维城市模型的数据获取方法评述

随着GIS向3维领域的不断发展,3维城市模型的研究近年得到了飞速的发展,人们在3维对象建模、基于影像的对象重构以及数据获取方面进行了较深入的研究,其中以对数据获取的研究最为广泛且深入。由于3D CM(City Model)的建立需要大量的第3维空间数据和纹理数据,如何高效批量地获取这些数据,是3D CM构建的重要前提。通过查阅大量文献,对目前有关3D CM的数据获取方法进行了评述,指出了目前3维城市模型数据获取的合理途径。     

浅议3维GIS基础数据获取的若干问题

随着科学技术的进步和应用的深入,人们已不再满足于2维GIS,而开始转向研究能真实反映客观自然空间的3维GIS。3维GIS的发展既存在有利因素,也面临必须克服的困难。3维空间数据的获取是3维GIS的基础,本文讨论了3维数据在采集、编辑、检查的生产过程中遇到的一些典型问题。     

大连市大范围快速地形3维建模的探索

结合大连市地形图的实际生产过程及大范围快速地形3维建模的经验,提出了在地形图生产环节,注重地形要素3维信息的采集;在编辑环节保留地形要素的3维信息;对入库后的3维数据,通过在GIS3维展示平台下进行简单的设置,快速生成大范围3维地形模型,解决城市地形图更新快、常规3维建模较慢,不能满足现势性要求的问题。     

基于ArcGIS的空间信息3维建模

信息时代悄然而至,人们已不再将可以定量表达的信息结果局限在2维空间上,逐步向3维空间信息表达深入。利用虚拟现实技术,建立3维信息模型,对存储在数据库中的信息数据进行提取、处理,实现了3维信息的虚拟可视化以及虚拟环境中数据交互查询和交互操作的全过程,并在3维虚拟环境中实现了相应的数据空间分析。     

基于网格服务的空间信息3维可视化技术

构建基于网络的城市3维空间信息服务系统,需要解决海量3维地形数据、影像数据和纹理数据的网络传输,以及客户端场景渲染绘制实时处理能力等问题.针对3维空间信息可视化功能日益复杂的特点,利用网格服务的前沿技术,将现有的3维可视化处理环境服务封装为服务组件并进行网格化部署,充分利用集群网络上的计算和服务资源,实现网络3维数据的高效实时绘制与服务.     

地面3维激光扫描技术在古建筑保护中的应用研究

地面3维激光扫描仪是通过高速激光扫描测量的方法,大面积、高分辨率地快速获取被测对象表面的3维坐标数据,根据3维数据可以构建3维模型,为古建筑保护等提供数据依据。本文对地面3维激光扫描技术进行了简单探讨,通过具体实例研究分析其在古建筑保护中的应用。     

3维激光扫描仪点云数据在MicroStation下的处理研究

3维激光扫描是基于近景扫描获取物体3维景观模型的一种新的激光测量技术,但在应用其扫描所得的点云数据使用配套软件Cyclone建立3维空间模型中又遇到了许多技术性问题,本文就此问题进行了探讨,并提出点云数据在MicroStation下处理的一些参考性方法。     

海量3维数据高效组织及集成研究

随着“数字城市”的推进,3维地理信息系统得到快速发展和广‘泛应用,产生了海量的3维地理空间数据,对3维空间数据的集成管理、并发访问、数据安全研究成为热点．市场对3维仿真系统和地理信息系统融合和统一需求日益迫切。针对“3维数字城市”建设新需求,本文在海缝3维场景组织、空间索引建立和基于关系数据库的存储等方面开展研究．为海量3维空间数据组高效组织和集成管理提供了一条有效途径。     

基于3维激光扫描技术的滑坡体地形图制作研究

采用3维激光扫描技术快速采集滑坡体地形点云信息,并提取滑坡体微地貌信息,为滑坡监测提供基础技术支持。3维激光扫描技术的数据处理主要包括外业数据采集、点云数据配准、地貌数据获取与非地貌点云数据过滤、地形图生成等过程,并着重介绍其工作原理与处理方法。采用3维激光扫描技术能够高效准确实时的监测地质灾害,对预防灾害的发生提供了决策作用。     

工业测量数据的可视化方法研究

简要介绍了测量获取离散点数据的一般手段，阐述了3维曲面重建的NURBS方法和空间Delauany三角剖分方法，简要说明了使用OpenGL进行3维开发的机制，并给出了3维空间交互和查询的实现步骤。为有效地发掘测量数据潜在的信息和规律提供了一条新的途径。     

An integrated data model in three dimensional GIS

The current GIS can only deal with 2-D or 2.5-D information on the earth surface. A new 3-D data structure and data model need to be designed for the 3-D GIS. This paper analyzes diverse 3-D spatial phenomena from mine to geology and their complicated relations, and proposes several new kinds of spatial objects including cross-section, column body and digital surface model to represent some special spatial phenomena like tunnels and irregular surfaces of an ore body. An integrated data structure including vector, raster and object-oriented data models is used to represent various 3-D spatial objects and their relations. The integrated data structure and object-oriented data model can be used as bases to design and realize a 3-D geographic information system.     

三维激光扫描技术在船体外形测量中的试验性研究

介绍了三维激光扫描技术的测量原理,进行了21 m长船体外形测量的试验性研究,证明了其在快速、高效获取船体三维数据、提取船体型线方面有着较大的优越性。     

Deriving 3D coseismic deformation field by combining GPS and InSAR data based on the elastic dislocation model

The density of GPS measurements is usually one of the key issues in resolving 3-D coseismic deformation field from integrating GPS and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) measurements with pure mathematic interpolation methods An approach that combines the elastic dislocation model with the Best Quadratic Unbiased Estimator (BQUE) or a robust estimation method named IGG (Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics) is proposed to reconstruct 3-D coseismic deformation field, in which only a small amount of GPS data is needed to produce a reasonable initial 3-D coseismic deformation. Then the BQUE and IGG are used to weight the InSAR and GPS measurements to avoid computational issues caused by the negative variance problem and to decrease the impact from gross errors. The Wenchuan earthquake is used to test the proposed method. We find that the developed method makes it possible to use only a few GPSs and InSAR data to recover the 3-D coseismic deformation field, which offers extensive future usage for measuring earthquake deformation, particularly in some tectonically active regions with sparse GPS measurements.     

A design of three-dimensional spatial data model and its data structure in geological exploration engineering

The key to develop 3-D GISs is the study on 3-D data model and data structure. Some of the data models and data structures have been presented by scholars. Because of the complexity of 3-D spatial phenomenon, there are no perfect data structures that can describe all spatial entities. Every data structure has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is difficult to design a single data structure to meet different needs. The important subject in the 3-D data models is developing a data model that has integrated vector and raster data structures. A special 3-D spatial data model based on distributing features of spatial entities should be designed. We took the geological exploration engineering as the research background and designed an integrated data model whose data structures integrats vector and raster data by adopting object-oriented technique. Research achievements are presented in this paper.     

A design of three-dimensional spatial data model and its data structure in geological exploration engineering

The key to develop 3-D GISs is the study on 3-D data model and data structure. Some of the data models and data structures have been presented by scholars. Because of the complexity of 3-D spatial phenomenon, there are no perfect data structures that can describe all spatial entities. Every data structure has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is difficult to design a single data structure to meet different needs. The important subject in the3-D data models is developing a data model that has integrated vector and raster data structures. A special 3-D spatial data model based on distributing features of spatial entities should be designed. We took the geological exploration engineering as the research background and designed an integrated data model whose data structures integrats vector and raster data byadopting object-oriented technique. Research achievements are presented in this paper.     

3-D Geovisualization of satellite images on smart devices by the integration of spatial DBMS,RESTful API and WebGL

Recent technological advancements in web-based geographic information systems have enabled access to satellite images on smart devices. The Representational State Transfer (REST) architecture overcomes difficulties that are associated with conventional data communications on the web, and the Web Graphics Library (WebGL) can be used as an alternative to web-based three-dimensional geographic visualization (3-D geovisualization) due to its efficient image processing capabilities. This paper describes a 3-D geovisualization system that was developed for satellite images on smart devices by integrating a spatial database management system (DBMS), a RESTful application programming interface (API), and WebGL. Spatiotemporal objects were constructed for time-series satellite images within a DBMS and a RESTful API was built for spatiotemporal queries to the time-series database so that the requested satellite data could be represented in 3-D on smart devices using WebGL. Satellite images that are represented in WebGL give a more realistic 3-D experience when they are combined with terrain data and provide for intuitive observations of the relationships between pixel values and associated geospatial conditions. This paper shows that a creative combination of existing technologies can be used to enhance and display satellite images on smart devices for 3-D geovisualization.     

Indoor scene texturing based on single mobile phone images and 3D model fusion

Realistic texture mapping and coherent up-to-date rendering is one of the most important issues in indoor 3-D modelling. However, existing texturing approaches are usually performed manually during the modelling process, and cannot accommodate changes in indoor environments occurring after the model was created, resulting in out-dated and misleading texture rendering. In this study, a structured learning-based texture mapping method is proposed for automatic mapping a single still photo from a mobile phone onto an already-constructed indoor 3-D model. The up-to-date texture is captured using a smart phone, and the indoor structural layout is extracted by incorporating per-pixel segmentation in the FCN algorithm and the line constraints into a structured learning algorithm. This enables real-time texture mapping according to parts of the model, based on the structural layout. Furthermore, the rough camera pose is estimated by pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) and map information to determine where to map the texture. The experimental results presented in this paper demonstrate that our approach can achieve accurate fusion of 3-D triangular meshes with 2-D single images, achieving low-cost and automatic indoor texture updating. Based on this fusion approach, users can have a better experience in virtual indoor3-D applications.     

Three-dimensional Reconstruction of the Yaolin Cave

This paper reports on three-dimensional reconstruction of the Yaolin Cave in the Karst Region of Zhejiang, China. An object-oriented method was used to represent two cave classes—the class Boundary and the class Inside. The class Boundary included objects of the cave ceiling and the cave floor which are part of the topographical trend of the cave. This trend was determined by integrating topography with landform using TIN modeling. The inside of the cave with stalagmites, stalactites, dripstone-columns, and other objects was built using surveying data, photographs, and such computer graphics techniques as texture mapping and transparency. A stand-alone, 3-D visualization system—Cave3D—was developed on the Windows 98/NT platform to produce 3-D graphics and implement graphics-based computation, spatial query, and analyses. A virtual Yaolin cave was created using VRML97 and Java and posted on the Web.     

等值线三维显示及其并行算法

主要探讨等值线三维显示及利用并行处理提高计算速度的方法。运用多边形填充和“画家算法”,实现了等值线三维显示 ;根据等值线数据量随其属性值而变化的特点 ,设计了采用“卷帘存储法”实现负载平衡的等值线三维显示的并行算法 ;采用“结合扇入法”实现结果合并 ,并采用“运行长度压缩法”以缩短网络通讯时间。在串行机上进行的模拟实验表明 ,所设计的并行算法具有较高的效率。     

三维激光扫描数据获取高分辨率DTM试验研究

三维激光扫描技术能够提供实体表面点云数据,可用于获取高精度高分辨率数字地形模型。本文以重庆万州区付家岩滑坡体为例探讨了采用三维激光扫描监测技术获取数字地形模型的方法,着重讨论了相关点云数据处理流程和关键技术问题。通过结合差分GPS技术进行激光数据的相对定位和绝对定位、去噪、拼接等方法,获得了该区域地表高精度地形数据,并生成了相应的数字高程模型。试验结果初步说明该技术可用于获取小尺度高精度高分辨率数字地形模型,具有一定的应用前景。