三维有限差分法中提高计算水平磁场准确度的方法

为提高三维有限差分法的计算准确度，本文用地表边条件修改了原来的计算程序．新方法新程序通过计算Wannamaker等的模型，检验其效果．结果表明，新程序显著提高了水平磁场值的准确性，同时也改进了垂直分量的计算．      

Improved treatments for evaluating horizontal magnetic components through the 3-D FDM in E -polarization induction problems

To improve the accuracy of the numerical evaluation through the 3-D finite difference method, the surface boundary conditions are added to modify the old program. The author has tested the new program by making calculations for the model constructed by Wanamaker, et al (1984). The comparison between the numerical results obtained from this paper and those by Wannamaker, et al (1984) indicates that a pronounced improvement is realized in the evaluation of the horizontal magnetic components. Moreover, better calculations for the vertical magnetic components are also obtainable by using the new program.     

Improved treatments for evaluating horizontal magnetic components through the 3-D FDM in <Emphasis Type="Italic">E</Emphasis>-polarization induction problems

To improve the accuracy of the numerical evaluation through the 3-D finite difference method, the surface boundary conditions are added to modify the old program. The author has tested the new program by making calculations for the model constructed by Wanamaker, et al (1984). The comparison between the numerical results obtained from this paper and those by Wannamaker, et al (1984) indicates that a pronounced improvement is realized in the evaluation of the horizontal magnetic components. Moreover, better calculations for the vertical magnetic components are also obtainable by using the new program.     

A new analytical solution of tidal water table fluctuations in a coastal unconfined aquifer

This paper presents a new perturbation solution of the non-linear Boussinesq equation for one-dimensional tidal groundwater flow in a coastal unconfined aquifer. Built upon the work of Parlange et al. [Parlange, J.-Y., Stagnitti, F., Starr, J.L., Braddock, R.D., 1984. Free-surface flow in porous media and periodic solution of the shallow-flow approximation, J. Hydrol., 70, 251–263], the solution adopts a new perturbation parameter that is by definition less than unit, and thus is applicable to a wider range of physical conditions within the constraint of the Boussinesq approximation. This approach avoids a secular term in the third-order perturbation equation of Parlange et al. (1984), enabling the derivation of the third- and higher-order solutions. In comparison with a numerical (“exact”) solution, the new perturbation solution is shown to be slightly more accurate than that of Parlange et al. (1984) with the second-order approximation. The obtained third-order solution exhibits considerable improvement in accuracy. In relatively simple analytical forms, the present perturbation solution will help to understand better the non-linear characteristics of tidal water table fluctuations in as modeled by the non-linear Boussinesq equation coastal unconfined aquifers.     

A comparison of numerical,analogue model,and field-station vertical magnetic-fields for the Vancouver Island region

Vertical magnetic fields for a three-dimensional numerical model, for a laboratory-analogue model, and from field stations for the Vancouver Island region of British Columbia, Canada, are compared. The numerical results are obtained using a three-dimensional finite-difference numerical technique employing a 25 × 25 × 25 mesh of grid points for a simplified mathematical model of the Vancouver Island region. The calculations are carried out for a source frequency of 0.004 Hz. The analogue model results for four traverses over the Island model and the field station values (obtained from transfer function analysis) for ten locations are those discussed previously by Nienaber et al. (1979a, b). General agreement exists between the numerical, analogue, and field station data, and comparison of results between these methods is important in three-dimensional electromagnetic induction studies of complex geomagnetic induction problems.     

Non-stationary Alfvén resonator: vertical profiles of wave characteristics

A Pc1/IPDP event recorded by the Finnish search coil magnetometers on 15 December 1984 was analyzed in a companion paper (Mursula et al., 2000. Non-stationary Alfvén resonator: new results on Pc1 pearls and IPDP events. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 62(4), 299–309) using numerical simulations of the ionospheric Alfvén resonator (IAR). EISCAT incoherent scatter radar data were used to determine the vertical profiles of ionospheric plasma parameters. In this paper, the detailed altitude profiles of several wave characteristics at the IAR eigenfrequency are computed up to 1000 km height, including, e.g., the real normalized amplitude of the magnetic wave field component, ellipticity and orientation of the polarization ellipse in the horizontal plane. We also calculate the altitude profile of the energy flux density (Poynting vector). These features illustrate in detail the ionospheric effects on the wave spectral structure in a non-stationary IAR, and their significance in the formation of the Pc1/IPDP signal on the ground.     

磁层亚暴期间高纬地区三维电流体系

确定亚暴期间高纬地区的三维电流体系是磁层和电离层物理的基本问题之一,本文简述了近年来发展的根据地面地磁活动的记录及演三维电流体系的两种较新的方法:KRM（Kamide-Richmond-Matsushita）方法和K（Kisabeth）方法.在KRM方法和许多其它类似的计算中,都假定磁力线是垂直于电离层沿地球径向的直线.本文介绍了一种递推方法,可计算场向电流沿弯曲的偶极子场线流动的情况。同时,还介绍了高纬三维电流体系对亚暴期间中低纬度地磁扰动的贡献。最后介绍了在计算电流体系时所需的电离层电导率模式。     

Linear vertical vibrations of suspension bridges: A review of continuum models and some new results

The classical continuum model for the linear vertical vibrations of a suspension bridge (Bleich et al., 1950 [1]) is re-examined. The primary objective of the study is to extend the definitive analytical and numerical results of Irvine and Caughey (1974) [2], Irvine and Griffin (1976) [3] and Irvine (1980, 1981) [4], [5] for the natural frequencies, mode shapes, and modal participation factors for an extensible suspension cable, which depend on one dimensionless parameter related to the elasticity of the cable, to the case of a stiffened suspension bridge in which the response depends also on a second dimensionless parameter related to the stiffness of the girder. The continuum suspension bridge model is also used to understand the pattern of variation of mode shapes as a function of cable elasticity and girder stiffness, which has been shown by West et al. (1984) [6] to be considerably more complex than that for a suspension cable. Finally, the threshold amplitudes of free vibrations that would result in the incipient slackening of the hangers are determined.     

三维电磁感应的有限差分法的网格收敛试验

本文用三维有限差分法,在计算电导率异常的电磁响应时作了一次网格收敛试验.该收敛解和其它几种数值解法得到的结果作了比较.这些方法是Hohmann的积分方程法、Lee等的混合法和Gupta等的混合法.我们的结果基本上和Hohmann的以及Gupta等的结果一致.试验表明,有限差分法所用的计算机时间比SANGAM混合法的少.为了缩减迭代过程的计算时间,我们使用了一种新的技巧--变区域迭代法,这种方法的收敛速度和一般的（在全区域迭代的）迭代法的收敛速度相同.     

The boundary integral calculations of the forward problem for D.C. sounding and MMR methods for a 3-D body near a vertical contact

Summary The paper presents comprehensive theory based on the boundary integral method for calculations of the electric potential, electric field and corresponding magnetic field due to a pair of D.C. source electrodes near a vertical resistivity contact in the halfspace, indlucing a 3-D disturbing body in the vicinity of the contact. Special attention is paid to the case when the disturbing body touches the vertical contact. Results of numerical calculations are presented in the form of sounding curves and a set of isoline graphs for potential, components of the electric and magnetic field (total and anomalous) on the surface of the Earth. It is shown that the presence of the disturbing body at the contact is most pronounced in the electrical characteristics. Anomalies in the magnetic field are small in comparison to the field due to the electric current in the electrode cable and primary currents flowing from the electrodes.     

Evaluation of Pt and Au pressure scales based on MgO absolute pressure scale

The equations of state (EOSs) of MgO produced by two independent scale-free methods, (1) the simultaneous elastic wave velocity and in situ synchrotron X-ray measurements (Kono et al., 2010; Li et al., 2006) and (2) the first-principles calculations (Wu et al., 2008), agree well with each other to at least 150 GPa and 2000 K. Furthermore, the EOS from first-principles calculations also agrees well with shock wave data, another pressure-scale-free data. These agreements strongly support that these EOSs provide reliable absolute pressure scales. Here we evaluate Au and Pt EOSs based on the EOS of Wu et al. (2008) using the simultaneously measured volume data of MgO, Au, and Pt from the literature. The primary pressure scales developed by Tange et al. (2009) and Yokoo et al. (2009) using only pressure-scale-free experimental data of MgO, Au, and Pt produce internal consistent pressure and agree with EOS of Wu et al. (2008). The Au EOS by Tsuchiya (2003) works well at room temperature but underestimates pressure at high temperature. The Au EOS by Fei et al. (2007) can well describe thermal pressure. The EOSs of Pt by Holmes et al. (1989) and Ono et al. (2011) work well at both room temperature and high temperature. The results also suggest that the discrepancy between bulk modulus of iron from experiments (Mao et al., 1990) and those from Earth’s core (Dziewonski and Anderson, 1981) is not originated from the overestimation of pressure by the EOS of Holmes et al. (1989). At high pressure and temperature, pressure uncertainty resulted from volume error becomes similarly important as the accuracy of the pressure scale.     

On the behaviour of the induction arrows over a buried conductive plate — a numerical model study

Two-dimensional numerical model calculations, employing a finite difference technique, are used to study the behaviour of the induction arrows, for a range of periods, for a conductive plate of (i) semi-infinite and (ii) finite width in uniform and layered resistive hosts. The results for the conductive plate at the surface of the host have application to a uniform-depth ocean, while the results for the plate buried at some depth in the resistive host have application to a conductive sill in a resistive Earth. The numerical results indicate that for a profile over the plate-host vertical interface the in-phase arrows for all periods and locations point towards the conductive plate, while the quadrature arrows at periods near the characteristic period of the model are oppositely directed on either side of the interface so as to point towards each other and towards the interface for nearby locations, both over the conductive plate and the resistive host. Further, the quadrature arrow undergoes a second reversal over the resistive host at a distance from the interface that is somewhat dependent on the period. Thus, at either side of the location of this second reversal, the quadrature induction arrows are again oppositely directed, but pointing away from each other, with the arrows near the interface pointing towards, and the more distant arrows pointing away from the conductive plate. The period range for the quadrature-arrow reversal is characteristic of conductivities and layer depths. The features of the quadrature-arrow sign reversals at and near the interface are in accordance with the earlier laboratory analogue model results of Hebert et al. for the Newfoundland coastal region and Nienaber et al. for a conductive plate in a resistive host.

It is suggested that in practice the sign reversal of the quadrature arrow may aid in locating a conductor-host interface, and that if the conductivity of the host is known, the maximum in the anomalous vertical magnetic field response may permit an approximate determination of the conductive-layer depth.     

Magnetic Helicity in fast dynamos

The behaviour of magnetic helicity in kinematic dynamos at large magnetic Reynolds number is considered. Hughes, et al . [ Phys. Lett. A 223 , 167-172 (1996)] observe that the relative helicity tends to zero in the limit of large magnetic Reynolds number. This paper gives upper bounds on the helicity, by relating the helicity spectrum to the energy spectrum. These bounds are confirmed by numerical simulation and the distribution of helicity over scales is considered. Although it is found that the total helicity becomes small in the limit of high conductivity, there can remain significant, but cancelling, helicity at large and small scales of the field. This is illustrated by considering the evolution of helicity in the stretch-twist-fold dynamo picture.     

Simulating strong ground motion from complex sources by reciprocal Green functions

We have developed a method to calculate site and path effects for complex heterogeneous media using synthetic Green’s functions. The Green’s functions are calculated numerically by imposing body forces at the site of interest and then storing the reciprocal Green’s functions along arbitrary finite-fault surfaces. By using reciprocal Green’s functions, we can then simulate many source scenarios for those faults because the primary numerical calculations need be done only once. The advantage of the proposed method is shown by evaluation of the site and path effects for three sites in the vicinity of the Los Angeles basin using the Southern California Velocity Model (version 2.2, Magistrale et al., 2000). In this example, we have simulated 300 source scenarios for 5 major southern California faults and compared their responses for period longer then 3 seconds at the selected sites. However, a more detailed comparison with strong motion records will be necessary before a particular hazard assessment can be made. For the tested source scenarios the results show that the variations in the peak velocity amplitudes and durations due to a source scenarios are as large as variations due to a heterogeneous velocity model.     

Systematics of Early Cambrian Paleomagnetic Directions from the Northern and Eastern Regions of the Siberian Platform and the Problem of an Anomalous Geomagnetic Field in the Time Vicinity of the Proterozoic–Phanerozoic Boundary

Representative paleomagnetic collections of Lower Cambrian rocks from the northern and eastern regions of the Siberian platform are studied. New evidence demonstrating the anomalous character of the paleomagnetic record in these rocks is obtained. These data confidently support the hypothesis (Pavlov et al., 2004) that in the substantial part of the Lower Cambrian section of the Siberian platform there are two stable high-temperature magnetization components having significantly different directions, each of which is eligible for being a primary component that was formed, at the latest, in the Early Cambrian. The analysis of the world’s paleomagnetic data for this interval of the geological history shows that the peculiarities observed in Siberia in the paleomagnetic record for the Precambrian–Phanerozoic boundary are global, inconsistent with the traditional notion of a paleomagnetic record as reflecting the predominant axial dipole component of the geomagnetic field, and necessitates the assumption that the geomagnetic field at the Proterozoic–Phanerozoic boundary (Ediacaran–Lower Cambrian) substantially differed from the field of most of the other geological epochs. In order to explain the observed paleomagnetic record, we propose a hypothesis suggesting that the geomagnetic field at the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary had an anomalous character. This field was characterized by the presence of two alternating quasi-stable generation regimes. According to our hypothesis, the magnetic field at the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary can be described by the alternation of long periods dominated by an axial, mainly monopolar dipole field and relatively short epochs, lasting a few hundred kA, with the prevalence of the near-equatorial or midlatitude dipole. The proposed hypothesis agrees with the data obtained from studies of the transitional fields of Paleozoic reversals (Khramov and Iosifidi, 2012) and with the results of geodynamo numerical simulations (Aubert and Wicht, 2004; Glatzmayer and Olson, 2005; Gissinger et al., 2012).     

Relationship between magnetic activity in the polar cap and atmospheric processes in the winter Antarctica

The paper demonstrates the close relationships between the polar cap magnetic activity, which is characterized by PC index (Troshichev et al., 1988, Troshichev et al., 2006) and some atmospheric phenomena typical of the winter Antarctica, such as enhancement of cloudiness, sudden warmings of the ground atmosphere in near-pole area, and formation of anomalous wind regimes above Antarctica. It was shown previously (Troshichev et al., 2004, Troshichev et al., 2008, Troshichev and Janzhura, 2004) that these atmospheric phenomena are controlled by variations of the geoeffective interplanetary electric field impacting the Earth’s magnetosphere. On the other hand, the polar cap magnetic activity is also determined by the interplanetary electric field influence through the field-aligned magnetospheric currents and electric field in the polar cap ionosphere. The results imply that the PC index, available online at http://www.aari.nw.ru from the near-pole station Vostok, can be used to monitor the anomalous atmospheric processes in winter Antarctica.     

工业CT在电磁线圈缺陷检测中的应用

通过工业CT（ICT）对电磁线圈进行内部结构分析,可以避免电磁线圈解剖的困难。ICT能有效地检测出电磁线圈中的漆包线断开、零部件安装不到位、漆包线熔断、绕组变形、包封层中气孔、多余杂线以及金属杂质等缺陷,并且能够精确地确定出缺陷的位置和几何形状。工业CT分析对提高电磁线圈产品的质量,改进生产工艺有指导意义。      

Implementing a Method of Screening One-Well Hydraulic Barrier Design Alternatives

This article provides details of applying the method developed by the authors ( Rubin et al. 2008b ) for screening one-well hydraulic barrier design alternatives. The present article with its supporting information (manual and electronic spreadsheets with a case history example) provides the reader complete details and examples of solving the set of nonlinear equations developed by Rubin et al. (2008b) . It allows proper use of the analytical solutions and also depicting the various charts given by Rubin et al. (2008b) . The final outputs of the calculations are the required position and the discharge of the pumping well. If the contaminant source is nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) entrapped within the aquifer, then the method provides an estimate of the aquifer remediation progress (which is a by-product) due to operating the hydraulic barrier.     

Far-Zone Contributions to Topographical Effects in the Stokes-Helmert Method of the Geoid Determination

In the evaluation of the geoid done according to the Stokes-Helmert method, the following topographical effects have to be computed: the direct topographical effect, the primary indirect topographical effect and the secondary indirect topographical effect. These effects have to be computed through integration over the surface of the earth. The integration is usually split into integration over an area immediately adjacent to the point of interest, called the near zone, and the integration over the rest of the world, called the far zone. It has been shown in the papers by Martinec and Vaníek (1994), and by Novák et al. (1999) that the far-zone contributions to the topographical effects are, even for quite extensive near zones, not negligible.Various numerical approaches can be applied to compute the far-zone contributions to topographical effects. A spectral form of solution was employed in the paper by Novák et al. (2001). In the paper by Smith (2002), the one-dimensional Fast Fourier Transform was introduced to solve the problem in the spatial domain. In this paper we use two-dimensional numerical integration. The expressions for the far-zone contributions to topographical effects on potential and on gravitational attraction are described, and numerical values encountered over the territory of Canada are shown in this paper.     

Comment on the paper “CAWSES November 7–8, 2004, Superstorm: Complex Solar and Interplanetary Features in the Post-Solar Maximum Phase,” B. T. Tsurutani,E. Echer,F. L. Guarnieri,and J. U. Kozyra,Geophys. Res. Lett. 35 (2008)

The solar sources of the magnetic storms of November 8 and 10, 2004, are analyzed. The preliminary results of such an analysis [Yermolaev et al., 2005] are critically compared with the results of the paper [Tsurutani et al., 2008], where solar flares were put in correspondence with these magnetic storms. The method for determining solar sources that cause powerful magnetospheric storms is analyzed. It has been indicated that an optimal approach consists in considering coronal mass ejections (CMEs) as storm sources and accompanying flares as additional information about the location of CME origination.