吉林省西部平原区含铁地下水成因、危害及防治

含铁地下水形成于中偏酸性的还原性水文地球化学环境中,人为活动也可引发含铁水的出现。含铁水进入水井附近后,有沉淀析出铁矿物从而堵塞水井附近含水层和滤水管的危险,也因为其偏低的pH值和可能含有硫化物而对金属水井管材具有腐蚀作用。防治含铁水对水井破坏作用的根本方法是采取改善地下水水质的现场处理技术。     

山东省汶泗河冲洪积平原孔隙含水层层间水力联系研究

山东省汶泗河冲洪积平原轴部第四系厚度较大,孔隙地下水分层分布,由于补给径流条件不同导致其水质差别较大,研究含水层间的水力联系对于水资源管理及优质地下水可持续开发利用等具有十分重要的意义。采用群孔抽水试验方法研究苑庄水源地浅层和深层孔隙水之间的水力联系。群孔抽水后6眼抽水井水质指标整体高于抽水前,附近有串层水井的抽水井增加最大,4项指标平均升高1.07倍。抽水试验期间深层观测孔水位变化与抽水井相一致;浅层观测孔水位除有串层的孔稍有下降趋势外,其它孔均呈现自然波动状态。附近有串层水井的抽水井抽水量中浅层孔隙水的补给量比例比其它抽水井要高4倍。抽水前后水质、抽水期间水位动态变化规律、抽水井抽水量中浅层孔隙水补给量占比均表明深层孔隙水在开发利用过程中会受浅层孔隙水影响,但是可通过合理止水减弱含水层之间的水力联系。     

傍河水井河流补给段确定方法

确定傍河水井河流补给段,并对此段河水水质进行必要的保护,是傍河水井污染防治工作的重要组成部分。根据背景均匀流中傍河水井附近的稳定流场,分别提出了地下水补给河流和河流补给地下水背景情况下傍河水井河流补给段的计算方法,并通过算例证明了该方法的实用性。     

地下水取水井专项普查工作方法探析

全国水利普查是国家资源环境调查的重要组成部分,是国家基础水信息的基准性调查,地下水取水井专项普查是第一次全国水利普查的专项普查之一,通过对地下水取水井专项普查的工作内容和方法的详细介绍结合工作实际针对性的提出了一套实用的地下水取水井专项普查工作方法和技巧。     

铁岭县水利普查地下水取水井专项分析

地下取水井是水利普查的中的一个专项普查。地下水是水资源的重要组成部分和保持生态环境的控制因素,也是干旱和应急供水的重要来源。根据第一次全国水利普查地下水取水井专项普查的要求对铁岭县地下水取水井的数量、分布和取水量等情况展开了普查。     

区域流场作用下地下水地源热泵系统抽灌模式对地温场的影响

通过建立三维水热耦合数值模型,对区域流场作用下,地下水地源热泵系统运行一个采暖、制冷周期后,不同的抽灌井布局以及交替方式下,地下水地源热泵系统地温场的演变趋势进行模拟分析。结果表明,地下水的天然流速越大,越有利于热量的运移,有助于抽灌井连线垂直于地下水流方向的垂直布局以及地下水流向由抽水井指向回灌井的平行布局下的地温场演化,但不利于地下水流向由回灌井指向抽水井的平行布局下的地温场演化和温度恢复。一般的天然地下水流速条件下,由于含水层储能效应,进行抽灌井季节性交替模式的系统运行效率较高。     

浅层地下水开采对高速铁路路基的影响

地下水开采造成的地面沉降会使高速铁路路基产生较大变形,进而影响行车安全。为研究在高速铁路附近开采浅层地下水对路基变形的影响,本文结合土体渗透固结理论,利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立三维流固耦合模型,系统分析不同抽水速度和与抽水井不同距离条件下的路基变形。分析结果表明:抽水速度和抽水井距离对高速铁路路基的变形具有显著影响。当抽水速度一定时,路基的变形随着与抽水井的距离增大而减小;当与抽水井的距离一定时,路基的变形随抽水速度增大而增大。故为减小地下水位下降对路基的影响,应严格禁止在铁路附近增加新的开采井,严格控制在影响范围内开采地下水。     

北京地区地下水源热泵利用现状及存在问题

本文综合国内外地下水源热泵研究现状,通过对北京地区地下水源热泵利用现状调查分析,重点分析了地下水水源热泵利用过程中存在的不能完全回灌、回灌水温差过大、水井布设不合理等问题。结合北京平原区第四系水文地质条件,分析了不同含水层结构下如何合理布设地下水源热泵系统的用水井,尽量避免水源热泵系统的使用对地下水的影响。     

抽水井周围饱水介质场三维水位动态观测及地下水流运动特征

利用设计建造的抽水试验装置,采取多项潜水及承压水的抽水试验,获得大量的抽水井周围饱水介质场三维动态观测数据。试验发现：无论是潜水还是承压水状态,抽水井附近观测井的水位变化,均具有距抽水井愈远愈高、愈近愈低的漏斗状分布,抽水井附件的地下水位降落漏斗是显著的;同时发现每个观测井不同高度上的观测点的水位,均呈现上高下低的特征,说明地下水具有由上到下的运动分量,地下水由周边的供水边界向抽水井聚集运移时,运动方向是下斜向的,潜水如此,承压水也如此。分析认为,这是水头压力与水体自身重力同时起作用的结果。由此推断,在抽水时,靠近承压水含水层顶板存在强势水流,且越靠近补给源,这种强势水流越强。     

青林省含铁地下水的分布与处理措施

本文根据含铁地下水的形成条件将吉林省含铁地下水划分为四个区,并论述了各区的分布特征。综合国内目前各种地下水除铁技术,着重对各除铁系统的方法、基本原理和适用条件以及经济效益等进行了论述。从环境水文地质学的角度,提出了在含铁地下水区寻找低铁地下水的方法,并通过实例验证是可行的。     

Hydrogeochemistry and arsenic contamination of groundwater in the Rayen area, southeastern Iran

High As contents in groundwater were found in Rayen area and chosen for a detailed hydrogeochemical study. A total of 121 groundwater samples were collected from existing tube wells in the study areas in January 2012 and analyzed. Hydrogeochemical data of samples suggested that the groundwater is mostly Na–Cl type; also nearly 25.62 % of samples have arsenic concentrations above WHO permissible value (10 μg/l) for drinking waters with maximum concentration of aqueous arsenic up to 25,000 μg/l. The reducing conditions prevailing in the area and high arsenic concentration correlated with high bicarbonate and pH. Results show that arsenic is released into groundwater by two major phenomena: (1) through reduction of arsenic-bearing iron oxides/oxyhydroxides and Fe may be precipitated as iron sulfide when anoxic conditions prevail in the aquifer sediments and (2) transferring of As into the water system during water–acidic volcanic rock interactions.     

Contamination of shallow aquifers by arsenic in upper reaches of Tista river at Siliguri–Jalpaiguri area of West Bengal, India

Arsenic is present in groundwater at Siliguri–Jalpaiguri area, West Bengal, India. This is the place where Tista river descending from the Himalayas meets the alluvial plain. The area represents alluvial fan and floodplains of Tista, Mahananda-Balasan, Jaladhaka and its tributaries. In the river sediment samples, para- and ferro-magnetic minerals within 0.3–0.05 mm fraction contain 9–80 ppm of arsenic. The study indicates that iron bearing minerals viz. biotite, hornblende as well as iron coated grains of the sediment are major contributors towards arsenic budget. Though magnetite as a mineral shows maximum arsenic content (22 ppm), it is volumetrically not of much significance. Measurement of groundwater collected from tube wells shows up to 0.05 ppm of arsenic. These arsenic contaminated tube wells occur in a linear fashion along the course of the rivers. Moreover, localization of contaminated tube wells coincides with the change of channel gradient as observed in longitudinal section. The study enumerates a cause–effect relationship of arsenic occurrence with river gradient and fluvial sedimentation.     

多层介质含水系统中石油类污染预测评价：以大庆市纳污湖泡区为例

本文选取大庆贴不贴泡区的多层介质含水系统为研究对象,在分析水文地质条件和研究各层介质渗透规律的基础上,运用地质统计学方法和数值模拟技术建立起此类含水系统中石油类污染运移数值模拟模型,应用所建模型对地下水污染趋势进行了预测,并提出了污染控制措施。     

潍河下游地区海咸水入侵动态三维数值模拟分析

文中以潍河下游的莱洲湾南岸地区为研究区 ,阐述了海咸水分布规律。针对海咸水运移过程中的水动力学特征和化学动力学特征 ,推导了水动力化学动力耦合的盐分运移对流弥散方程 ,水动力过程考虑了浓度变化对水流运动的影响 ,化学动力学过程考虑了含水介质表面吸附 (解吸 )作用对盐分运移的影响。采用改进的非线性特征有限元法 ,求解高浓度溶质运移三维模型。计算结果表明 ,该模型更真实地刻画了海咸水入侵系统。通过对海咸水入侵规律进行模拟 ,指出海咸水入侵的根本原因是过量开采地下淡水资源 ,要防止海咸水入侵 ,必须科学开采地下淡水资源。     

辽宁省北票市台吉营子矿区金矿水文地质条件及矿坑涌水量预测

通过对北票市台吉营子矿区含水层、断裂构造带特征及地下水补、径、排条件、水文地质参数及矿坑充水因素的分析,认为研究区水文地质条件为中等。确定了水文地质单元边界条件模型,采用水平集水建筑物涌水量计算公式、管井涌水量公式、比拟法计算公式和大井法计算公式等方法对斜井、竖井和深、浅开拓水平涌水量进行了预测,并根据矿山实际情况提出了矿坑防治水措施,为矿山的下一步建设和开采提供了技术资料。     

新疆塔城盆地地下水中铁锰分布特征及人类活动的影响

以新疆塔城盆地80组地下水样品水化学组分测试结果为依据,结合区域地质、水文地质调查资料,研究塔城盆地地下水中铁、锰分布特征及其成因。结果表明,研究区浅层地下水中铁、锰浓度总体较低,局部超标,其空间分布特征基本一致。对比2017年发布的地下水质量标准,地下水中铁、锰超标率依次为25%和5%,深层承压水铁、锰含量均未超标。地下水中铁锰离子浓度受原生地质环境所控,同时叠加人类活动影响,城镇周边人口密集区尤其是排污沟渠附近地下水中耗氧量、溶解性总固体、铁、锰含量明显升高。地下水中铁锰超标连片区域呈条带状或斑块状分布于塔城盆地北部山区、中部冲积平原区以及南部低山丘陵区的铜钼成矿带,受人类活动影响,在塔城市、额敏县及其周边的地表水和地下水重污染区分布有地下水铁、锰重污染点,污染物特别是有机污染物排放所引起的还原环境促使地层中难溶的铁锰矿物的溶解释放。地层中,尤其是矿床及周边地层中高含量的铁锰是地下水中铁锰的重要来源,沉积层中富含丰富的有机质同时叠加人类活动输入所形成的还原条件是研究区地下水中铁、锰迁移和富集的主控因素。     

Iron oxide precipitate in seepage of groundwater from a landslide slip zone

Orange precipitate was collected at the mouth of groundwater drainage tubes from the Kumanashi Landslide slip zone in Toyama prefecture, Northwest Japan. Data from XRF, X-ray diffraction, and Mössbauer spectroscopy determined the precipitate as hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) bearing multi-elements such as phosphorous, silica, calcium, etc. The occurrence of HFO may indicate an oxidation of ferrous iron in the percolated groundwater from the slip zone. Moreover, the precipitate iron should be mobilized with groundwater circulation from the slip zone, whose reducing condition was determined by the iron speciation on the same type of landslide profiles within the study area in previous studies. The HFO precipitate may be considered as a secondary reliable indicator to locate the seepage of a slip zone on surface, especially for a landslide newly investigated under wet-warm climate.     

Impact of stormwater infiltration basins on groundwater quality, Perth metropolitan region, Western Australia

Twelve bores were sunk adjacent to three stormwater infiltration basins in the Perth metropolitan area to examine the impact of runoff from a light industrial area, a medium-density residential area, and a major arterial road on groundwater quality, and to examine the hydrological response of the aquifer to runoff recharge. Automatic and manual water level monitoring between April and November 1990 indicated that groundwater levels responded within minutes to recharge from the infiltration basins. Peak water levels of up to 2.5 m above rest levels occurred 6–24 h after the commencement of ponding in the infiltration basins. There was a marked reduction in salinity and increase in dissolved oxygen concentrations in the upper part of the aquifer downgradient of the infiltration basins. Concentrations of toxic metals, nutrients, pesticides, and phenolic compounds in groundwater near the infiltration basins were low and generally well within Australian drinking water guidelines. However, sediment in the base of an infiltration basin draining a major road contained in excess of 3500 ppm of lead. Phthalates, which are US EPA priority pollutants, were detected in all but one bore near the infiltration basins. Their detection may be a sampling artifact, but they may also be derived from the plastic litter that accumulates in the infiltration basins. The concentration of iron in groundwater near the infiltration basins appears to be controlled by dissolved oxygen concentrations, with high iron concentrations occurring where dissolved oxygen concentrations are low. Pumping bores located near infiltration basins may suffer from iron encrustation problems caused by the mixing of shallow, oxygenated groundwater with water containing higher concentrations of iron from deeper in the aquifer.     

应用信息熵方法对地下水观测网的层次分类——以河北平原地下水观测网为例

本文主要针对目前地下水观测网存在的层次不清问题，提出了基于信息熵理论新的分类方法。文章列举了观测网层次问题的表现，原因和可能造成的后果，提出地下水观测网的层次性应该对应地下水流动系统的层次性。认为地下水观测网就是一种信号通讯网，水位信号具有可传递性、差异性以及衰减性等特征，可以运用信息熵理论中的互信息概念，定量刻画观测孔之间的信息联系，并以这种信息联系程度作为观测孔层次分类的主要依据。作者以河北平原地下水观测网为实例，研究了区域尺度观测网的分类，结果表明信息熵方法可以很好地解决此类问题。     

Characterization of accumulated precipitates during subsurface iron removal

The principle of subsurface iron removal for drinking water supply is that aerated water is periodically injected into the aquifer through a tube well. On its way into the aquifer, the injected O₂-rich water oxidizes adsorbed Fe²⁺, creating a subsurface oxidation zone. When groundwater abstraction is resumed, the soluble Fe²⁺ is adsorbed and water with reduced Fe concentrations is abstracted for multiple volumes of the injection water. In this article, Fe accumulation deposits in the aquifer near subsurface treatment wells were identified and characterized to assess the sustainability of subsurface iron removal regarding clogging of the aquifer and the potential co-accumulation of other groundwater constituents, such as As. Chemical extraction of soil samples, with Acid-Oxalate and HNO₃, showed that Fe had accumulated at specific depths near subsurface iron removal wells after 12 years of operation. Whether it was due to preferred flow paths or geochemical mineralogy conditions; subsurface iron removal clearly favoured certain soil layers. The total Fe content increased between 11.5 and 390.8 mmol/kg ds in the affected soil layers, and the accumulated Fe was found to be 56-100% crystalline. These results suggest that precipitated amorphous Fe hydroxides have transformed to Fe hydroxides of higher crystallinity. These crystalline, compact Fe hydroxides have not noticeably clogged the investigated well and/or aquifer between 1996 and 2008. The subsurface iron removal wells even need less frequent rehabilitation, as drawdown increases more slowly than in normal production wells. Other groundwater constituents, such as Mn, As and Sr were found to co-accumulate with Fe. Acid extraction and ESEM-EDX showed that Ca occurred together with Fe and by X-ray Powder Diffraction it was identified as calcite.