南海北部海域柱状沉积的孢粉、藻类及其古环境意义

对南海北部C4站柱状剖面进行了高分辨率孢粉、藻类研究,部分样品作了AMS14C年代测定.根据孢粉成分的变化将南海C4站从下至上划分了3个孢粉组合带,依次为:1带(258-194cm)为以Pinus-Quercus(常绿)-Polypodiaceae-Pteridium-Pteris-Dicranopteris-Adiantum为主的孢粉带; 2 带(194-94cm)为以Pinus-Quercus(常绿)-Pteridium-Polypodiaceae-Microlepia-Dicranopteris为主的孢粉带; 3带(94-4cm)为以Pinus-Pteridium-Polypodiaceae-Quercus(常绿)-Microlepia-Dicranopteris为主的孢粉带.并相应恢复了南海北部9 800a BP以来3个植被、气候、古环境演替阶段,结合AMS14C测年资料,对C4站柱状地层时代划分作了讨论,为南海古气候、古环境演变研究提供了科学依据.     

南海北部B106站柱状沉积的孢粉与藻类及其古环境演变

对南海北部B106站柱状剖面进行了高分辨率孢粉与藻类研究,部分样品作了AMS14C年代测定。根据孢粉成分的变化将南海B106站从下至上划分了3个孢粉组合带,依次为:1带(294~194 cm)以Pinus-Quercus(常绿)-Gramineae-Polypodiaceae-Pterdium-Dicranopteris为主孢粉带;2带(194~94cm)以Pinus-Quercus(常绿)-Polypodiaceae-Pteridium-Dicranopteris为主孢粉带;3带(94~4 cm)以Pinus-Polypodiaceae-Pteridium-Quercus(常绿)-Dicranopteris为主孢粉带。并相应恢复了南海北部11 000 aBP以来3个植被、气候、古环境演替阶段,结合AMS14C测年资料,对B106站柱状地层时代划分作了讨沦,为南海古气候、古环境演变研究提供了科学依据。     

南海东部深海沉积中的孢粉研究及其古环境意义

通过对南海东部 149 站深海柱状剖面的孢粉、藻类研究,根据孢粉成分的变化将该孔沉积层从下至上划分为 4 个孢粉组合带.1 带:Pinus-Quercus(常绿)-Umbellferae-Gramineae-Pteris 孢粉带(407～270cm);2 带:Dacrydium-Quercus-Cyathea-Pinus-Polypodiaceae 孢粉带(270～105 cm);3 带:Pinus-Polypodiaceae-Quercus(常绿)-Pteridium 孢粉带(105～30 cm);4 带:Gleditsia-Cyathea-Pinus-Polypodiaceae 孢粉带(30～0 cm).并相应恢复了南海东部 7.5 万 a 以来 4 个植被、气候、古环境演替阶段:热带北缘半常绿季雨林、热带季雨林、热带北缘半常绿季雨林和热带季雨林.结合氧同位素测年资料,对 149 站柱状地层时代作了划分.     

南海深海柱状样沉积孢粉藻类组合及其古气候与古环境

对南海149站和323站深海柱状剖面进行了孢粉与藻类研究,根据孢粉成分的变化将南海149站从下至上划分了4个孢粉组合带,依次为:1带:Pinus-Quercus(常绿)-Umbellferae-Gramineae-Pteris孢粉带(407～270cm);2带:Dacrydium-Quercus-Cyathea-Pinus-Polypodiaceae孢粉带(270～105cm);3带:Pinus-Polypodiaceae-Quercus(常绿)-Pteridium孢粉带(105～30cm);4带:Gleditsia-Cyathea-Pinus-Polypodiaceae孢粉带(30～0cm)。323站也划分了4个孢粉带,与149站进行了比较研究。并相应恢复了南海东部7.5万年以来4个植被、气候、古环境演替阶段,结合氧同位素测年资料,对149站和323站柱状地层时代划分作了讨论,为南海古植被、古气候、古环境演变研究提供科学依据。     

长江口地区近7000 a来的植被、气候演变研究

长江三角洲地区的孢粉资料已相当丰富,但崇明岛地区以前孢粉研究资料较少,本文对崇明岛北侧的CY孔作了高分辨率的孢粉研究,详细地划出了大西洋期以来的9个孢粉组合带,并结合邻区钻孔孢粉资料研究,恢复了该区植被、气候演化的7个阶段。从大西洋中期起植被依次为：中亚热带含落叶树的常绿阔叶林;中亚热带北缘常绿阔叶、落叶阔叶混交林;北亚热带北缘以松、栎为主的落叶阔叶、针叶混交林;中亚热带北缘常绿阔叶、落叶阔叶混交林;北亚热带常绿阔叶、落叶阔叶、针叶混交林;北亚热带北缘含常绿阔叶树的落叶阔叶、针叶混交林;北亚热带常绿阔叶、落叶阔叶、针叶混交林。气候经历如下的波动：热暖潮湿—暖热湿润—温和略干—温暖湿润—温暖略湿—温而略干—温暖湿润,其气候波动与世界性的气候变化相一致,而且与海平面变化相吻合,从而为本地区古植被、古气候、古环境的重建提供了丰富的孢粉学资料。     

南海深海沉积中的孢粉记录及其古环境

通过对南海69站深海柱状剖面的孢粉成分的变化将该孔沉积层从下至上划分为5个孢粉组合带,1带:Quercus(常绿)-Pinus-Cyathea-Artemisia孢粉带(552.5～470 cm);2带:Pinus-Podocarpus-Quercus-Polypodiaceae孢粉带(470～350 cm);3带:Quercus(常绿)-Castanopsis-Pinus-Polypodiaceae孢粉带(350～250 cm);4带:Pinus-Podocarpus-Artemisia-Polypodiaceae孢粉带(250～140 cm);5带:Podocarpus-Cyathea-Quercus(常绿)-Pinus-Pol-ypodiaceae孢粉带(140～0 cm)。并相应恢复了南海东部64 ka以来3个植被、气候、古环境演替阶段,热带季雨林、热带北缘半常绿季雨林和热带季雨林。对69站柱状地层时代作了划分,孢粉1带相当于氧同位素3期,时代为Q33-2;孢粉2～4带相当于氧同位素2期,时代为Q33-3;孢粉5带为氧同位素1期,时代为Q4。     

东海北部陆缘地区全新世孢粉组合及其古环境演变

对东海北部陆缘地区NH 0504孔和东海Dh1井全新世地层的孢粉进行了研究,划分出5个孢粉组合带和2个亚带,恢复了该地区植被演替、气候波动和古环境演变的5个阶段,为该区的地层年代划分和对比提供了科学的证据,为全新世古植被、古气候和古环境的重建提供了重要的孢粉学资料。划分的5个阶段为:第1阶段为针阔叶混交林-草地,反映出当时的气候以温凉略湿为特征(前北方期);第2阶段为含常绿阔叶树的针阔叶混交林,反映出当时的气候以温和略干为特征(北方期);第3阶段为以常绿栎类和栲属等为主的常绿阔叶林,反映出当时气候以热暖潮湿为特征(大西洋期);第4阶段是以栎、松和禾本科为主的针阔叶混交林,反映出当时的气候以温暖略干为特征(亚北方期);第5阶段是以落叶栎类、常绿栎类、松为主的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶、针叶混交林-草地,反映出当时的气候以温暖湿润为特征(亚大西洋期)。     

南海294站柱状沉积孢粉、藻类研究及古环境意义

通过对南海294站深海柱状剖面孢粉、藻类的研究,将294站从下至上划分为7个孢粉组合带: 带为Dacrydium-Pinus-Lithocarpus-Quercus(常绿)-Cyathea-Polypodiaceae; 带为Castanopsis-Lithocarpus-Dacrydium-Quercus(常绿)-Pinus-Polypodiaceae; 带为Quercus(常绿)-Castanopsis-Podocarpus-Cyathea-Polypodiaceae; 带为Polypodiaceae-Cyathea-Pteris-Pinus-Gramineae; 带为Quercus(常绿)-Podocarpus-Lithocarpus-Pinus-Cyathea-Polypodi-aceae; 带为Pinus-Quercus(常绿)-Palmae-Mangrovepollen-Gramineae; 带为Dacrydium-Palmae-Mangrovepollen-Pinus-Cyperaceae-Cyathea。相应恢复了南海东部地区12万年以来5个植被、气候演替阶段,依次为:炎热、湿润的热带季雨林—暖热而稍干的热带北缘半常绿季雨林—炎热、湿润的热带季雨林—暖热而稍干的热带北缘半常绿季雨林—炎热、湿润的热带季雨林。结合氧同位素测年资料,对南海294站柱状剖面地层时代划分进行了讨论。     

长江三角洲前缘地区晚第四纪沉积的孢粉与环境研究

通过对长江三角洲前缘地区高桥G2孔、上海斜2孔等晚第四纪地层的孢粉研究,划分出了6个孢粉组合带,并结合临近钻孔的孢粉研究资料,恢复了本地区植被演替、气候波动的六个阶段:第一阶段为稀疏的针叶、落叶阔叶混交林,反映气候冷干(晚更新世晚期);第二阶段为针叶、阔叶混交林草地,反映气候温凉略湿(前北方期);第三阶段为含常绿阔叶树的针叶、阔叶混交林,反映气候温和略干(北方期);第四阶段以栲属、青冈栎为主的常绿阔叶林,反映气候暖热潮湿(大西洋期);第五阶段是以栎、松、蒿为主的针叶、阔叶混交林,反映气候温和略干(亚北方期);第六阶段是以落叶栎类、常绿栎类、松为主的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶、针叶混交林草地.这六个阶段为本地区的地层年代划分和对比提供了可靠的证据,为晚第四纪古植被、古气候、古环境的重建提供了孢粉学资料.     

东海陆缘地区晚第四纪沉积的孢粉及其古环境意义

通过对东海陆缘地区东海1井、高桥G2孔、人民广场孔等晚第四纪地层的孢粉研究，划分出了6个孢粉组合带，并恢复了本地区植被演替、气候波动的6个阶段：第1阶段为稀疏的针叶、落叶阔叶混交林，反映气候冷干(晚更新世晚期)；第2阶段为针叶、阔叶混交林-草原，反映气候温凉略湿(前北方期)；第3阶段为舍常绿阔叶树的针叶、阔叶混交林，反映气候温和略干(北方期)；第4阶段为以栲属、青冈栎为主的常绿阔叶林，反映气候暖热潮湿(大西洋期)；第5阶段是以栎、松、蒿为主的针叶、阔叶混交林，反映气候温和略干(亚北方期)；第6阶段是以落叶栎类、常绿栎类、松为主的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶、针叶混交林-草原，反映气候温暖湿润(亚大西洋期)。这种气候波动与世界性气候变化相一致，为本地区的地层年代划分和对比提供了可靠的证据，为晚第四纪古植被、古气候、古环境的重建提供了重要的孢粉学资料。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.