Paleoproterozoic) and Jahazpur (Paleoproterozoic) Groups. We present geochemical data on metapelite (phyllite) and metagreywackes from the Hindoli Group. Metapelites are enriched in alumina while metagreywackes show a wide range and higher abundance of silica. Covariance between TiO₂ — Al₂O₃, K₂O — Al₂O₃ pairs and moderate to high SiO₂/MgO ratios indicate a strong weathering control. Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA = 68 for metagraywackes; 75 for metapelites) reveals moderately weathered protoliths for them. Fractionated LREE pattern with almost flat HREE trend and moderate to high Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.66 to 0.8) indicate feldspar bearing granite — granodiorite as probable compositions in the provenance. Very high PIA values (93) for metapelites reflect almost complete feldspar dissolution while the corresponding values for metagraywackes (68) are relatively lower. The diagnostic immobile trace elements (Sc, Zr, Th) can be interpreted as a variable felsic source (mainly granitic and subordinate granodioritic) for metagreywackes and a granodioritic (more mafic) one for metapelites. Considering the broad Precambrian geological set-up of NW India, the Banded Gneiss Complex (BGC), which predominantly comprises TTG gneisses and granites, amphibolite, etc. seems to be the most likely provenance for Hindoli sediments.     

Origin of trondhjemite and albitite at the expense of A-type granite,Aravalli orogen,India:Evidence from new metasomatic replacement fronts

The A-type Harsora-Dadikar granites in the Alwar complex of northern Aravalli orogen,NW India provide evidence for subsolidus-requilibration of feldspars.They record three new discrete stages of albitisation,producing trondhjemite and albitite sequentially at the expense of original granite.Stage-Ⅰ metasomatism deanorthised the magmatic oligoclase and transformed the grey least-albitised granite to pinkish grey microcline-oligoclase granite.Stage-II converted the latter to trondhjemite by replacement of microcline to oligoclase.Stage-Ⅲ metasomatism led to the formation of albitite/albite granite from trondhjemite,where the metasomatically formed oligoclase was replaced by albite.This stage of metasomatism resulted in nearly complete disappearance of amphibole and biotite,producing a monomineralic rock(albitite),which is consistent with Korzhinskii theory of infiltration metasomatism.The reaction fronts delineating the Stage-Ⅱ and Stage-Ⅲ are sharp and easily discernible by their prominent color differences in Harsora on the outcrop scale.Chemically,the mineral transformations during three stages are manifested by the differential gains/losses in Na,K,Ca,Rb,Ba,Sr,Fe and Mg.The formation of albite,Cl-rich marialitic scapolite and Cl-rich amphibole in the albitised granites are suggestive of Naand Cl-brines as the metasomatising fluids.The fluid-rock interactions,which can significantly transform the pristine mineralogy of granitoids,should be carefully considered to avoid any misinterpretations about their petrological history.     

安徽宣城荞麦山矿床成矿岩体及其暗色包体成因与成矿意义:锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学、Sr-Nd-Hf-O同位素制约

宣城矿集区是长江中下游成矿带内新提出的矿集区,近年来取得了重大的找矿突破,尤其是大型斑岩型铜金矿的发现使宣城矿集区逐渐成为研究热点。宣城矿集区一系列的斑岩-矽卡岩矿床均与早白垩世侵入体密切相关。荞麦山铜钨矿床是区内典型的矽卡岩矿床,矿床形成与花岗闪长斑岩密切相关,且花岗闪长斑岩发育较多的暗色包体。确定暗色包体的成因有助于深入理解含矿岩体的岩浆演化过程及成矿意义。本次工作以荞麦山矿床花岗闪长斑岩和暗色包体作为研究对象进行U-Pb同位素年代学、岩石及矿物地球化学、全岩Sr-Nd、锆石Hf-O同位素地球化学分析,探讨暗色包体及成矿岩体的源区、岩浆演化过程及其对成矿的意义。暗色包体的形成时代为141Ma（MSWD=0.8）,（⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr）_i值为0.7059~0.7069,ε_Nd（t）值为-6.0~-9.2,ε_Hf（t）值为-12.7~-5.8,δ¹⁸O值为5.8‰~7.7‰;寄主岩石形成时代为140Ma（MSWD=0.3）,（⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr）_i值为0.7061~0.7064,ε_Nd（t）值为-8.7~-7.7,ε_Hf（t）值为-12.1~-8.1,δ¹⁸O值为5.6‰~7.4‰。此外,暗色包体与寄主岩石主要氧化物含量与SiO₂含量呈线性负相关趋势、微量元素特征相似和寄主岩石斜长石斑晶的不平衡结构及捕掳晶的发现指示荞麦山暗色包体为岩浆混合成因,花岗闪长斑岩为起源于富集地幔的岩浆与壳源岩浆混合成的母岩浆侵位而来,同时幔源岩浆和壳源岩浆的混合也分别提供了成矿金属元素铜和钨,最终形成了铜钨共生的荞麦山矿床。     

Early Miocene post-collisional magmatism in NW Turkey: geochemical and geochronological constraints

The Alaçam region of NW Turkey lies within the Alpine collision zone between the Sakarya continent and the Menderes platform. Four different tectonic zones of these two continents form imbricated nappe packages (including the Afyon zone), intruded by the Alaçam granite. Newly determined U-Pb zircon ages of this granite are 20.0 ± 1.4 and 20.3 ± 3.3 Ma, indicating early Miocene emplacement. Rb-Sr biotite ages of the granite are 20.01 ± 0.20 and 20.17 ± 0.20 Ma, suggesting fast cooling at a shallow crustal level. Geochemical characteristics show that the Alaçam granite is similar to numerous EW-trending plutons in NW Anatolia.

Gneissic granites of the Afyon tectonic zone were intruded by the Miocene Alaçam granite and have been interpreted in earlier studies as sheared parts of the Alaçam granite, which formed along a crustal-scale detachment zone under an extensional regime. We determined a U-Pb zircon age of 314.9 ± 2.7 Ma for a gneissic granite sample of the Afyon zone, demonstrating that these rocks are unrelated to the Miocene Alaçam granite. The early Miocene granitic plutons bear post-collisional geochemical features and are interpreted as products of Alpine-type magmatism along the Izmir–Ankara suture zone in NW Turkey, and seem to have no genetic relation to the detachment zone.     

西大别山早白垩世谭冲和陈冲花岗岩体U- Pb年龄、地球化学和Sr- Nd- Hf同位素特征：对岩石成因和下地壳拆沉时限的约束

谭冲和陈冲岩体出露于西大别造山带新县岩基北缘,主要岩性分别为二长花岗岩和花岗斑岩。为理解其岩石成因和构造属性,对两个岩体开展了激光等离子质谱(LA-ICP-MS)锆石U-Pb测年、元素地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素研究。结果表明,谭冲和陈冲岩体锆石U-Pb年龄分别为133.5±1.1Ma(MSDW=0.63)和132.9±1.1Ma(MSDW=1.30),暗示其形成于早白垩世。岩石均具有较高的SiO_2(69.40%～77.82%)、Al_2O_3(11.72%～15.26%)和总碱(Na_2O+K_2O=6.40%～8.70%)含量,K_2O/Na_2O比值大于1,过铝质(A/CNK=1.14～1.66,一个样品值0.97除外)等特点,总体归为高钾钙碱性系列。岩石富集轻稀土((La/Yb)_N=22.98～28.64),负Eu异常不明显,亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、P、Ti和Y元素。岩石锶同位素初始比值I_(Sr)为0.707220～0.707557,钕同位素ε_(Nd)(t)值为-17.7～-18.1,两阶段Nd模式年龄T_(DM2)=2.36～2.40Ga。锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值集中于-21.4～-25.8,两阶段Hf模式年龄T_(DM2)=2.24～2.48Ga。详细的矿物组成、岩石地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素分析揭示,两个岩体成因类型均为分异的I型花岗岩,起源于残留相含有石榴子石的部分熔融岩浆。岩浆房形成压力和深度较大,可能是在加厚下地壳环境扬子陆块北缘古老陆壳物质重熔的产物。结合区域同期岩浆岩对比研究认为,西大别地区与东大别地区加厚下地壳拆沉时限基本一致,发生在133Ma左右。     

Geology and geochemistry of palaeoproterozoic low-grade metabasic volcanic rocks from Salumber area,Aravalli Supergroup,NW India

The Palaeoproterozoic Aravalli Supergroup in Salumber region includes a basal unit of metabasic volcanic rocks (Salumber volcanic rocks) overlain by a volcaniclastic/conglomerate one. Although these volcanic rocks have been metamorphosed to green-schist facies, some primary volcanic features are still preserved. This metabasic volcanic sequence can be further differentiated on the basis of textural variations, and the mineral assemblages are: (a) oligoclase + actinolite + chlorite + epidote; and (b) oligoclase + hornblende+ chlorite + biotite + Fe-Ti oxides. The SiO₂ content ranges from ∼47.7 to 55.8% and MgO from ∼4.2 to 12.8%. Geochemical characteristics allow their subdivision into high Mg and Fe tholeiites. Inverse relationship of MgO with silica, alkalis and Zr is generally consistent with fractionation mechanism, also suggested by a change in colour of the rocks from dark greenish to light greenish towards the upper parts of the sequence. These metabasic volcanic rocks are enriched in incompatible trace elements and LREE (La = 30 − 40 × chondrite, Lu = 2 − 5 × chondrite), and demonstrate affinity mainly with MORB and within plate settings in geochemical tectonic discrimination schemes. The geochemical characteristics suggest a complex evolutionary history envisaging derivation of the melt from an enriched heterogeneous lithospheric source.     

松潘- 甘孜造山带南部江浪穹隆中侏罗世花岗岩及构造意义

新火山和乌拉溪花岗岩体侵位于松潘-甘孜造山带南部的江浪穹隆中,是理解松潘-甘孜造山带的构造演化的重要窗口.锆石U-Pb定年结果表明新火山和乌拉溪花岗岩体的结晶年龄为162±1～170±0.5 Ma.岩体主要由石英、斜长石、钾长石和少量黑云母组成,具有低A/CNK(1.10～0.99)、TFeO/MgO(8.55～2.83)和K2O/Na2O(1.34～0.51),较低的Zr+Nb+Ce+Y浓度(平均258×10-6),Al2O3、P2O5与SiO2呈负相关,相当于I型花岗岩的特征.一些主微量元素具有明显的关联性,说明在岩浆演化过程中发生了分离结晶(例如:角闪石和钛铁矿).富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,并具有较低的Mg#值(38.7～17.3)和Y/Nb值(0.45～0.16)以及多数为负的εHf(t)值(-24.8～-7.6),证明岩浆可能起源于古老地壳的部分熔融并受到幔源或者新生地壳熔融混染.松潘-甘孜地块的中侏罗世岩浆活动是在造山运动向陆内伸展这一构造体制转化背景下,由于地壳伸展造成了古老中基性地壳的部分熔融.     

Geochemical evolution of the Mangalwar Complex,Aravalli Craton,NW India:Insights from elemental and Nd-isotope geochemistry of the basement gneisses

The Banded Gneissic Complex(BGC) of the Aravalli Craton is divided into BGC-I and BGC-Ⅱ; the BGC-Ⅱ(central Rajasthan) is comprised of the Sandmata Complex and the Mangalwar Complex. We report elemental and Nd-isotope geochemistry of basement gneisses of the Mangalwar Complex and constrain its origin and evolution. Geochemically, the basement gneisses have been classified as low-SiO_2 gneisses(LSG) and high-SiO_2 gneisses(HSG). Both the LSG and HSG are potassic, calc-alkaline and peraluminous in nature. The LSG are enriched in incompatible(K, Sr, Ba, large ion lithophile elements) and compatible elements(MgO, Cr, and Ni). They display fractionated rare earth element patterns(avg.La_N/Yb_N=12.1)with small Eu-anomaly(δEu=0.9), and exhibit negative anomalies of Nb and Ti in primitive mantlenormalized multi-element diagram. In terms of Nd-isotope geochemistry, the LSG are characterized by_(εNd)(t)=4.2 and depleted mantle model age of 3.3 Ga. To account for these geochemical characteristics we propose a three-stage petrogenetic model for the LSG:(1) fluids released from dehydration of subducting slab metasomatised the mantle-wedge;(2) the subducting slab underwent slab-breakoff causing upwelling and decompression melting of the asthenosphere during waning stage of subduction; and(3)upwelling asthenosphere provided the requisite heat for partial melting of the metasomatised mantlewedge leading to generation of the LSG parental magma. Asthenospheric upwelling also contributed in the LSG petrogenesis which is evident from its high Mg#(avg. 0.53). The LSG formed in this way are contemporary and chemically akin to sanukitoids of the BGC-I and Archean sanukitoids reported elsewhere. This provides a basis to consider the LSG as a part of the BGC-I. Contrary to the LSG, the HSG are depleted in compatible elements(MgO=avg. 1.1 wt.%; Cr=avg. 8 ppm; Ni=avg. 6 ppm) but enriched in incompatible elements(Sr=avg. 239 ppm, Ba=avg. 469 ppm). Its_(εNd)(t) values vary from-9.5 to-5.4.These chemical features of the HSG are akin to potassic granitoids found elsewhere. In this backdrop, we propose that the HSG suite of the Mangalwar Complex was derived from re-melting(partial) of an older crust(TTG?) occurring within the BGC-Ⅱ.     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部纳岭沟铀矿床铁物相特征及其成矿意义

本文通过光学显微镜鉴定、铁物相分析、电子探针分析、黄铁矿S同位素分析等手段,开展了铁元素矿物相和化学相特征研究及其成矿意义探讨。研究表明,本区砂岩中铁物相主要包括碳酸铁(菱铁矿)、硫化铁(黄铁矿)、铁氧化物(赤铁矿、褐铁矿、磁铁矿)以及铁硅酸盐(黑云母、绿泥石、绿帘石),其中铁氧化物是直罗组砂岩中铁元素最主要的存在形式,硫化铁是矿化砂岩重要的指示矿物,上述两种铁物相均在矿化砂岩中含量最高;主要的铀矿物类型为铀石,与黄铁矿关系最为紧密,主要以"围绕"和"包含"的形式与黄铁矿相伴产出;黄铁矿的S同位素分布范围是-39.4‰～-8.5‰,表现出明显的富~(32)S、贫~(34)S的特点,指示了生物成因的特征;U/Th及δU的分布特征指示了二次还原砂岩经历了明显的氧化过程,矿化砂岩的还原性最强。铁物相的特征指示了纳岭沟铀矿床成矿过程的复杂性,既有早期的氧化改造,又有后期的二次还原改造,同时在成矿过程中还伴有硫酸盐还原菌等微生物的参与。黄铁矿作为铀成矿最敏感的指示矿物,是由无机还原反应叠加生物作用形成的。     

Petrogenesis and geodynamic significance of the late Palaeozoic Dongwanzi Complex,North China Craton: constraints from petrological,geochemical, and Os-Nd-Sr isotopic data

The late Carboniferous Dongwanzi Complex in the northern North China Craton is composed of intrusive pyroxenite, hornblendite, gabbro, and syenite. The mafic-ultramafic rocks of the complex exhibit typical cumulate textures, curved-upward REE patterns, and variable contents of compatible elements, suggesting a cumulate origin. The syenite shows Sr-Nd isotopic ratios similar to the mafic-ultramafic complex and positive Eu anomalies in the chondrite-normalized REE patterns, suggesting that the syenite may represent residual melt after significant fractional crystallization of mafic melt. The mafic-ultramafic cumulates have low HREE abundance and high (Tb/Yb)_N (2.5–4.2) and Dy/Yb ratios (>2), indicating that they may have originated from melting of garnet peridotite in the mantle. The Dongwanzi Complex is characterized by a large variation in Sr-Nd isotopic composition, with I_Sr = 0.7035 to 0.7052 and ε_Nd(t) = ?4.0 to +5.2, which may be accounted for by mixing melts of depleted asthenospheric and enriched lithospheric sources. The radiogenic Os isotopic compositions of the complex ((¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os)_i = 0.1344 to 0.3090) suggest slight contamination by mafic lower crust (≤2.5% based on Os isotopic modelling). The Dongwanzi Complex exhibits arc-related whole-rock and mineral geochemical affinities, such as enrichment in LILE (e.g. Sr, Ba, K) and depletion in HFSE (e.g. Nb, Ta, Ti). The abundance of hornblende and high CaO contents (22–24 wt.%) of clinopyroxene suggest that the source was rich in H₂O, probably due to the formation above a subduction zone. We conclude that the Dongwanzi Complex and the related crust–mantle interactions probably reflect formation in a back-arc extensional environment related to the subduction of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean beneath the northern margin of the North China Craton in late Palaeozoic time.     

Contrasting Episodes of Regional Granulite-Facies Metamorphism in Enclaves and Host Gneisses from the Aravalli Delhi Mobile Belt, NW India

The Aravalli–Delhi Mobile Belt in the northwestern partof India demonstrates how granulite enclaves and their hostgneisses can be utilized to unravel multistage metamorphic historiesof orogenic belts, using three suites of metamorphic rocks:(1) an enclave of pelitic migmatite gneiss–leptynite gneiss;(2) metamorphosed megacrystic granitoids, intrusive into theenclave; (3) host tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite(TTG) gneisses associated with an interlayered sequence of garnetiferousmetabasite and psammo-pelitic schist, locally migmatitic. Basedon integrated structural, petrographic, mineral compositional,geothermobarometric studies and P–T pseudosection modellingin the systems NCKFMASH and NCFMASH, we record three distincttectonothermal events: an older, medium-pressure granulite-faciesmetamorphic event (M₁) in the sillimanite stability field, whichis registered only in the enclave, a younger, kyanite-gradehigh-pressure granulite-facies event (M₂), common to all thethree litho-associations, and a terminal amphibolite-faciesmetamorphic overprint (M₃). The high-P granulite facies eventhas a clockwise P–T loop with a well-constrained prograde,peak (M₂, P 12–15 kbar, T 815°C) and retrograde (M_2R,6·1 kbar, T 625°C) metamorphic history. M₃ is recordedparticularly in late shear zones. When collated with availablegeochronological data, the metamorphic P–T conditionsprovide the first constraint of crustal thickening in this belt,leading to the amalgamation of two crustal blocks during a collisionalorogeny of possible Early Mesoproterozoic age. M₃ reactivationis inferred to be of Grenvillian age. KEY WORDS: Northwestern India; polycyclic granulite enclave; pseudosection; high-pressure metamorphism; P–T path