The development of India's mining industry

This paper evaluates the development of India's mining industry, its present status and future outlook. Despite its growth, the contribution of India's mining industry to GDP has remained relatively stable since 1970. At present the nation is a leading world producer of 11 major mineral and energy commodities, including bauxite, chromite, coal, iron ore and manganese. Recent economic reforms have stimulated industrial expansion in India; however, problems, including a restricted private sector role in resource development and ineffective government mineral strategies, may limit future growth in output. Capital investment levels in India's mining industry are examined in the paper to assess possible long-term expansion levels.     

陕北某矿双煤层开采对覆岩影响的模拟对比

多煤层开采条件下煤层覆岩破坏具有独特的特征，影响矿井生产布置。以陕北某矿为例，以该矿地质采矿条件为基础，采用相似材料模拟实验与数值模拟相结合的方法，通过建立模拟模型，开展了双煤层开采对覆岩的破坏影响研究。结果显示:留设不同宽度的煤柱，采用相似材料模拟和数值模拟2种方法得到的煤层覆岩垮落带高度、裂隙带高度都基本一致；在双煤层开采时，留设的煤柱宽度越大，两个煤层的叠置区域就越小，煤层开采对覆岩的破坏程度就越小。在工作面布置时，建议增大两个煤层的开采距离，并尽量增加煤柱宽度，以减缓覆岩移动破坏范围和破坏程度。研究成果为类似双煤层开采工作面的设计及覆岩破坏控制提供技术支撑。      

榆神矿区保水采煤的工程地质背景

论述了榆神矿区煤层上覆红土、风化带基岩、未风化基岩的工程地质特征,认为红土层具有较好的隔水性能,风化带基岩中粘土矿物的含量增加,隔水性能明显增强。2-2煤层上覆基岩为中硬岩石,而且有较多的软弱岩石夹层,煤层开采的冒裂带发育高度相对较小,影响不到第四系萨拉乌苏组含水层底部,具有较好的保水采煤工程地质条件。      

California Bearing Ratio and Brazilian Tensile Strength of Mine Overburden–Fly Ash–Lime Mixtures for Mine Haul Road Construction

The production and utilization of coal is based on well-proven and widely used technologies. Fly ash, a coal combustion byproduct, has potential to produce a composite material with controlled and superior properties. The major challenges with the production of fly ash are in its huge land coverage, adverse impact on environment etc. It puts pressure on the available land particularly in a densely populated country like India. In India the ash utilization percentage has not been very encouraging in spite of many attempts. Stabilization of fly ash is one of the methods to transfer the waste material into a safe construction material. This investigation is a step in that direction. This paper presents the results of an investigation on compressive strength and bearing ratio characteristics of surface coal mine overburden material and fly ash mixes stabilized with lime for coal mine haul road construction. Tests were performed with different percentages of lime (2, 3, 6 and 9%). The effects of lime content and curing period on the bearing ratio and tensile strength characteristics of the stabilized overburden and fly ash mixes are highlighted. Unconfined compressive strength test results cured for 7, 28 and 56 days are presented to develop correlation between different tensile strengths and unconfined compressive strength. Empirical models are developed to estimate bearing ratio and tensile strength of mine overburden–fly ash–quick lime mixtures from unconfined compressive strength test results.     

概率积分法在大柳矿井11采区开采地面塌陷预测中的应用

根据大柳矿井11采区上覆岩层的实际情况,采用概率积分法对煤层开采后的地表变形情况进行了预测,绘制了地表下沉等值线图,分析了地表沉陷对周围环境的影响程度和范围,并提出了防治措施,为区内开展类似研究工作和大柳矿井未来生产沉陷的防治提供了参考依据。     

黄河流域陕北煤炭开采区厚砂岩对覆岩采动裂隙发育的影响及采煤保水建议

煤炭开采活动导致的煤层顶板覆岩地质条件变化及采动裂隙发育是损害地下关键含水层的直接原因,也是造成矿区生态环境退化的根源。煤层顶板覆岩结构中发育的厚砂岩作为一种典型的地质条件,其对覆岩采动裂隙的发育规律具有重要的影响。为此,在分析研究区主采煤层赋存地质条件及其分布规律的基础上,选择陕北煤炭开采区曹家滩煤矿主采2?2煤层顶板覆岩为地质原型,采用FLAC3D数值模拟平台模拟分析了厚砂岩不同厚度和位置对覆岩采动裂隙发育形态和发育高度的影响,并以此提出了相应的“采煤保水”建议。结果表明:研究区2?2煤层顶板覆岩中厚砂岩平均厚度25 m,距2?2煤层平均间距76 m;厚砂岩距煤层30 m时,覆岩采动裂隙表现为“矩形—L形—马鞍形”的动态变化特征,距煤层70 m时表现为“L形—倒梯形—马鞍形”变化特征,距煤层大于95 m时全程表现为“马鞍形”特征;覆岩采动裂隙最大发育高度随厚砂岩层位的升高而先减小后增大;厚砂岩厚度H≥30 m、距煤层间距L>95 m,或H≥60 m、L>60 m时,可有效阻挡采动裂隙向上发育贯穿厚砂岩;在充分考虑厚砂岩对覆岩采动裂隙发育规律的影响,选择合适的空间位置和开采阶段进行合理的覆岩减损和保水防治,实现“边采边治、边采边护”的绿色开采模式。该研究成果可为黄河流域中游陕北煤矿区煤炭开采与生态环境保护协调发展提供理论指导。      

赞比亚地质矿产与矿业投资前景分析

赞比亚是非洲第二大铜钴矿资源国,不仅云集了嘉能可集团和第一量子集团等国际矿业巨头,也是中资企业第四大境外矿业投资国,在非洲乃至世界矿业领域占据重要的地位。本文从构造演化与成矿的关系角度划分赞比亚的地质构造单元,并通过跟踪研究赞比亚矿产资源勘查开发动态和矿业投资政策变化情况,分析研判矿业国际投资发展前景。本文认为赞比亚从太古代到中-新生代经历了5个大的构造事件,形成了8个构造单元,随着复杂的地质构造运动,境内产出了砂页岩型铜钴矿床、VMS型铅锌矿床、花岗伟晶岩型锡钨钽矿床等丰富的矿产资源,但全国仅18%的矿业项目进入了生产阶段,矿业发展潜力巨大,同时其投资环境相对良好。在此基础上,本文提出在赞比亚开展矿业投资,需谨慎评估矿业政策和运输贸易成本方面的因素,最大化的利用投资激励政策和产业园区的优势,赞比亚将成为矿业国际产能合作的热土。     

浅谈地矿企业资源产业布局及发展方向

矿产资源的需求具有波次递进性,发达国家资源需求已趋于稳定,而以中国为代表的正处于工业化的国家和以印度为代表的新一轮工业化国家的资源需求仍然强劲,这决定着矿业的持续与繁荣。我国地矿企业应准确把握全球矿产资源的供需状况,开展矿产资源全球化配置,配置不同层级的矿产项目,科学、合理选择项目区位和矿种,向着矿产资源资本化、矿业国际化、探采选冶贸一体化和完善混合所有制经济形式的方向发展,建立现代化大型地矿企业。     

采动覆岩分布式光纤感测模型试验及沉降预测方法研究

煤层采动覆岩沉降提前于地表,可作为地表稳定性的预警指标。针对煤层开采引起的覆岩沉降预测问题,采用分布式光纤感测技术,通过制作大柳塔煤矿采动覆岩相似材料试验模型,研究了煤层开采引起的覆岩变形特征,基于灰色理论和Knothe时间函数,建立了基于实测应变的采动覆岩沉降预测模型,探讨了预测精度,并取得了如下研究成果：有关分布式光纤感测技术的覆岩应变分布,准确反映了垮落带和导水裂缝带的发育特征,基于GM(1, 1)模型和新陈代谢模型的覆岩沉降预测精度较好但限于短期预测;当相对残差最大值与相对残差和均取最小值时,Knothe时间函数中获得较为准确的参数c值和τ值并提高了预测精度,建立了大柳塔煤层覆岩动态沉降预测模型的表达式,其预测模型适用于覆岩沉降的前期阶段和后期阶段。     

基于量纲分析的非充分采动导水裂缝带高度预测

为准确预测非充分采动导水裂缝带高度,选取开采厚度M、煤层埋深H、工作面倾斜长度L、煤层倾角α、覆岩力学性质R、覆岩结构特征S为非充分采动导水裂缝带高度主要影响因素。采用量纲分析建立了导水裂缝带高度与M,H,L,α,S间的无量纲关系式。结合30组实测数据,采用多元回归得到无量纲关系式的最优函数关系式。选取2个非充分采动工作面导水裂缝带现场实例对预测模型进行了工程验证,预测模型预测结果与实测结果吻合良好,其相对误差分别为3.64%和2.93%,预测模型的预测精度可以满足煤矿安全生产现场需要。      

陕北能源化工基地煤炭生产可持续发展的地质与环境地质问题研究

陕北能源化工基地多种矿产富集,煤炭、石油、天然气、岩盐等矿产资源储量丰富,经过近20年的建设开发,已初步建成为中国重要的能源接续地和大型煤化工基地。但该区水资源短缺、生态环境脆弱的现状,相对资源开发增长速度较快的煤炭生产和转化来说,其环境压力巨大,暴露出的矿产地质与环境地质问题突出．已影响到基地建设的可持续发展。为此提出了如下应对措施：加强地质勘查工作,提高煤炭资源保障程度：加强多种矿产并存区的综合地质勘探、评价和规划,推进矿产资源的综合开发与利用;加强生产矿井的监督和管理,不断提高资源采收率;开展矿区水资源的勘察评价,加强水资源的规划和协调管理;深化《保水采煤技术研究》,推广实施矿井水及工业、生活污水的综合利用;建立健全防灾减灾体系建设,做好矿区地质灾害监测、评价及治理工作;加强矿区环境整治和生态保护工作;建立陕北能源化工基地煤炭资源、环境可持续发展的长效机制。     

基于覆岩结构效应的导水裂隙带发育特征

为探讨黄陇煤田煤层采动引起的顶板水害问题，以煤层顶板不同覆岩结构采动导水裂隙为研究对象，概化了煤-软-硬-软-硬（组合一）、煤-软-软-硬-硬（组合二）、煤-硬-软-硬-软（组合三）及煤-硬-硬-软-软（组合四）4种典型的岩性组合结构，运用数值模拟和理论计算等方法，分析了不同覆岩组合采动破坏特征和覆岩导水裂隙与覆岩结构之间的相关关系，研究了覆岩结构对导水裂隙发育高度（简称“导高”）的影响规律。研究结果显示:在相同的采高条件下，煤-软-硬-软-硬型覆岩结构导高最小，煤-硬-硬-软-软型覆岩结构导高最大；工程实例表明，黄陇煤田煤层开采导高与采高之间并非简单线性关系，利用覆岩结构效应预测的导高更接近实测值。      

新亚欧大陆桥中国段矿业发展战略构想与对策

我国大陆桥沿线矿产资源丰富，有６４种矿产的保有储量在全国名列第一，其中煤，钠盐，石膏，镍，铝土矿，钼，耐火粘土和玻璃硅质原料等主要矿产在全国具有举足轻重的地位，发展潜力大，开发前景好。新亚欧大陆桥的贯通，给我国沿桥地区矿产资源开发和经济发展提供了契机。应把握机遇，尽快将矿产资源优势转化为经济优势，实现经济增长方式由粗放型向集约型转变。根据沿桥矿业现状，市场需求和资源保证程度，应重点发展能源等矿业。     

Dump slope stability analysis – A case study

In opencast mining operation, the stability of waste materials stands at high priority from the safety and economic perspective. Poor management of overburden (OB) dump results the instability of slope in an opencast mine. The present paper deals with the stability analysis of dump material of an opencast coal mine at Talcher coal field, Angul district, Odisha, by means of different geotechnical parameters and mineralogical composition affecting the dump slope. The prolonged rainfall in the mining area causes dump failure and loss of valuable life and property. A recent dump failure that occurred in 2013 at Basundhara mines of Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL), Odisha, took 14 lives, and created problems for the mining industry. Most of the dump failure that occurs in the study area are mainly due to increase in pore water pressure as a result of rainfall infiltration. The stability of the waste dump was investigated using the limit equilibrium analysis to suggest an economical, sustainable and safe disposal of the dump in the study area.     

A new model of exact reclamation of post-mining land to address land acquisition problem in Indian coal mining industry

Indian coal mining industry is in transition phase with the growing demand of coal and is likely to escalate further with the need of ultra-mega power projects as well as announcement of smart cities projects. Although, there exist sufficient coal reserves in India, continuous acquisition and possession of coal bearing land is required to minimize the existing gap prevailing between coal demand and supply.The solution of the problem lies not only in modification of laws and policies of industry, but also in modification of mining engineering practices towards sustainable development. This paper critically examines the cause of the problem in the light of Indian laws and practices of the industry. In this paper a method of exact reclamation of post-mining land has been designed as a solution to make easier land acquisition by way of proposing a system of returning back the exact reclaimed land to its owners under corporate social responsibility activity of the industry. The proposed conceptual model of interlinking corporate social responsibility with land exchange will encourage sustainable development practice by mining engineers, and may turn around the public image of the industry.     

采动影响下煤层覆岩渗透性变化规律及垂向分带特征

以孟加拉国Barapukuria煤矿X工作面为试验区,采用井下钻孔分段压水原位测试及相关理论计算方法,研究了工作面回采前后覆岩渗透性变化规律及垂向分带特征。研究结果表明,工作面回采前后,覆岩渗透性变化显著,采后覆岩渗透性具有明显的垂向分带特征。自覆岩导水裂缝带顶部至底部,渗透性呈阶梯状逐渐增大,可细分为弱渗透带、中渗透带和强渗透带。研究结果对煤矿区水文地质参数识别与涌水量预测工作具有指导意义。      

2014年国际矿产勘查形势与技术新进展——从2014年国际矿业大会视角观全球矿产勘查

以“创新驱动、持续发展”为主题的2014中国国际矿业大会于10月底召开。大会期间,国内外专家学者和业内人士围绕当前全球经济和矿业形势进行了深入交流,其中包罗了各项重点和热点议题,而2014年国际矿产勘查形势与技术的革新与发展则是矿业领域的焦点问题之一。随着经济社会对矿产资源的旺盛需求,全球矿产勘查形势不断变化,勘查投入继续增长,高新技术广泛应用并成为矿产勘查的先导。矿产勘查重新受到国家和社会的广泛关注,矿产勘查进入了多元化合作、技术推动、繁荣发展的新时期。     

浅埋煤层过沟开采覆岩裂隙与地表裂缝演化规律数值模拟

浅埋煤层过沟开采在陕北矿区普遍存在,严重威胁着矿井安全生产和生态健康发展。覆岩采动裂隙及地表裂缝的发育是岩体微裂隙的延伸和扩展的结果,为更加系统地研究浅埋煤层过沟开采覆岩微裂隙的演化规律,以陕北安山井田125203工作面为背景,根据现场沟道剖面及钻孔资料,采用Particle Flow Code (PFC)数值模拟平台构建颗粒流数值采煤模型,模拟分析覆岩微裂隙的发育特征、数量变化规律和力链演化特征,揭示微裂隙的发育规律和地表裂缝发育机理。结果表明:浅埋煤层过沟开采过程中,覆岩微裂隙发育表现为“产生–延伸和扩展–聚合成群–贯通成缝”的动态演化过程;根据微裂隙的基本发育特征及分布规律,可将发育全程划分为非连续跳跃式、连续贯通式和横向扩展式3个微裂隙发育阶段;覆岩微裂隙数量随工作面推进距离的增大而增多,非连续跳跃式和连续贯通式发育阶段呈现指数增长特征,分别累计发育微裂隙547和2 867条,覆岩微裂隙逐渐发育至地表;横向扩展式发育阶段呈线性增长特征,累计发育微裂隙11 705条,微裂隙数量随岩层高度的增大而减小;覆岩力链演化过程中,强黏性力链的破坏致使微裂隙发育,局部产生应力集中,强黏性力链拱自下而上逐渐破坏并贯通至地表,导致微裂隙延伸发育至地表形成地裂缝,力链在未贯通岩层的微裂隙两侧和尖端及地表裂缝两侧形成强力链区,微裂隙处形成弱(无)力链区。该研究成果可为陕北矿区浅埋煤层过沟开采覆岩及地表损害防控提供理论指导。      

A brief overview of South Africa's mineral industry: world context and changing local circumstances

An examination of the important South African mineral resources clearly demonstrates that, omitting hydrocarbon fuels, South Africa (RSA) contains the greatest value of mineral wealth per square kilometre of surface area on Earth. The reserves of all these commodities are examined in a global context, comparing also their production and exports (1985–1994), as well as new events that have influenced their holdings situation and their exploitation over the last ten years up to 1994 or beyond. The mineral industry's current input to state revenue is also examined, along with continuing discussions to bring about the necessary alterations in the mineral and mining laws and policies in the RSA, in the post-apartheid environment. Mineral wealth is greatly dependant on secure land-tenure, so that this and the environmental aspects of mineral exploration and exploitation are also appraised. The brief examination of labour and industrial relations is also very pertinent at this stage of the political and economic development in the RSA. Finally, the future outlook for the RSA mining industry is reviewed. Received: 1 July 1996 / Accepted: 13 March 1997     

当前全球矿业形势分析与展望

全球矿业发展与工业化进程密切相关,具有与全球经济发展周期基本一致的显著的周期性特征。在同一个周期内,各种资源需求在时间上具有波次(递进)性,它决定着矿业的持续与繁荣。从2003开始全球矿业进入了第3个周期,其特征包括矿业产业集中度加剧、垄断特征更加显著、矿产品低成本时代终结等。同时,这一时期出现了大量国际金融资本进入矿产品市场的现象,使得矿产品价格体系趋于复杂化。从中长期来看,中国、印度、非洲等新兴经济体工业化、城镇化进程不会停滞,刚性资源需求将推动此轮超级周期继续前行。从中短期来看,欧美债务危机继续升级恶化,中东格局正发生着重大变化,全球经济二次探底风险愈发增大。在全球经济增长不如预期、矿产品需求下降、新增矿山产能释放和矿产品价格进入新一轮调整阶段的情况下,未来一段时期内,全球矿业形势将表现为"需求放缓、价格高位、震荡加剧"。